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Jessica Schultz

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于The Internal Protection Alternative in Refugee Law

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Jessica Schultz

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Dar Hadith al Hassania

Bibliography

Published Books, Chapters and Articles

Aall J, Rettstat og menneskerettigheter (2nd edn, Fagbokforlaget 2007).
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Aleinikoff TA, ‘State-Centered Refugee Law: From Resettlement to Containment’ (1992) 14 Michigan Journal of International Law.
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Alston P, ‘The Historical Origins of the Concept of “General Comments” in Human Rights Law’ in L Boisson de Chazournes and V Gowlland-Debbas (eds), The International Legal System in Quest of Equity and Universality: Liber amicorum Georges Abi-Saab (Brill Nijhoff 2001).
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Alvarez J, ‘Limits of Change by Way of Subsequent Agreements and Practice’ in G Nolte (ed), Treaties and Subsequent Practice (Oxford University Press 2013a).
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Alvarez J, ‘Subsequent Practice Between Interpretation, Informal Modification, and Formal Amendment: A Comment’ in G Nolte (ed), Treaties and Subsequent Practice (Oxford University Press 2013b).
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Anker D, Law of Asylum in the United States, 2013 Edition (Thomson Reuters 2013).
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Arai-Takahashi Y, The Margin of Appreciation Doctrine and the Principle of Proportionality in the Jurisprudence of the echr (Intersentia 2002).
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Arendt H, The Origins of Totalitarianism (New edn, Harcourt Brace 1958).
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Aust A, Modern Treaty Law and Practice (3rd edn, Cambridge University Press 2013).
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Bailliet C, ‘Perpetuating Internal Displacement: The Misapplication of Internal Flight Alternative and Non-State Agents of Persecution within the Context of Colombian Asylum Seekers’ (2000) Juridikum.
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Bailliet C, Study of the Grey Zone between Asylum and Humanitarian Protection in Norwegian Law and Practice (2003).
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Bailliet C, ‘National Case Law as a Generator of International Refugee Law: Rectifying an Imbalance Within unhcr Guidelines on International Protection’ (2015) 29 Emory International Law Review.
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Barak A, Proportionality: Constitutional Rights and their Limitations (Cambridge University Press 2012).
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Battjes H, European Asylum Law and International Law (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 2006).
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Betts A, ‘Towards a “Soft Law” Framework for the Protection of Vulnerable Irregular Migrants’ (2012) 22 International Journal of Refugee Law.
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Betts A, Survival Migration: Failed Governance and the Crisis of Migration (Cornell University Press 2013).
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Black R and K Koser (eds), The End of the Refugee Cycle? Refugee Repatriation and Rec0nstruction (Berghahn 1999).
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Blake N, ‘Luxembourg, Strasbourg and the National Court: the Emergency of a Country Guidance System for Refugee and Human Rights Protection’ (2013) 25 International Journal of Refugee Law.
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Blandhol S (ed), De beste grunner: reelle hensyn i juridisk argumentasjon (Gyldendal Norsk Forlag 2013).
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Bombi F, “Perception and Protection in Sri Lanka’ (2010) 35 Forced Migration Review.
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Boyle A and C Chinkin, The Making of International Law (Oxford University Press 2007).
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Bølstad T, Ø Fjeldstad and D Leraand, Jordas fordrevne (Universitetsforlaget 1995).
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Brekke J-P, Et nytt flyktningregime? Om midlertidig beskyttelse i Norge (Institutt for Samfunnsforskning 1998).
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Brems E and J Gerards (eds), Shaping Rights in the echr (Cambridge University Press 2013).
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Brochman G, European Integration and Immigration from Third Countries (Scandinavian University Press 1996).
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Çali B, ‘Specialized Rules of Treaty Interpretation: Human Rights’ in D Hollis (ed), The Oxford Guide to Treaties (Oxford University Press 2012).
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Cantor DJ, ‘Reframing Relationships: Revisiting the Procedural Standards for Refugee Status Determination in Light of Recent Human Rights Treaty Body Jurisprudence’ (2015) 34 Refugee Survey Quarterly.
