Selective Index
Note: This index does not include an entry for d’Ohsson himself. The many citations generated would have limited their value as a finding aid. Members of his immediate family are indexed by surname under “O” (for d’Ohsson), “K” (for Kuleliyan), “M” (for Mouradgea), and “P” (for Pagy). This index selectively lists the many terms pertaining to Islam and Ottoman institutions. Among artists, major contributors are included, as are figures illustrating large scenes ascribed to them.
abdest, ablution
30, 130–31, 153–54
Abdullah, Yenişehirli, Şeyh ül-İslâm
120, 288, 372
Abdülhamid I (r. 1774–1789)
27, 109, 142, 178, 189, 194, 228, 287, 321, 356
absolutism
1, 6, 10, 12, 27, 43, 124, 128, 225, 233, 360, 363, 366, 375
Abu Bakr (Ebu Bekir), caliph
30, 148, 223, 237
Abu Hanifa (Turkish, Ebu Hanife, d. 767)
112–14, 152–53
adet (custom, a source of law)
101, 115–16, 143, 232, 289
ʿAli, caliph
30, 130, 148–49, 162, 199, 223, 237, 300, 375
allegiance to ruler, act of
.
see biat
aloes wood
29, 98, 173, 202, 204
Anckarström, Jacob Johan
14
annual appointments (tevcihat)
4, 7, 24, 103, 123, 222, 290–91, 293, 335, 361
approbation
28, 62, 77, 82, 365
ʿAqaʾid al-Islam
104, 113, 115, 129, 146
arbitration, in dispute settlement
32, 34, 70–71, 127–28, 229–30
Armenian Catholic
1, 18, 27, 37, 271, 385
Arz odası (Audience Hall)
87, 135, 188, 287, 291, 304, 356
askeri ruling class
3
Asp, Per Olof von
21, 34, 43, 45, 48–50, 54
Aubry, assumed name of Descorches
44–45
Åkerblad, Johan David
49, 54
Audience Hall
.
see Arz odası
ayan
.
see notables
Bab-ı Âli
.
see Sublime Porte
Bab-ı Defteri
.
see Treasury
Bab ül-Saade Ağası
.
see Eunuch, Chief White
baltacı, a force of palace guards
89, 282, 312, 314
Banner of the Prophet, Sancak-ı Şerif
298, 351, 354
bath, bathing customs
.
see hammam
Behce Abdullah
119, 288, 372
Behcet ül-Fetava
120, 372
Bektaşi dervishes
224, 237, 241, 245, 256–58, 296, 298
berat, translator’s warrant
17, 24–25, 34, 49, 305
Berthault, Pierre-Gabriel (1737–1831)
191–93
biat (allegiance to ruler, act of)
221, 287
biniş (sultan’s pleasure outings)
288, 328
bostancı (palace gardeners)
141, 271, 281–83, 285, 297, 312–14, 328, 351
bureau chiefs
.
see hacegân
burin
62–63, 70, 73, 356
caliphate, ideas about history of
118, 120–21, 123, 130, 138, 148–49, 289, 360, 363
Caliphs, Rightly Guided
80, 130, 138, 148–49, 153, 162, 371–72
Camondo, Abraham
38, 47–48
Catherine II (r. 1762–1796)
11–12, 14, 28, 38, 41, 53, 78, 124–25, 128, 363, 368
Celsing, Gustaf (1723–1789)
9, 18–20, 23, 48, 65, 76, 108–12, 115, 220, 362
Celsing, Ulric (1731–1805)
9, 18–20, 22–23, 27–28, 31, 35, 48, 64–65, 108, 110–12, 115, 220, 304, 362
cemeteries
89, 164, 166
ceremonial (teşrifat)
63, 83–84, 86–88, 90, 108, 111, 132–34, 136, 165, 167–74, 186–89, 194, 196, 199, 202, 221, 266–67, 281–82, 285, 287–91, 297–98, 303–4, 306, 316, 320–21, 331, 346, 369, 372
ceremonial festival greetings
.
