1.1 Mattathius Antigonus coins 6
1.2 Jerusalem, Jewish Quarter graffito on plaster 7
1.3 Relief panel of the triumphal Arch of Titus in Rome 7
1.4 The Arch of Titus menorah 8
1.5 The Arch of Titus showbread table 8
1.6a–c The Arch of Titus menorah and ferculum 9
1.7 Table on two Bar Kokhba coins 9
1.8 Showbread Table on Bar Kokhba coins (after Barag 1987) 10
1.9 Round table from a. Jerusalem, b. Ramat Hanadiv 11
1.10 Rectangular table, Jerusalem 11
1.11 Dura Europos table on Panel WB1 12
1.12 Showbread tables on synagogue mosaics: a. Sepphoris, b. El Hirbeh 13
1.13 Drawing of showbread tables: a. On coins, b. on the Jerusalem plaster, c. on the Arch of Titus 13
1.14 Second Temple menorah: (a) reconstruction; (b) technical reconstruction 15
1.15 Jerusalem graffito 16
1.16 Menorah incised on a Jerusalem stone sun-dial 16
1.17 Early menorot graffiti: a. Jason Tomb, b. on ossuaries, c. on a cave wall at Nahal Michmas, d. Horvat Beit Loya 17
2.1 Migdal stone front with menorah 22
2.2 Ossuary front 22
2.3 The Korazim seat 23
2.4 Jerusalem, inscribed five-armed menorah on a vessel: a. the inscribed menorah, b. reconstruction 24
2.5 Khirbet Ed-Duheisha, free-standing menorah arm 25
2.6 Sardis, free-standing menorah arm parts 26
2.7 Menorah on mosaic small carpet, Hamath Tiberias B Synagogue Ia 27
2.8 Ḥ. Kur mosaic, menorah fragment 27
2.9 Decorated lintel, Raqit 28
2.10 Susiya chancel screen with lampstand 29
2.11 The reconstruction of the Susiya bema with the chancel screens 30
2.12a Andriake D4.5a, b 31
2.12b Andriake D4.5b 31
2.13 Andriake panels: a. Panel 2-D4.6; b. Panel 3-D4.7 32
2.14a, b Chancel screen, two sides of slab 1, Limyra D4.8a, b 33
2.15 Chancel screen, slab 2, Limyra D4.9 33
2.16 The Umm el-Qanatir columns 35
2.17 Umm el-Qanatir menoroth on columns 36
2.18 Remains of four carved menoroth from Umm el-Qanatir 37
2.19 Menorah on H. Dasha relief 38
2.20 H. Kur basalt table front 39
2.21 H. Kur basalt table: a. top, b–c. sides; d. rear 39
2.22 Mosaic medallion of the Khirbet Samara Samaritan synagogue 40
2.23 Bread stamp from H. Uza 41
2.24 Sepphoris menoroth on pottery vessels 42
2.25 The gold medallion 43
2.26 The gold chain with medallion and other objects 44
2.27 Caesarea, menorah on mother-of-pearl small tablet 45
2.28 Saranda menorah 46
2.29 Menorah on the Elche synagogue mosaic 47
2.30 Menoroth on the Kélibia synagogue 48
2.31 Menorah and cross on the Laodicea column 49
2.32 Menorah and cross: a. on a Jerusalem lintel, b. on a wall in the Judean Shephelah 50
2.33 Menoroth on Aphrodisias columns: a. D15.17, b. D15.18, c. on a vase D12.8 51
2.34 Andriake relief fragment D6.19 51
2.35 Sardis menorah on a marble plaque D6.20 52
2.36 Sardis menoroth: a. graffito D6.21, b. on a marble revetment D6.22 53
2.37 Priene graffiti: a. D6.27, b. D6.28, c. D6.29 53
2.38 Aquincum, three incised menoroth on a reused tombstone 55
2.39 Finger rings: a. D11.36, b. D11.37 56
2.40 A lead amulet D11.32 57
2.41 Seals: a. D11.33, b. D11.34, c. D11.35, d. D11.31 58
2.42 Three Zoar tombstones: a. No. III-D13.1 (45), b. No. V-D13.4 (18), c. No. VIII-D13.5 (19) 60