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Cantor DJ, ‘Defining Refugees: Persecution, Surrogacy and the Human Rights Paradigm’ in B Burson and DJ Cantor (eds), Human Rights and the Refugee Definition: Comparative Legal Practice and Theory (Brill Nijhoff 2016).
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Cantor DJ and SE Barichello, ‘The Inter-American Human Rights System: a New Model for Integrating Refugee and Complementary Protection?’ (2013) 17 International Journal of Human Rights.
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Cantor DJ and D Trimino Mora, ‘A Simple Solution to War Refugees? The Latin American Expanded Definition and its Relationship to ihl’ in DJ Cantor and J-F Durieux (eds), Refuge from Inhumanity? War Refugees and International Humanitarian Law (Brill Nijhoff 2014).
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Carens JH, ‘States and Refugees: A Normative Analysis’ in H Adelman (ed), Refugee Policy: Canada and the United States (York University Centre for Refugee Studies 1991).
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Carlier J-Y, Droit d’asil et des réfugiés: de la protection aux droits (Brill Nijhoff 2008).
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Carlier J-Y and others (eds), Who is a Refugee? A Comparative Case Law Study (Kluwer Law International 1997).
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Cassese A, International Law (Oxford University Press 2005).
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Chetail V, ‘Are Refugee Rights Human Rights?’ in R Rubio-Marin (ed), Human Rights and Immigration (Oxford University Press 2014).
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Chimni BS, ‘The Geopolitics of Refugee Studies: A View from the South’ (1998) 11 Journal of Refugee Studies.
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Christoffersen J, ‘Impact on General Principles of Treaty Interpretation’ in M Kamminga and M Scheinin (eds), The Impact of Human Rights Law on General International Law (Oxford University Press 2009).
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Clapham A, Human Rights Obligations of Non-State Actors (Oxford University Press 2006).
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Cohen R and F Deng, Masses in Flight: The Global Crisis of Internal Displacement (Brookings Institution Press 1998).
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Costello C, ‘The Recast Asylum Procedures Directive 2013/32/EU’ in V Chetail, P De Bruycker and F Maiani (eds), Reforming the Common European Asylum System: The New European Refugee Law (Brill Nijhoff 2016).
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Craig P, The Nature of Reasonableness Review (Legal Research Paper Series, 2013).
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Crawford J, Brownlie’s Principles of Public International Law (8th edn, Oxford University Press 2013).
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Crema L, ‘Subsequent Practice in Hassan v United Kingdom: When Things Seem to Go Wrong in the Life of a Living Instrument’ (2015) Questions of International Law.
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Durieux J-F, ‘Salah Sheekh is a Refugee: New Insights into Primary and Subsidiary Forms of Protection’ (2008) Refugee Studies Centre Working Paper.
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Durieux J-F, ‘Of War, Flows, Laws and Flaws: A Reply to Hugo Storey’ (2012) 31 Refugee Survey Quarterly.
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Durieux J-F, ‘Three Asylum Paradigms’ (2013) 20 International Journal of Minority and Group Rights.
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Eaton J, ‘The Internal Protection Alternative Under European Union Law: Examining the Recast Qualification Directive’ (2012) International Journal of Refugee Law.
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Edwards A, ‘Age and Gender Dimensions in International Refugee Law’ in E Feller, V Türk and F Nicholson (eds), Refugee Protection in International Law: unhcr’s Global Consultations on International Protection (Cambridge University Press 2003).
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Edwards A, ‘Human Rights, Refugees, and The Right “To Enjoy” Asylum’ (2005) 17 International Journal of Refugee Law.
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Einarsen T, Flyktningers rettsstilling i Norge (Fagbokforlaget 1997).
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Einarsen T, Retten til vern som flyktning (Cicero 2000).
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Einarsen T, ‘Beskyttelse’ in V Vevstad (ed), Utlendingsloven Kommentarutgave (Universitetsforlaget 2010).
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Einarsen T, ‘Drafting History of the Convention/New York Protocol’ in A Zimmermann (ed), The 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol: A Commentary (Oxford University Press 2011).