see muayede
Ceremonies, Master of (Teşrifatçı Başı)
98, 134, 172, 174, 186–87, 304
charitable foundations
.
see waqf, pl. awqaf
Charles, Duke, Regent 1792–1796
13–15, 32, 49
Charles XII (r. 1697–1718)
9–10, 23, 108, 111, 362, 367
Chief Müfti
.
see Şeyh ül-İslâm
Chief Scribe
.
see Reis ül-Küttab, Reis Efendi
Choiseul-Gouffier
27, 35, 42–43, 68, 78–83, 146, 159, 218–19, 362–63, 365, 375–76
circle of justice (adalet dairesi)
3
cirid, javelin contest
324, 326–28
Clugny, J. M. A. de
74, 307, 316, 319, 321–27, 330–31, 333–35, 337, 356–58
Cochin, Charles-Nicolas (1715–1791)
31–32, 34, 63, 66, 69–74, 76, 84, 154, 162, 164–71, 178–82, 187, 195, 245–47, 249, 253, 256, 379
codes and “sub-codes,” d’Ohsson’s classification of Islamic law
75, 103, 112–13, 115, 123, 128, 142–43, 220–21, 224–34, 257, 262–63, 265, 268–71, 276, 360, 365–67, 373–74, 377
codes, legal
civil
103, 113, 117, 142, 224–30, 257, 263, 265, 374
judicial
103, 113, 117, 142, 224–25, 229–30, 257
military
103, 113, 117, 142, 224–25, 257, 270
penal
103, 113, 117, 142, 224–25, 230, 232, 257, 276
political
90, 103, 113, 115, 117, 142, 224–25, 257, 262
religious
75, 102–3, 113, 115, 117, 128–30, 137, 142, 220
codes, legal, ideas about
124–26, 280
codification
102, 124–28, 142–43, 226, 362–63, 366, 374
Constantine, painter
.
see Konstantin
Coulely
.
see Kuleliyan
Crimea
2, 11, 21, 110, 120, 289, 295, 302, 368
çengi, dancing boy
215, 217
çubuk, long pipes
29, 138, 202–3, 266
custom (a source of law)
.
see adet
Dahlbergh, Erik (1625–1703)
362
Dar ül-Saade Ağası
.
see Eunuch, Chief Black
Defterdar
.
see Treasurer
dervishes, history and practices of
1, 29–30, 66, 73–75, 103, 115, 117, 119, 128, 138, 142, 220, 223–24, 234, 237–58, 296, 298–99, 309, 369–70
.
Bektaşi, Mevlevi, Rifai
descendants of the Prophet
.
see emirs
Descorches, Marie-Louis-Henri (former Marquis de Sainte Croix)
44–47, 56–57
despotism
28–29, 123–24, 128, 233, 360, 363, 368
Dhimma
.