2.43 Zoar tombstones No. X-D13.7 (21) 61
2.44 Three Zoar tombstones: a. No. XII-D13.9 (17), b. No. XIV-D13.10 (34), c. No. XVI-D13.12, 13 (40) 61
2.45 Two Zoar tombstones: a. No. XVIII-D13.14–17 (4), b. No. XX-D13.18–19 (16) 62
2.46 Two Zoar tombstones, a. No. XXI-D13. 20–21 (27), b. No. XXII-D13.22–23 (29) 62
2.47 Three Zoar tombstones, a. No. XXV-D13.26 (46), b. No. XXVIII-D13.28–30 (25), c. XXIX-D13.31 (49) 63
2.48 Zoar tombstone XXX-D13.32 (23) 64
2.49 Zoar tombstone XXXII-D13.34 (39) 64
2.50 Zoar tombstones ornamented frames 65
2.51 Two menoroth are painted on each of these Zoar tombstones 66
2.52 Zoar Tombstone XXIV (38) 67
2.53 Menoroth on Beth Natif lamps 69
2.54 Beth Shea’n lamps, Beth Natif type: a. L3.10, b. L3.9 69
2.55 Menoroth on Alexandrian type lamps: a. A lamp from Aila L6.32, b. Two Alexandrian type lamps 70
2.56 Carthage lamps: a. seven-armed menoroth, b. nine-armed menorah 71
2.57 Carthage lamps: a. 5-armed menoroth, b. angular armed menorah 71
2.58 Menoroth on Beth She’an lamps 72
2.59 Samaritan lamps: a, b. Beth She’an, c. Caesarea 73
2.60 Bronze lamp L12.7, Beth She’an 74
2.61 Lampstands: a. Susiya, b. Ḥorbat Kur, c. Khirbet Samara 75
2.62 Beth She’an, Bronze lampstand. L12.8 75
2.63 Bronze lampstand topped by a bronze lamp L12.9 76
2.64 Multi-Nozzle stone lamp L13.3 77
3.1 Form of early menoroth in the land of Israel 80
3.2 Form of menoroth in the diaspora: a. Andriake, b. Sardis 81
3.3 Form of menoroth on diaspora mosaics: a. Saranda, b–c. Kélibia 81
3.4 Menoroth on tombstones from Zoar 82
3.5 Decorated menoroth on tombstones from Zoar 82
3.6 Menoroth on tombstones from Zoar 83
3.7 Menoroth on lamps 83
3.8 Menoroth on Samaritan lamps 84
3.9 Early menoroth bases: a. Migdal, b. Jerusalem graffito, c. Horvat Beit Loya 85
3.10 Various tripod bases: a. Kélibia, b. Saranda, c. Aphrodisias D5.17, d. Sardis 85
3.11 Menoroth with two-legged and unusual bases: a. Andriake D4.5, b. Zibad IS8.44, c. Nea Anchialos D8.388, d. Perinthus D8.346 86
3.12 Menoroth bases on lamps 86
3.13 Tripod bases on Zoar menoroth 87
3.13b Tripod bases on Zoar menoroth 87
3.14 Bases on Zoar menoroth: a. decorated tripod, b. Two legged bases 88
3.15 Early menoroth arms: a. Migdal, b. Jerusalem, c. Horvat Beit Loya 88
3.16 Various menorah arms 89
3.17 Menorah arms on lamps 89
3.18 Zoar menoroth arms 90
3.19 Zoar menoroth arms 90
3.20 Menoroth on Zoar tombstones: five-armed and nine-armed menoroth 91
3.21 Lighted lamps: a. Horvat Kur, b. Saranda, c. Andriake 92
3.22 Lighted lamps: a. Kélibia, b. Sardis. 92
3.23 Lamps aligned toward the left on menoroth: a. Huseifa, b. el-Hirbeh 93
3.24 Glass containers on menoroth: a. Jerusalem medallion, b. Laodicea column, c. Asia Minor plaque 94
3.25 Light fittings on Zoar menoroth: a. glass containers, b. crossbar with flames 95
4.1 Two aediculae at the Meroth synagogue 111
4.2 Niches: a. Eshtem’oa, b. Susiya 112
4.3 Free-standing carved menoroth: H. Qeshet, Ma’on (Judea) 112
4.4 Beth She‘arim aedicula 113