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Farmer A, ‘A Commentary on the Committee on the Rights of the Child’s Definition of Non-Refoulement for Children: Broad Protection for Fundamental Rights’ (2011) Res Gestae.
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Fernhout R, Erkenning en toelating als vluchteling in Nederland (Kluwer 1990).
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Ferris E, ‘Internal Displacement and the Right to Seek Asylum’ (2008) Refugee Survey Quarterly.
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Fitzpatrick J, ‘The Principle and Practice of Temporary Refuge: A Customary Norm Protecting Civilians Fleeing Internal Armed Conflict’ in DA Martin (ed), The New Asylum Seekers: Refugee Law in the 1980s (Springer 1988).
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Fitzpatrick J and R Bonoan, ‘Cessation (Article 1C)’ in E Feller, V Türk and F Nicholson (eds), Refugee Protection in International Law: unhcr’s Global Consultations on International Protection (Cambridge University Press 2003).
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Forowicz M, The Reception of International Law in the European Court of Human Rights (Oxford University Press 2011).
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Fortin A, ‘The Meaning of “Protection” in the Refugee Definition’ (2001) 12 International Journal of Refugee Law.
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Foster M, ‘Protection Elsewhere: The Legal Implications of Requiring Refugees to Seek Protection in Another State’ (2006) 28 Michigan Journal of International Law.
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Foster M, International Refugee Law and Socio-Economic Rights: Refuge from Deprivation (Cambridge University Press 2007).
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Frelick B, ‘Down the Rabbit Hole: The Strange Logic of Internal Flight Alternative’ (1999) US Committee for Refugees World Refugee Survey.
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Frelick B, ‘Displacement Without End: Internally Displaced Who Can’t Go Home’ (2003) 17 Forced Migration Review.
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Van Garderen J and J Ebenstein, ‘Regional Developments: Africa’ in A Zimmermann (ed), The 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol (Oxford University Press 2011).
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Gardiner R, Treaty Interpretation (Oxford University Press 2008).
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Garlick M, ‘unhcr and the Implementation of Council Directive 2004/83/EC on Minimum Standards for the Qualification and Status of Third Country Nationals or Stateless Persons as Refugees or as Persons who otherwise need International Protection and the Content of the Protection granted’ in K Zwaan (ed), The Qualification Directive: Central Themes, Problem Issues, and Implementation in Selected Member States (Wolf Legal Publishers 2007).
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Gerards J and H Senden, ‘The Structure of Fundamental Rights and the European Court of Human Rights’ (2009) 7 International Journal of Constitutional Law.
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Germov R and F Motta, Refugee Law in Australia (Oxford University Press 2003).
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Gibney M, The Ethics and Politics of Asylum (Cambridge University Press 2004).
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Gil-Bazo M-T, ‘The Practice of Mediterranean States in the Context of the European Union’s Justice and Home Affairs External Dimension. The Safe Third Country Concept Revisited’ (2006) 18 International Journal of Refugee Law.
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Gil-Bazo M-T, ‘Refugee Protection under International Human Rights Law: From Non-Refoulement to Residence and Citizenship’ (2015) 34 Refugee Survey Quarterly.
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Giupponi BO, ‘Assessing the evolution of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights in the protection of migrants’ rights: past, present and future’ (2017) 21 International Journal of Human Rights.
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Goodwin-Gill G, The Refugee in International Law (Clarendon Press 1983).
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Goodwin-Gill G, ‘Non-Refoulement and the New Asylum Seekers’ in D Martin (ed), The New Asylum Seekers: Refugee Law in the 1980s (Kluwer Academic Publishers 1988).
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Goodwin-Gill G, ‘Different Types of Forced Migration Movements as an International and National Problem’ in G Rystad (ed), The Uprooted: Forced Migration as an International Problem in the Post-War Era (Lund University Press 1990).
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Goodwin-Gill G, ‘Unaccompanied Refugee Minors: The Role and Place of International Law in the Pursuit of Durable Solutions’ (1995) 3 International Journal of Children’s Rights.
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Goodwin-Gill G, The Refugee in International Law (2nd edn, Clarendon Press 1996).