see non-Muslims, under Islamic law
Didot, Firmin
60, 83, 363
Didot, Pierre-François
30, 60, 76–77
Diez, Heinrich Friedrich von
67
divan, Ottoman seating arrangement
204, 265, 320–21
divans of the Grand Vezir
consultative
51, 96, 117, 289, 291, 333
judicial
289–91, 333
divans of the palace
“crowded” (galebe)
291, 304, 312
judicial
291
dogma, Islamic
102–4, 113, 115, 117–18, 120, 124, 126, 128–30, 137, 142, 146, 148–49, 219–20, 224–25, 260, 269–70, 275, 306, 360, 368, 373
dragoman (tercüman)
45, 48, 50
Easter, Greek festivities
141, 218–19
Ebu Bekir Ratib
27, 38–40, 52, 306, 364, 373
Egypt, French invasion (1798)
56–57, 328, 364, 371–72
emirs (descendants of the Prophet)
172, 222, 298–99, 351, 354
Engeström, Lars von, Count
14
engravings
Mouradgea’s use of as sources
111, 115, 167–71, 203, 219, 224, 228, 234, 246, 248, 250, 252, 254, 320, 356, 359
production processes
6, 26, 28–29, 31–32, 35–36, 47–48, 58–59, 61–66, 68–78, 80–81, 83–84, 87, 90, 121, 123, 131, 135, 137, 144–45, 362, 365, 368–69, 379
specific plates discussed
67–69, 72–75, 78–80, 82–83, 87, 89, 96, 144–55, 158–71, 174–202, 204–19, 224, 234–59, 294, 297, 307–20, 321–28, 330–59, 372, 376, 379
Enlightenment
1–2, 5, 8–11, 13, 15, 18, 20, 22–24, 36, 61, 70, 80, 101, 111, 116, 118, 122–25, 128, 142, 224, 226, 254, 271, 291, 360–64, 368
etching process
62–63, 70, 73–74, 82, 324
Eunuch, Chief Black (Dar ül-Saade Ağası)
19, 64, 67–68, 111, 119, 122, 133–34, 147–48, 167, 172, 174, 194, 199, 281–86, 293, 295, 312, 316, 318, 321, 328
Eunuch, Chief White (Bab ül-Saade Ağası)
119, 189, 282–84, 304
eyalet
294–95, 297, 337, 339, 351
.
provincial administration, governorate general
Eyub, Abu Ayyub al-Ansari
64–65, 89, 110, 164–66, 183, 185, 287, 316
fees, paid for official transactions
4, 25, 138, 222–23, 228, 288, 290–92
ferace, cloak, mostly for women
139, 206
festivals, religious
.
see Kurban Bayram; Şeker Bayram
fetva
104, 107, 113–15, 119, 139, 221, 223, 288, 297, 372, 375
Finance Department
.
see Treasury
fragrances
202, 266
Freemasons
1, 4, 8–9, 13–14, 32, 369, 371, 377
fur
25, 37, 39, 138–39, 173–74, 206, 234, 275, 281, 283, 304–5, 321, 356
gender relations
121–22, 140–41, 257, 260–67, 361
genealogical tree paintings
11, 40, 64, 66, 84–85, 91
.
portraits of sultans
ghusl (T. gusül), complete washing of the body
130, 154, 227
gifts, as official compensation
37, 135, 174, 187, 189, 228, 232, 263, 271, 281, 284, 287, 290, 295, 298–99, 301, 304, 306, 321
governors and governors general, in local administration
3, 41, 96, 199, 230, 283, 290, 292, 294–95, 297, 300–301, 328, 335, 337
Grand Admiral (Kapudan Paşa)
20, 41, 94, 228, 286, 300–301, 305, 330–31, 354, 376
Grand Vezir
18, 21, 24, 37, 40, 46, 50, 54, 57–58, 78, 96, 98, 103, 117, 134, 138, 166–67, 178–79, 186, 221, 270, 281, 283–84, 286–91, 293, 296–301, 303–5, 312, 316, 320–21, 328, 331–33, 339, 346, 354, 356, 376
Gustav III (r. 1771–1792)
10, 13–15, 21–23, 25–27, 30, 32, 35–36, 40–41, 45, 62, 64, 66, 76–77, 82–84, 118, 146, 155, 171, 181, 362, 366, 370
Gustav IV Adolf (r. 1792–1809)
14–15, 53–54, 56, 58
hacegân (bureau chiefs)
172, 290, 293, 331–32, 334
hajj, pilgrimage
19, 65, 71, 103, 113, 120, 130, 133, 135–37, 139, 167, 173, 195, 197, 199, 372
Halabi, Ibrahim ibn Muhammad al- (c. 1456–1549)
103–4, 112, 114–15, 117, 122, 124–27, 129–33, 137, 139, 142–43, 152, 219–20, 224–33, 257, 270, 284, 360, 365–67, 374
hammam (bath, bathing customs)
63, 69, 71, 87, 104, 121, 131, 152, 154–57, 261–62, 266–67, 272, 285, 316, 319–20, 367
Hammer, Joseph von (1774–1856)
102, 112, 225, 232–33, 279, 364, 373–74
Hanefi school of Islamic law
112, 125, 152, 223
harem, imperial
19, 64, 66, 80, 94, 121–22, 280–88, 309, 312, 316, 320–21, 324, 356, 361, 379
Has oda
.