4.5 Stone with menorah and conch relief, Capernaum 114
4.6 Menoroth decorating the medallions of the Kélibia mosaic 114
4.7 Five-armed menoroth on Zoar tombstones 116
4.8 Menoroth with nine arms on Zoar tombstones 116
4.9 Pairs of menoroth flanking a Torah shrine enclosing an ark on mosaic pavement of Hammath Tiberias B 118
4.10 Pairs of menoroth flanking a Torah shrine enclosing an ark on mosaic pavement of Sepphoris 119
4.11 Pairs of menoroth flanking a Torah shrine enclosing an ark on mosaic pavement of Susiya 119
4.12 Pairs of menoroth flanking an ark on the synagogue mosaic of Beth Alpha 121
4.13 Pairs of menoroth flanking an ark on the synagogue mosaic of Na‘aran 121
4.14 Pairs of menoroth flanking an ark on the synagogue mosaic pavement of Beth She’an A 122
4.15 Jewish symbols on a lintel from ‘Assaliyye 123
4.16 Pairs of menoroth with an ark on stone mirror plaque 123
4.17 Four sealing stones at Beth She’arim 124
4.18 Pair of menoroth flanking an open ark on a wall painting at Villa Torlonia catacomb 124
4.19 Pairs of menoroth on gold glasses: a. D10.1, b. D10.2 125
4.20 Two five-armed menoroth flank the ark on Zoar tombstone XXI 126
4.21 Torah shrine and ark depictions: a. Hamath Tiberias B, b. Sepphoris, c. Susiya 128
4.22 Free-standing ark depictions: a. Beth Alpha, b. Na’aran, c. Beth She’an A 128
4.23 Temple representations: a. Bar Kokhba tetradrachme coin, b. image above the Dura Europos synagogue niche, c. the temple painted on the Dura Europos synagogue panel WB2 129
4.24 Samaritan synagogues mosaic representations: a. the el-Hirbe sanctuary façade, b. the H. Samara sanctuary large façade. c. the H. Samara sanctuary small façade 130
5.1 Four ritual objects flanking the menorah: a. Umm el-Qanatir west column, b. Perinthus Heraclea (Thrace) 133
5.2 Three ritual objects flanking the menorah: a. Umm el-Qanatir east column, b. Andriake chancel screen, c. Saranda mosaic 134
5.3 Two ritual objects flanking the menorah: a. Aphrodisias column, b. Sardis plaque 134
5.4 Shofaroth at: a. Andriake, b. Jerusalem, c. Umm el-Qanatir 136
5.5 Various shofaroth 136
5.6 Shofaroth on Zoar tombstones 137
5.7 Lulav and ethrog rendered on synagogues in the Land of Israel and the Diaspora: a. Umm el Qanatir, b. Andriake, c. Sarande mosaic 138
5.8 Lulav and ethrog rendered on various objects 139
5.9 Lulav displayed on Zoar tombstones, Type 1 139
5.10 Lulav displayed on Zoar tombstones, Type 2 140
5.11 Ethrogim displayed on Zoar tombstones 140
5.12 Incense Shovel rendered on the Umm el-Qanatir columns 141
5.13 Single scrolls 141
5.14 Beth She’arim painting with ark housing two scrolls 142
5.15 Scrolls on chancel screens: a. Priene, b. Sardis, c. Nicaea, d. Chrysopolis/ Pont 142
5.16 Scrolls on chancel screens: a. Andriake D4.5a; b. Andriake D4.6; c. Andriake D4.7; d. Plaque, Asia Minor D6.46; e. Perinthus-Heraclea D8.346 143
5.17 Torah scrolls lying on shelves inside an open ark: Catacombs: a–c. Monteverde, d. Torlonia 144
5.18 Torah arks on Zoar tombstones 145
5.19 Birds on Zoar tombstones 146
5.20 A fish and animals on Zoar tombstones 146