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Goodwin-Gill G, ‘The Search for the One, True Meaning…’ in G Goodwin-Gill and H Lambert (eds), The Limits of Transnational Law: Refugee Law, Policy Harmonization and Judicial Dialogue in the European Union (Cambridge University Press 2010).
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Goodwin-Gill G and J McAdam, The Refugee in International Law (3rd edn, Oxford University Press 2007).
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Grahl-Madsen A, The Status of Refugees in International Law, vol I: Refugee Character (A.W. Sijthoff 1966).
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Grahl-Madsen A, Norsk fremmedrett i støpeskjeen: et bidrag til debatten om ny fremmedlov (Universitetsforlaget 1985).
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Greenman K, ‘A Castle Built on Sand? Article 3 echr and the Source of Risk in Non-Refoulement Obligations in International Law’ (2015) 27 International Journal of Refugee Law.
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Greer S, ‘What’s Wrong with the European Convention on Human Rights?’ (2008) 30 Human Rights Quarterly.
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Guild E, ‘The Impetus to Harmonise: Asylum Policy in the European Union’ in F Nicholson and P Twomey (eds), Refugee Rights and Realities: Evolving International Concepts and Regimes (Cambridge University Press 1999).
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Hammerstad A, The Rise and Decline of a Global Security Actor: unhcr, Refugee Protection and Security (Oxford University Press 2014).
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Harris D and others, O’Boyle Harris & Warbrick: Law of the European Convention on Human Rights (3rd edn, Oxford University Press 2014).
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Hathaway JC, ‘The Evolution of Refugee Status in International Law: 1920–1950’ (1984) 33 International and Comparative Law Quarterly.
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Hathaway JC, ‘International Refugee Law: The Michigan Guidelines on the Internal Protection Alternative’ (1999a) 21 Michigan Journal of International Law.
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Hathaway JC, ‘Forced Migration Studies: Could We Agree Just to Date?’ (2007) 20 Journal of Refugee Studies.
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Hathaway JC, The Law of Refugee Status (Butterworths 1991).
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Hathaway JC, ‘Is Refugee Status Really Elitist? An Answer to the Ethical Challenge’ in J-Y Cartier (ed), Europe and Refugees: A Challenge? (Kluwer Law International 1997).
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Hathaway JC, ‘The Relationship between Human Rights and Refugee Law: What Refugee Judges Can Contribute’ in The Realities of Refugee Determination on the Eve of a New Millenium: The Role of the Judiciary (International Association of Refugee Law Judges 1999b).
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Hathaway JC, ‘A Forum for the Transnational Development of Refugee Law: The iarlj’s Advanced Refugee Law Workshop’ (2003) 15 International Journal of Refugee Law.
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Hathaway JC, The Rights of Refugees under International Law (Cambridge University Press 2005).
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Hathaway JC and M Foster, ‘Internal Protection/Relocation/Flight Alternative as an Aspect of Refugee Status Determination’ in E Feller, V Türk and F Nicholson (eds), Refugee Protection in International Law: unhcr’s Global Consultations on International Protection (Cambridge University Press 2003).
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Hathaway JC and M Foster, The Law of Refugee Status (2nd edn, Cambridge University Press 2014).
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Hathaway JC and J Pobjoy, ‘Queer Cases Make Bad Law’ (2012) 44 New York University Journal of International Law and Politics.
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den Heijer M, ‘Whose Rights and Which Rights? The Continuing Story of Non-Refoulement under the European Convention on Human Rights’ (2008) 10 European Journal of Migration and Law.
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Henckaerts J-M and L Doswald-Beck (eds), Customary International Humanitarian Law, Volume i: Rules (icrc/Cambridge University Press 2005).
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Herhily J, K Gleeson and S Turner, ‘What Assumptions about Human Behavior Underlie Asylum Judgments?’ (2010) 22 International Journal of Refugee Law.
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Hernández GI, ‘Interpretation’ in J Kammerhofer and J D’Aspremont (eds), International Legal Positivism in a Post-Modern World (Cambridge University Press 2015).
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Heyns C and M Killander, ‘Universality and the Growth of Regional Systems’ in D Shelton (ed), The Oxford Handbook of International Human Rights Law (Oxford University Press 2013).