see Privy Chamber
hasseki, bodyguards of sultan
282, 312–13
Heidenstam, Gerhard von (1747–1803)
11, 33–34, 36, 43
Herbert von Rathkeal, Peter Philip, baron (1735–1802)
43–44, 50, 57
Hilaire, Jean-Baptiste (1753–c. 1822)
67–68, 71, 84, 86, 145, 148–49, 152–54, 158–59, 164, 175–76, 183–84, 186–87, 199, 204, 206, 211–12, 215, 218–19
hilʿat (robes of honor; kaftan, pelisse)
98, 139, 173–74, 281, 287, 290, 303–4
Holy Cities
121–22, 133–34, 136, 165, 191–93, 197–99, 221, 282–83, 285, 293, 372
honor, concepts of
57, 141, 199, 202, 250, 264, 268, 287
ʿibadat
.
see Islamic law, worship
İbrahim Müteferrika
3, 105–6, 120, 134, 142
iç oğlan (pages of inside service)
174, 280, 283, 287–88, 321, 324, 326, 328
ʿId al-Adha
.
see Kurban Bayram
ʿId al-Fitr
.
see Şeker Bayram
iftar
134, 186–87
ihram, pilgrim garb
135, 137, 197
ijtihad (Turkish, ictihad)
113–14, 116
ilm-i hal, basics of Islam
113, 115, 129, 137, 142–43, 219–20, 360, 377
Imprimerie de Monsieur
30, 76–78, 81, 363
incense
98, 202, 204, 321
İshak Bey
26–27, 364
Islamic law, on
commerce
103, 139, 142, 225–26, 228–29, 277
divorce
103, 142, 226–28
ethics and morals
102–3, 113, 117, 128–29, 137, 139–42, 219–20, 231, 260, 262, 265, 268, 360, 377
hudud punishments
103, 230–31
inheritance
75, 142, 226–27, 234, 257, 259, 275
marriage
142, 226–28, 261, 374
slavery
103, 142, 226, 228
war
142, 225, 232
worship (ʿibadat)
102–3, 113, 115, 117–18, 126, 128–33, 135–37, 142, 219–20, 226–27
Jabarti, ʿAbd al-Rahman al-
371–72, 375
Jacobin, Jacobinism
9, 14, 42–45
Janissaries
110, 135, 138, 141, 167, 172, 174, 245, 272, 282–83, 288, 291, 295–98, 303–4, 312, 321, 333, 339–48, 366, 374
jizyah (cizye)
225, 268, 273, 292–93, 305
Kaʿba
24, 56, 65, 80, 120, 131, 136, 146–48, 192, 372
kadı (Ar. qadi)
114, 220–23, 228, 230, 234–36, 270
.
see kazasker
kadın (sultan’s consort)
91, 284–86, 307, 309, 320–23
kaftan
.
see hilʿat
kanun
101, 105, 109–10, 115–16, 143, 231–32, 289
kanunname
225, 232
kapıcı başı (palace gatekeeper)
281, 286, 304, 309, 346
Kapudan Paşa
.
see Grand Admiral
Karo, Yosef, Rabbi (1488–1575)
126–27
Kaunitz, Wenzel Anton von, prince
43
kayık, caique, skiff
94, 286, 321
kaza (Ar. qada; district, judicial, later administrative)
222, 294, 337
.
