2.1 Messahalah, De elementis et orbibus coelestibus (Nuremberg, loannes Montanus – Ulricus Neuberus: 1549), woodcut 49
3.1 Francesco Campana, engraved frontispiece to the Lettioni d’academici fiorentini sopra Dante (Florence, Doni: 1549) 67
3.2 Giorgio Vasari, The Forge of Vulcan (1564). Oil on copper, 38 × 28 cm. Florence, Uffizi, inv. 1558 81
3.3 Detail Fig. 3.2, top-left corner of the painting 86
3.4 Unknown (copy after Vasari), Allegory (The Philosopher?). Pen and brown ink, brown wash, heightened with white, on green-blue prepared paper, 409 × 280 mm. Modena: Galleria Estense, inv. 1292 88
6.1 Hendrick Goltzius, The Annunciation, first plate of The Life of the Virgin series (1594, third state). Engraving, 47.2 × 35.3 cm. London, The British Museum, Dept. Prints & Drawings (inv. no. 1857,0613.451). Image © The British Museum 148
6.2 Karel van Mander, Nox (1601). Pen and brown ink, blue wash, heightened with white on grey paper, 18.3 × 28.9 cm. Rennes, Musée des Beaux-Arts (inv. no. 794-1-2550). Image © Musée des Beaux-Arts, Rennes 152
6.3 Jacob Matham after Karel van Mander, Night, fourth plate of The Four Times of Day series (ca. 1601). Engraving, 20.2 × 29.3 cm. London, The British Museum, Dept. Prints & Drawings (inv. no. 1928,1212.56). Image © The British Museum 152
6.4 Jacob Matham after Karel van Mander, Aurora, first plate of The Four Times of Day series (1601). Engraving, 20 × 29.1 cm. London, The British Museum, Dept. Prints & Drawings (inv. no. 1928,1212.53). Image © The British Museum 155
6.5 Jacob Matham after Karel van Mander, Meridies, second plate of The Four Times of Day series (1601). Engraving, 20.1 × 29.1 cm. London, The British Museum, Dept. Prints & Drawings (inv. no. 1928,1212.54). Image © The British Museum 155
6.6 Jacob Matham after Karel van Mander, Vesper, third plate of The Four Times of Day series (1601). Engraving, 20 × 29 cm. London, The British Museum, Dept. Prints & Drawings (inv. no. 1928,1212.55). Image © The British Museum 156
6.7 Johann Sadeler I after Dirk Barendsz., Nox, fourth plate of The Four Times of Day series (1582). Engraving, 18.2 × 22.9 cm. Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum (inv. no. RP-P-0B-7456). Image © Rijksmuseum 157
6.8 Adriaen Collaert after Maarten de Vos, Nox (before 1597). Engraving, 20.5 × 26 cm. London, The British Museum, Dept. Prints & Drawings (inv. no. 1901,0611.81). Image © The British Museum 158
6.9 Italian artist after Michelangelo Buonarotti, Il sogno (third quarter of the sixteenth century). Oil on slate, 59 × 47 cm. Vienna, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Gemäldegalerie (inv. no. 186). Image © Kunsthistorisches Museum 166
6.10 Taddeo Zuccaro, The Cave of Somnus. Pen and brown ink, washed, 27.1 × 27.1 cm. Paris, Musée du Louvre, Département des Arts graphiques (inv. no. 10481). Image © Musée du Louvre 167
6.11 Jacob Matham after Karel van Mander, Title-plate to Karel van Mander, Wtlegghingh op den Metamorphosis Pub. Ovidii Nasonis (Haarlem, Paschier van Westbusch: 1604). Engraving, 17.5 × 12.6 cm. The Hague, National Library of the Netherlands. Image © National Library of the Netherlands 170
7.1 Otto van Veen, Quod imaginatio hominis sit ens reale, engraving in Otto van Veen, Physicae et theologicae conclusiones (Orsellis: 1621) 31, London, British Library 184
7.2 Otto van Veen, Quod corporea et ceremoniae externae valeant ad movendum hominis Deitatem, engraving in Otto van Veen, Physicae et theologicae conclusiones (Orsellis: 1621) 43, London, British Library 187
7.3 Otto van Veen, De extremo judicio et creaturarum resurrectione, engraving in Otto van Veen, Physicae et theologicae conclusiones (Orsellis: 1621) 34, London, British Library 197
7.4 Otto Van Veen, Emblemata Horatiana (Antwerp, J. Verdussen: 1607), Emblem 70, Cuique suum studium, engraving, Brussels, Royal Library of Belgium 199
7.5 Otto Van Veen, first preparatory drawing for emblem 70 of the Emblemata Horatiana, (Antwerp, J. Verdussen: 1607). The British Museum, London 203
9.1 Copper engraving by Matthæus Merian for Robert Fludd, Utriusque cosmi maioris scilicet et minoris metaphysica, physica atque technica historia in duo volumina secundum cosmicam differentiam divisa, vol. 1 (Oppenheim, De Bry: 1617) title page 235
9.2 Copper engraving by Matthæus Merian for Robert Fludd, Utriusque cosmi maioris scilicet et minoris metaphysica, physica atque technica historia in duo volumina secundum cosmicam differentiam divisa, vol. 1 (Oppenheim, De Bry: 1617) folding plate inserted immediately after the dedicatory letters 237
9.3 Copper engraving by Matthæus Merian for Robert Fludd, Utriusque cosmi maioris scilicet et minoris metaphysica, physica atque technica historia in duo volumina secundum cosmicam differentiam divisa, vol. 1 (Oppenheim, De Bry: 1617) 16 240
9.4 Copper engraving by Matthæus Merian for Robert Fludd, Utriusque cosmi maioris scilicet et minoris metaphysica, physica atque technica historia in duo volumina secundum cosmicam differentiam divisa, vol. 1 (Oppenheim, De Bry: 1617) 81 242
9.5 Copper engraving by Matthæus Merian for Robert Fludd, Utriusque cosmi maioris scilicet et minoris metaphysica, physica atque technica historia in duo volumina secundum cosmicam differentiam divisa, vol. 1 (Oppenheim, De Bry: 1617) 89 243
9.6 Copper engraving by Matthæus Merian for Robert Fludd, Utriusque cosmi maioris scilicet et minoris metaphysica, physica atque technica historia in duo volumina secundum cosmicam differentiam divisa, vol. 1 (Oppenheim, De Bry: 1617) 90 244
9.7 Johannes Kepler, Harmonices mundi libri quinque (Linz, Gottfried Tambach and Johann Planck: 1619) title page 249
9.8 Johannes Kepler, Harmonices mundi libri quinque (Linz, Gottfried Tambach and Johann Planck: 1619) 186 254
9.9 Copper engraving by Matthæus Merian for Robert Fludd, Tractatus secundus, de naturæ simia, seu technica macrocosmi historia in partes undecim divisa (Oppenheim, De Bry: 1618) 205 266
11.1 Two Ls differentiated numerically: a) and b) 304
11.2 The L is rotated and staggered in height: c) and d) 305
11.3 Mirror-inverted L: e) and f) 305
11.4 Kant’s proof of the geometrician’s procedure 313
11.5 Euclid’s proof of theorem 29 314
11.6 Euclid I, 1, from Wöpking, Raum und Wissen 98 316