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Higgins R, Problems and Processes: International Law and How We Use It (Oxford University Press 1994).
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Honkala N, ‘A Feminist Human Rights Perspective on the Use of Internal Relocation by Asylum Adjudicators’ in J Green and C Waters (eds), Adjudicating International Human Rights: Essays in Honour of Sandy Ghandhi (Brill Nijhoff 2015).
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Horst C and A Nur, ‘Governing Mobility through Humanitarianism in South-Central Somalia: Compromising Protection for the Sake of Return?’ (2016) 47 Development and Change.
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Hurwitz A, The Collective Responsibility of States to Protect Refugees (Oxford University Press 2009).
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Jackson I, The Refugee Concept in Group Situations (Kluwer Law International 1999).
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Janmyr M, Protecting Civilians in Refugee Camps: Unable and Unwilling States, UNHCR and International Responsibility (Brill 2014).
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Jastram K and K Newland, ‘Family Unity and Refugee Protection’ in E Feller, V Türk and F Nicholson (eds), Refugee Protection in International Law: unhcr’s Global Consultations on International Protection (Cambridge University Press 2003).
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Joseph S and M Castan, The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: Cases, Materials, and Commentary (3rd edn, Oxford University Press 2013).
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Juss S, ‘Problematizing the Protection of “War Refugees”: A Rejoinder to Hugo Storey and Jean-Francois Durieux’ (2013a) 32 Refugee Survey Quarterly.
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Juss S, ‘The unhcr Handbook and the Interface between “Soft Law” and “Hard Law” in International Refugee Law’ in SS Juss and C Harvey (eds), Contemporary Issues in Refugee Law (Edward Elgar 2013b).
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Kälin W, ‘Non-State Agents of Persecution and the Inability of the State to Protect’ (2001) 15 Georgetown Immigration Law Journal.
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Kälin W, ‘Supervising the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees: Article 35 and Beyond’ in E Feller, V Türk and F Nicholson (eds), Refugee Protection in International Law: unhcr’s Global Consultations on International Protection (Cambridge University Press 2003).
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Kälin W, ‘The Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement as International Minimum Standard and Protection Tool’ (2005) 24 Refugee Survey Quarterly.
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Kälin W and J Künzli, The Law of International Human Rights Protection (Oxford University Press 2009).
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Keller H and L Grover, ‘General Comments of the Human Rights Committee and their Legitimacy’ in H Keller and G Ulfstein (eds), UN Human Rights Treaty Bodies: Law and Legitimacy (Cambridge University Press 2015).
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Kelley N, ‘Internal Flight/Relocation/Protection Alternative: Is it Reasonable?’ (2002) 14 International Journal of Refugee Law.
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Kneebone S, ‘The Rule of Law and the Role of Law’ in S Kneebone (ed), Refugees, Asylum Seekers and the Rule of Law (Cambridge University Press 2009).
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Kneebone S, ‘Moving Beyond the State: Refugees, Accountability and Protection’ in S Kneebone (ed), The Refugee Convention 50 Years On (Ashgate 2003).
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Kneebone S, ‘Refugees as Objects of Surrogate Protection: Shifting Identities’ in Refugee Protection and the Role of Law: Conflicting Identities (Routledge 2014).
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Kneebone S and M O’Sullivan, ‘Article 1C’ in A Zimmermann (ed), The 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol: A Commentary (Oxford University Press 2011).
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Koskenniemi M, ‘Legal Universalism between Morality and Power in a World of States’ in S Cheng (ed), Law, Justice and Power: Between Reason and Will (Stanford University Press 2004).
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Lambert H, ‘Protection Against Refoulement From Europe: Human Rights Law Comes to the Rescue’ (1999) 48 International and Comparative Law Quarterly.
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Lambert H, ‘The Conceptualisation of “Persecution” by the House of Lords: Horvath v. Secretary of State for the Home Department’ (2001) 13 International Journal of Refugee Law.
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Lambert H, ‘International Refugee Law: Dominant and Emerging Approaches’ in JD Armstrong and J Brunée (eds), Routledge Handbook of International Law (Taylor & Francis 2009).