provincial administration, district
kazasker, chief military judge
24, 120, 221–22, 230, 234–35, 293, 298, 300
Kâğıthane, “Sweet Waters of Europe”
91, 211, 213–14
Kemalpaşazade Ahmed, Ahmed ibn Kemal (d. 1534)
112
khutba, sermon at Friday noon prayer
132, 223
Konstantin Kapıdağlı, painter
29, 66–68, 72–74, 90, 98, 122, 148–49, 154, 162, 165, 167, 181, 183, 187, 189, 191–93, 195, 197–99, 202, 204, 211, 234, 237, 246, 256, 309, 319, 324, 331, 333, 335, 337, 356
köşk, pavilion
2, 24, 64, 195, 285, 288, 301, 304, 324, 331
Kuleliyan, Abraham
18, 111, 167
Kuleliyan, Eva
18, 23
Kurban Bayram (ʿId al-Adha)
65, 90, 132, 135–36, 141, 174, 191, 194, 281, 288, 290
L’Espinasse, Louis-Nicolas de (1734–1808)
71–75, 89–100, 145, 191–93, 211, 213–14, 307–9, 320–27, 330–31, 333–35, 337, 356–58
law merchant (lex mercatoria)
127–28
Le Barbier, Jean-Jacques (1738–1826)
47, 63, 71–72, 84, 87–88, 149, 152, 154, 187–89, 199, 202, 206, 215, 309, 312, 316, 319, 331, 335, 339
letters of exchange
33–34, 52–53, 140, 229
Linnaeus (Carl von Linné, 1707–1778)
16, 23, 112, 362
Louis XVI (r. 1774–1792)
5, 7–9, 27, 77, 79, 83, 118, 287, 363
Louis XVIII (r. 1814–1824)
30, 60, 77, 83, 363
.
Provence, Comte de
Mallet Du Pan, Jacques
28–29, 31, 365, 374
Marie-Antoinette, Queen (1774–1792)
5, 44, 79, 363
marriage customs
226, 261, 263–67, 286, 295
Masons
.
see Freemasons
mausoleums (türbe)
64–65, 67, 89, 134, 175–76, 179, 181, 183
Mecca
19, 24, 56, 65, 67, 70, 72, 80, 83–84, 89, 91, 120, 132, 136–37, 142, 147–48, 159, 161, 167, 173, 191–97, 199, 295, 371–72
Medina
19, 65, 67, 136–37, 142, 197, 199, 283, 295, 371–72
medrese
23, 128, 134–35, 176, 220–23, 281, 367
mehter, military band
141, 187, 281, 296, 298, 303–4
Meniński, Franciszek
29, 108
Mevkufati, Mehmed
104, 114–15, 122, 130–31, 227
Mevlevi dervishes
141, 166, 224, 237, 240, 245, 256–57
Mevlid-i Şerif
.
see Nativity Ode
Military Engineering Academy (Mühendishane-i Berri-i Hümayun)
40
Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley (1689–1762)
121, 131
Moreau, Jean-Michel (1741–1814)
32, 71, 73–74, 76, 78, 88–89, 146, 167, 195, 203–4
Mouradgea, Ohannes (1721–1787)
17
muayede (ceremonial festival greetings)
90, 287–88
Muhammad, Prophet
30, 76, 79–80, 83, 103, 113–14, 118, 130, 132, 134, 136–38, 147–49, 162, 167, 171–74, 183, 186, 189, 197, 199, 204, 215, 223, 234, 237, 269–70, 272, 296, 298, 351, 371–72, 375
Multaqa al-Abhur
103–4, 114, 117, 122, 124–30, 137, 142, 152, 220, 224, 226, 232–33, 257, 270, 284, 360, 367, 374
Murat, Antoine de
23, 29–30, 34–36, 43, 110
Muruzi, George
40–43, 46, 52, 54
musk
202
Mustafa III (r. 1757–1774)
84, 122, 141, 175–76, 178, 181–82, 269, 296, 305, 354
müezzin
132, 161–62, 173, 189, 223, 234, 236, 266, 282
müfti
114, 119, 172–74, 221, 223, 270, 288, 316
Mühendishane-i Berri-i Hümayun
.