5.21 Polycandela, chains, and glasses: a. Wadi Hamam, b. Sepphoris 147
5.22 Polycandelon parts found at: a. Beth Shean, b. Jericho, c. Sumaqa 148
6.1 Ḥorvat Kur Synagogue plan 157
6.2 Ḥorvat Kur Synagogue air view 157
6.3 Ḥorvat Kur aedicula 158
6.4 Ḥorvat Kur mosaic pavement fragment (see red arrow) 159
6.5 Ḥ. Kur mosaic area 159
6.6 Ḥ. Kur mosaic area plan 160
6.7 W. Hamam synagogue plan 162
6.8 Umm el-Qanatir synagogue plan 164
6.9 Umm el-Qanatir synagogue: the entrance, columns, looking south 165
6.10 Umm el-Qanatir: hall interior, the aedicula 165
6.11 Umm el-Qanatir. Interior, looking north, reconstructed aedicula, the entrance on left 166
6.12 Andriake Synagogue plan 167
6.13 Elche mosaic with menorah 169
6.14 Kélibia Synagogue plan with medallion numbers 171
6.15 Kélibia Synagogue mosaic 172
6.16 Kélibia Synagogue mosaic drawing, the arrows show medallions with menoroth 173
6.17 Kélibia medallions with animals and menoroth 174
6.18 Kélibia inscription 175
6.19 Limyra plan 177
6.20 Limyra Room 1, basin (air photo) 177
6.21 Priene plan: a. prostas House no. 24; b. Synagogue phase 1; c. Synagogue phase 2 179
6.22 Priene synagogue, graffito of menorah D6.27 180
6.23 Priene, graffito of menorah D6.28 180
6.24 Priene, graffito of menorah D6.29 181
6.25 Saranda plan 182
6.26 Saranda, the ‘Hall of the Menorah’ mosaic 183
6.27 Menorah on lintel from Korykos/Corycos D6.24 185
6.28 Menoroth on lintel from Çatiören D6.25 a, outside, b. Inside 186
6.29 Menoroth on sarcophagi: Korykos/Corycos, a. D9.21, on lid, b. D9.17 on lid, c. D9.20 on acroter 188
6.30 Zoar cemetery map 189
6.31 Two Zoar tombstones: a. No. 11, b. No. 28 192
6.32 Two Zoar tombstones, a. No. 33, b. No. 42 192
6.33 Two Zoar tombstones, a. No. 53, b. No. 54 193
6.34 Two Zoar tombstones, a. No. 58, b. No. 59 193
6.35 Two Zoar tombstones, a. No. 70, b. no. 71 194
6.36 Two Zoar tombstones, a. No. 72, b. no. 73 194
App. 1 Sömek relief 199
App. 2 Örendibi lintel 199
App. 3 Door lintel at Köşkerli 199
App. 4 Votive altar 200
App. 5 Kabacam image 200
App. 6a, b Bronze round fibulea 201
App. 7 Rim of a dolium 202
Cfig. 1 El-Kabri bead, IS16.34 285
Cfig. 2 Eshtemo‘a IS4.53 285
Cfig. 3 Eshtemo‘a IS8.40 285
Cfig. 4 Menorah on Samaritan relief Hajja IS8.43 286
Cfig. 5 Jaffa tombstone IS10.54 286
Cfig. 6 Jaffa tombstone IS10.55 286
Cfig. 7 El Hirbeh altar leg IS18.13 287
Cfig. 8 Menorah on Samaritan relief Zibad IS8.44 287
Cfig. 9 Almyros D8.377 288
Cfig. 10 Aphrodisias D12.8 288
Cfig. 11 Asia Minor D6.46 plaque 288
Cfig. 12 Beroea stele D8.364 289
Cfig. 13 Dioskaria pilaster D5.8 289
Cfig. 14 Doclea, Montenegro, painting, D8.337 290
Cfig. 15 Ephesus menorah on column D5.21 290
Cfig. 16 Ephesus small menorah on column D5.22 291
Cfig. 17 Esztergom-Solva, Pannonia, Hungary D8.338 292
Cfig. 18 Nea Anchialos, Thessaly, plaque D8.388 292
Cfig. 19 Nea Anchialos, Thessaly D8.370 292
Cfig. 20 Syros prayer, D12.9 292
Cfig. 21 Tarraco epitaph D8.350 293
Cfig. 22 Zoar sandstone D12.14 293
Cfig. 23 Zoar sandstone D12.15 293
Cfig. 24 Zoar stone lintel D6.50 294