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Lambert H, ‘“Safe Third Country” in the European Union: An Evolving Concept in International Law and Implications for the UK’ (2012) 26 Journal of Immigration, Asylum and Nationality Law.
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Lambert H, J Mc Adam and M Fullerton (eds), The Global Reach of European Refugee Law (Cambridge University Press 2013).
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Landgren K, ‘Safety Zones and International Protection: A Dark Grey Area’ (1995) 7 International Journal of Refugee Law.
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Lauterpacht H, Development of International Law (Praeger 1958).
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Lauterpacht SE and D Bethlehem, ‘The Scope and Content of the Principle of Non-Refoulement’ in E Feller, V Türk and F Nicholson (eds), Refugee Protection in International Law (Cambridge University Press 2003).
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Legomsky S, ‘Secondary Refugee Movements and the Return of Asylum Seekers to Third Countries: The Meaning of Effective Protection’ (2003) 15 International Journal of Refugee Law.
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Letsas G, ‘Strasbourg’s Interpretive Ethic: Lessons for the International Lawyer’ (2010) 21 The European Journal of International Law.
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Lewis C, ‘unhcr’s Contribution to the Development of International Refugee Law: Its Foundations and Evolution’ (2005) 17 International Journal of Refugee Law.
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Long K, ‘In Search of Sanctuary: Border Closures, “Safe” Zones and Refugee Protection’ (2012) 26 Journal of Refugee Studies.
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Lübbe-Wolff G, ‘The Principle of Proportionality in the Case-Law of the German Federal Constitutional Court’ (2014) 34 Human Rights Law Journal.
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Mæhle S, ‘Gjelder det andre regler for rettslig argumentasjon i rettsdogmatikken enn for domstolene?’ (2004) 5 Jussens Venner.
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Majidi N, ‘Uninformed Decisions and Missing Networks’ (2017) 1 Espace populations sociétés.
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Marrus M, ‘The Uprooted: An Historical Perspective’ in G Rystad (ed), The Uprooted: Forced Migration as an International Problem in the Post-War Era (Lund University Press 1990).
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Martin D, ‘The New Asylum Seekers’ in D Martin (ed), The New Asylum Seekers: Refugee Law in the 1980s (Kluwer Academic Publishers 1988).
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Marx R, ‘The Criteria of Applying the “Internal Flight Alternative” Test in National Refugee Status Determination Procedures’ (2002) 14 International Journal of Refugee Law.
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Mathew P, ‘The Shifting Boundaries and Content of Protection: The Internal Protection Alternative Revisited’ in SS Juss (ed), Ashgate Research Companion to Migration Law, Theory and Policy (Ashgate 2013).
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Mathew P, JC Hathaway and M Foster, ‘The Role of State Protection in Refugee Analysis: Discussion Paper No. 2, Advanced Refugee Law Workshop, International Association of Refugee Law Judges, Auckland, New Zealand, October 2002’ (2003) 15 International Journal of Refugee Law.
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McAdam J, Complementary Protection in International Refugee Law (Oxford University Press 2007).
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McAdam J, ‘Interpretation of the 1951 Convention’ in A Zimmermann (ed), The 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol: A Commentary (Oxford University Press 2011).
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McAdam J, ‘Rethinking the Origins of “Persecution” in Refugee Law’ (2014) 25 International Journal of Refugee Law.
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McLachlan C, ‘The Principle of Systemic Integration and Article 31(3)(c) of the Vienna Convention’ (2005) 54 International & Comparative Law Quarterly.
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McNair A, The Law of Treaties (2nd edn, Clarendon Press 1961).
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Mechlem K, ‘Treaty Bodies and the Interpretation of Human Rights’ (2009) 42 Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law.
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Mikkola M, ‘Teser om rättsvetenskaplig forskning’ (1981) Tidsskrift for Rettsvitenskap.
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Milner D, ‘Exemption from Cessation of Refugee Status in the Second Sentence of Article 1C(5)/(6) of the 1951 Refugee Convention’ (2004) 16 International Journal of Refugee Law.
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Mobray A, ‘The Creativity of the European Court of Human Rights’ (2005) 5 Human Rights Law Review.