see Military Engineering Academy
Nakib ül-Eşraf, chief of emirs
172, 221–22, 234–35
namaz (Ar. salat; canonical prayers)
131, 158–59, 161, 267, 365
Namık Kemal
374–75
nargile
203
Nasafi, Abu Hafs ʿUmar ibn Muhammad al-
103–4, 113, 115, 124, 129, 146–49, 219, 225, 360, 365, 368, 373
Nativity Ode (Mevlid-i Şerif)
67, 87, 132, 167–74, 199, 223
nevbet
87, 135, 187–88
New Order (Nizam-ı Cedid)
4, 116, 232, 292, 297, 364
Née, François-Denis (1732–1817)
69–71, 73, 164–65, 167–71, 178–79, 181–82, 246–47, 249, 253
Nizam-ı Cedid
.
see New Order
non-Muslims
2, 4, 18, 25, 39, 42, 131, 134, 138–41, 186, 218–19, 226, 267–68, 288, 292, 295, 302, 304–5, 333, 351, 354, 356, 361
under Islamic law (dhimma)
103, 141, 225, 267–68, 270–73, 303
notables (ayan)
3, 294, 301
oaths (in legal proceedings)
103, 140, 229–30
oaths (profanity, swearing)
141
Ohsson, Claire d’ (1776–1861)
59–60
Ohsson, Constantine d’ (1779–1851)
27, 31, 40, 49, 58–60, 74–76, 83, 102–8, 112, 115, 183, 224, 278–79, 297, 334, 339, 351, 373
Ohsson, Sophie d’ (1775–1791)
36
örf (Arabic ʿurf)
101, 115–16, 143, 232–33, 289
.
sultan, roles and functions of, executive authority
pages of inside service
.
see iç oğlan
Pagy family
6, 17, 56, 211
Claire (d. 1798)
17
Palace, Beşiktaş
72, 94, 195, 285–86, 321–24
Palace, Topkapı
.
harem, imperial
albums and manuscripts of
11, 40, 61, 64, 66–68, 146–48, 153, 178, 366
architecture and structures of
72, 121, 132, 194, 288, 309, 331
as ceremonial space
23, 111, 132–33, 136, 194, 196, 221, 287, 304, 331
d’Ohsson’s artists and
66, 72, 90, 94, 204, 286, 324
first court of
110, 281
imperial family’s use of space in
27, 285, 309
personnel of
282–83
scholarly works on
379
second court of
135, 187, 281, 283, 287, 304, 356
third court of
65, 133, 174, 187, 189, 282–85, 288, 304, 316, 326, 346
palace gardeners
.
see bostancı
palace gatekeeper
.
see kapıcı başı
Palin, Nils G. (1765–1842)
49, 59–60
Parent de Vassy, Abbé
28, 47, 62, 77, 118, 365
parlement
7–8, 118
pelisse
.
see hilʿat
peyks, imperial bodyguards
281–82, 309, 311–12
philosophe
5–6, 28, 101, 117, 123–24, 360
physiocrats
6, 15, 361
plague
23, 29, 263, 274–76, 278, 361
Poltava, Battle of (1709)
9, 362
portraits of sultans
11, 26, 64–67, 142, 189, 199, 283, 366
.
genealogical tree paintings
privilège du roi
62–63, 77, 125
Privy Chamber (Has oda)
282–83, 286, 288, 316
Provence, Comte de
30, 60, 77, 79, 82, 118, 363
.