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de Moffarts G, ‘Refugee Status and the “Internal Flight Alternative”’ (Refugee and Asylum Law: Assessing the Scope for Judicial Protection: International Association of Refugee Law Judges, Second conference, Nijmegen, January 9–11, 1997).
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Moloo R, ‘When Actions Speak Louder Than Words: The Relevance of Subsequent Party Conduct to Treaty Interpretation’ (2013) 31 Berkeley Journal of International Law.
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Moore J, ‘Protection against the Forced Return of War Refugees: An Interdisciplinary Consensus on Humanitarian Non-Refoulement’ in DJ Cantor and J-F Durieux (eds), Refuge from Inhumanity? War Refugees and International Humanitarian Law (Brill Nijhoff 2014).
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Morel M, The Right not to be Displaced in International Law (Intersentia 2014).
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Moreno-Lax V, ‘Systematizing Systemic Integration: “War Refugees”, Regime Relations, and a Proposal for a Cumulative Approach to International Commitments’ (2014) 12 Journal of International Criminal Justice.
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Nathwani N, Rethinking Refugee Law (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 2003).
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Neuman G, ‘Subsidiarity’ in D Shelton (ed), The Oxford Handbook of International Human Rights Law (Oxford University Press 2013).
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Ní Ghráinne B, ‘unhcrs Involvement with idps—“Protection of that Country” for the Purpose of Precluding Refugee Status?’ (2014) 26 International Journal of Refugee Law.
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Ní Ghráinne B, ‘The Internal Protection Alternative Inquiry and Human Rights Considerations—Irrelevant or Indispensable?’ (2015) 27 International Journal of Refugee Law.
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Nicolaus P, Kein Asylrecht trotz Verfolgung? Eine Studie zum Problem der inländischen Fluchtalternative (Deutsche Kommission Justitia et Pax 1984).
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Noll G, Negotiating Asylum: The EU Acquis, Extraterritorial Protection and the Common Market of Deflection (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 2000).
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Noll G, ‘Evidentiary Assessment Under the Refugee Convention: Risk, Pain and the Intersubjectivity of Fear’ in G Noll (ed), Proof, Evidentiary Assessment and Credibility in Asylum Procedures (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 2005).
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Nolte G, ‘Second Report of the ilc Study Group on Treaties over Time: Jurisprudence under Special Regimes Relating to Subsequent Agreements and Subsequent Practice’ in G Nolte (ed), Treaties and Subsequent Practice (Oxford University Press 2013).
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Nykänen E, Fragmented State Power and Forced Migration: A Study on Non-State Actors in Refugee Law (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 2012).
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O’Sullivan M, ‘Acting the Part: Can Non-State Entities Provide Protection Under International Refugee Law?’ (2012) 24 International Journal of Refugee Law.
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O’Sullivan M, ‘Territorial Protection: Cessation of Refugee Status and Internal Flight Alternative Compared’ in SS Juss (ed), Ashgate Research Companion to Migration Law, Theory and Policy (Ashgate 2013).
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Orakhelashvili A, ‘Restrictive Interpretation of Human Rights Treaties in the Recent Jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights’ (2003) 14 European Journal of International Law.
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Orakhelashvili A, The Interpretation of Acts and Rules in Public International Law (Oxford University Press 2008).
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Orchard P, ‘Protection of Internally Displaced Persons: Soft Law as a Norm-Generating Mechanism’ (2010) 36 Review of International Studies.
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Ormachea P, ‘Moiwana Village: The Inter-American Court and the Continuing Violation Doctrine’ (2006) 19 Harvard Human Rights Journal.
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Øyen ØD, ‘Rett til flykningstatus og asyl’ in ØD Øyen (ed), Lærebok i utlendingsrett (2nd edn, Universitetsforlaget 2018).
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Peroni L and A Timmer, ‘Vulnerable Groups: The Promise of an Emerging Concept in European Human Rights Convention law’ (2013) 11 International Journal of Constitutional Law.
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Phuong C, The International Protection of Internally Displaced Persons (Cambridge University Press 2010).
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Pobjoy J, The Child in International Refugee Law (Cambridge University Press 2017).