Louis XVIII
provincial administration, structure of
district (kaza)
222, 294, 337
governorate general (eyalet)
294–95, 297, 337, 339, 351
governorate (sancak, liva)
3, 292, 294–95, 337, 339
Qur’an
64, 80, 112–15, 118, 121–22, 124, 130, 134–36, 149, 162, 181, 183, 186, 189, 229–30, 298–99, 374
Ragıb, Mehmed, Paşa
19, 24, 166–67, 178–79
Ramazan
90, 131–35, 161, 186–87, 285, 290
reaya (subjects)
3–4
reformist agenda
4, 21, 26–27, 36, 38–42, 52, 74, 79–80, 83, 101, 110, 116, 123, 130, 139, 142, 224, 232–33, 275, 287, 290, 292, 297, 300, 359–67
Regency, Swedish, 1792–1796
14–15, 32, 49–50, 53–54
Reis ül-Küttab, Reis Efendi (Chief Scribe)
18, 20, 27, 34, 38, 40–42, 45, 52, 54, 57–58, 78, 174, 202, 289, 304–5, 331–32, 334
relics
65, 132, 174, 183, 282, 285, 351
Republic of Letters
2, 15, 18, 37, 128, 306, 362–63
Reuterholm, Gustaf Adolf, Baron
14, 53
Riddarhuset
12, 59
Rifai dervishes
84, 111, 224, 234, 237, 240, 246–55, 257
Riksdag (Swedish parliament)
10, 12
robes of honor
.
see hilʿat
Romeca, Roméca
84, 141, 218–19
Roslin, Alexander
11, 69
Ruffin, Pierre
27, 56–57
Sadeddin Hoca, historian (d. 1599)
106–7, 111, 119, 129
sancak, liva
3, 292, 294–95, 337, 339
.
provincial administration, governorate
Sancak-ı Şerif
.
see Banner of the Prophet
sale of office
4, 41
sarraf, financier
18–19, 30–31, 38, 52, 148, 179, 229
Şeker Bayram (ʿId al-Fitr)
24, 90, 132, 135, 141, 174, 281, 288, 290
Selim I (r. 1512–1520)
120, 129–30, 149, 351
Selim III (r. 1789–1807)
24, 21, 26–27, 38–39, 41, 52, 57, 66–67, 74, 91, 116, 181, 199, 211, 228, 232, 287, 292–93, 297, 299–300, 326, 329, 346, 360, 362–64, 375
Serpos family, bankers
30, 33
Şeyh ül-İslâm (Chief Müfti)
104, 107, 221, 223, 234–35, 284, 288–89, 297, 300, 372
sharia (Turkish şeriat)
4, 101–3, 114–16, 122, 126–27, 131, 142–43, 211, 218, 225, 227, 229, 231–33, 257, 273, 284, 288–89, 375
as immutable (d’Ohsson’s concept)
116, 289
sheykhs, religious leaders
29, 66, 74, 173, 183, 224, 234, 237, 239–41, 246
Shulhan ʿArukh
126–27
Silâhdar ağa (sultan’s swordbearer)
282–83, 312, 316–17, 321
sipahi, cavalry
296–98, 321
slavery
domestic
103, 138, 141–42, 206, 215, 226, 228, 230, 260–63, 266, 276, 283–84, 286, 288
official
3, 15, 39, 80, 179, 228, 231, 276–77, 283–84, 287–91, 293, 316, 320, 342, 361, 375, 394
solaks, imperial bodyguards
20, 281–82, 295, 309, 311
Sparre, Fredrik, Count
14, 48
Staël, Madame de, born Germaine Necker (1766–1817)
8, 26, 28
Staël von Holstein, Erik Magnus (1749–1802)
8, 14, 25–29, 35, 42, 77
Sublime Porte (Bab-ı Âli)
18, 34, 45, 57, 96, 111, 141, 187, 289–91, 293, 297–98, 303–4, 331, 333–34
subsidies to Sweden
from France
10, 12–13
from Ottoman Empire
11–13, 15, 39–41, 48, 50–55, 305
Sultan Ahmed Mosque
67, 83, 87, 132–33, 167, 199, 288
sultan, roles and functions of
accession
64, 110, 183, 204, 286–87, 363
diplomacy
18, 37, 54–55, 74, 100, 291, 301–5, 356
dynastic propagation and harem life
94, 142, 281, 284–88, 307, 309, 316, 320–24
executive authority and decree power (örf)
101, 115–16, 123, 143, 225, 232–33, 288–89
funeral
89, 282, 287, 337
judicial authority
225, 291
pleasure outings
64, 66, 94, 281–82, 285, 288, 316, 320, 324, 326, 328
preparation for rule
119, 286–87, 367
ritual and ceremonial
84, 87, 90, 132–35, 167, 172–74, 187–89, 194, 199, 221, 285, 287–88, 291, 316, 331
seclusion
287–89, 356
war
282, 297–300
sultan’s consort
.
see kadın
sultan’s daughters, princesses
94, 109, 179, 262–63, 265, 272, 280, 282, 286, 288, 312, 320–21, 346
sultan’s pleasure outings
.
see biniş
sultan’s sons, şahzade
94, 109, 119, 123, 179, 204, 262–63, 280, 282, 286–87, 312, 321, 361, 367
sultan’s swordbearer
.
see Silâhdar ağa
Sürre Emini
24, 194–95
Swedish lawbook (1734)
127, 142–43, 226, 229, 362, 366
tandır
84, 86, 139, 211–12
tax farm
life-term (malikâne)
3, 292–94
short-term (iltizam)
292–94
taxonomy
16, 23, 83, 101–2, 111–12, 123, 136, 142, 219–20, 228, 279, 297, 360, 362, 372, 376, 378
tercüman
.
see dragoman
Tercüman-ı Divan-ı Hümayun
.
see Translator of the Imperial Divan
teşrifat
.
see ceremonial
Teşrifatçı Başı
.
see Ceremonies, Master of
tevcihat
.
see annual appointments
Tilliard, Jean-Baptiste (1740–1813)
68, 73, 146, 148, 158, 197
Translator of the Imperial Divan (Tercüman-ı Divan-ı Hümayun)
21, 40–41, 43, 52, 55, 57, 78, 289, 303–5, 356
translators, European envoys’ dependence on
18, 111, 304–5
Treasurer (Defterdar)
24, 52, 172, 194, 273, 291–93
Treasury (Bab-ı Defteri)
20, 32, 34, 52, 110–11, 271–72, 281, 287–89, 292–93, 296, 301, 320, 334
Treaty of Drottningholm (1791)
13, 39, 51
Treaty of Karlowitz (1699)
2, 302
Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca (1774)
2, 111, 120, 302, 304
Treaty of Värälä (1790)
13, 39, 51
Treaty, Spanish-Ottoman (1782)
21
tuğ, horsetail rank standard
41, 276, 283, 294, 297–98, 335
tuğra, imperial cipher
226
türbe
.
see mausoleums
Turhan Valide Sultan
179, 181
ulema, Ottoman
4, 23, 75, 80, 101, 103, 108–10, 113, 115, 117, 119, 125–26, 128, 130, 133–34, 137–39, 142, 165, 220–22, 224, 226, 231–32, 234, 276, 288, 290, 293, 298–99, 306, 364, 375, 378
as official branch of ruling class
4, 103, 115, 117, 128, 135, 220–23, 230, 234, 281, 287, 291, 296, 300, 306
ʿUmar (Ömer), caliph
148, 375
ʿUthman (Osman), caliph
148
Uzunçarşılı, İsmail Hakkı (1888–1977)
121, 376, 378
Valide Sultan, sultan mother
41, 66, 179, 280, 284, 286, 301
Vasa order
22, 84, 369
veil
206, 211, 246, 260–62, 265, 267, 286
Veran, Jacques-Marie (1776–1848)
74–75, 309, 312, 316, 324–25, 334–35, 346
Verninac, Raymond
15, 43, 46, 50, 55, 59
waqf, pl. awqaf (charitable foundations)
19, 103, 133–34, 175, 199, 222, 283, 293
wine, intoxicating beverages
122, 137–38, 141, 230–31, 274, 282, 303
women, status of
63, 67, 69, 71, 80, 84, 87, 104, 110, 121–22, 131, 138–39, 141, 154, 156–58, 162, 202, 206, 211, 218, 226, 246, 260–65, 284–86, 291, 316, 321, 324
zu’l-fiqar, ʿAli’s two-pointed sword
148–49, 300
Zübdet ül-Tevarih
147, 149, 153