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Poffé L, ‘Towards a New United Nations Human Rights Convention for Older Persons?’(2015) 15 Human Rights Law Review.
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Posner R, Law, Pragmatism, and Democracy (Harvard University Press 2003).
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Price M, ‘Persecution Complex: Justifying Asylum Law’s Preference for Persecuted People’ (2006) 47 Harvard International Law Journal.
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Price M, Rethinking Asylum: History, Purpose, and Limits (Cambridge University Press 2009).
- 检索谷歌学术
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Ramji-Nogales J, AI Schoenholtz and PG Schrag, ‘Refugee Roulette: Disparities in Asylum Adjudication’ (2007) 60 Standford Law Review.
- 检索谷歌学术
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Robinson N, Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees: Its History, Contents and Interpretation: a Commentary (Institute of Jewish Affairs 1953).
- 检索谷歌学术
- 导出引用
Robinson I and I Rahman, ‘The Unknown Fate of the Stateless Rohingyas’ (2012) 2 Oxford Monitor of Forced Migration.
- 检索谷歌学术
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Rousseau C and others, ‘The Complexity of Determining Refugeehood: A Multidisciplinary Analysis of the Decision-making Process of the Canadian Immigration and Refugee Board’ (2002) 15 Journal of Refugee Studies.
- 检索谷歌学术
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Sandgren C, ‘On Empirical Legal Science’ in P Wahlgren (ed), Legal Theory (The Stockholm University Law Faculty 2000).
- 检索谷歌学术
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Sandoz Y, C Swinarski and B Zimmermann (eds), Commentary on the Additional Protocols of 8 June 1977 to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 (icrc 1987).
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Schlütter B, ‘Aspects of Human Rights Interpretation by the UN Treaty Bodies’ in H Keller and G Ulfstein (eds), UN Human Rights Treaty Bodies: Law and Legitimacy (Cambridge University Press 2015).
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Schreier T, ‘An Evaluation of South Africa’s Application of the oau Refugee Definition’ (2008) 25 Refuge.
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Schultz J, ’The European Court of Human Rights and Internal Relocation: An Unduly Harsh Standard?’ in JP Gauci, M Giuffré, and E Tsourdi (eds), Exploring the Boundaries of Refugee Law: Current Protection Challenges (Brill Nijhoff 2015).
- 检索谷歌学术
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Schultz J and T Einarsen, ‘The Right to Refugee Status and the Internal Protection Alternative: What Does the Law Say?’ in B Burson and DJ Cantor (eds), Human Rights and the Refugee Definition: Comparative Legal Practice and Theory (Brill Nijhoff 2016).
- 检索谷歌学术
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Schuster L and N Majidi, ‘What Happens Post-Deportation? The Experience of Deported Afghans’ (2013) Migration Studies.
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Simma B, ‘Consent: Strains in the Treaty System’ in Macdonald RSJ and D Johnston (eds), Structure and Process of International Law: Essays in Legal Philosophy Doctrine and Theory (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 1983).
- 检索谷歌学术
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Singer D, ‘Failing at Each Hurdle: Assessing the Credibility of Women’s Asylum Claims in Europe’ in E Arbel, C Dauvergne and J Millbank (eds), Gender in Refugee Law (Routledge 2014).
- 检索谷歌学术
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Skran CM, Refugees in Inter-War Europe: The Emergence of a Regime (Clarendon Press 1995).
- 检索谷歌学术
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Skran CM, ‘Historical Development of International Refugee Law’ in A Zimmermann (ed), The 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol (Oxford University Press 2011).
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Smit A, The Property Rights of Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons: Beyond Restitution (Routledge 2012).
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Spijkerboer T, A Bird’s Eye View of Asylum Law in Eight European Countries (Dutch Refugee Council 1993).
- 检索谷歌学术
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Spijkerboer T, ‘Sexual Identity, Normativity and Asylum’ in T Spijkerboer (ed), Fleeing Homophobia: Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Asylum (Routledge 2013).
- 检索谷歌学术
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Stevens DE, ‘What Do We Mean by Protection?’ (2013) 20 International Journal on Minority and Group Rights.
- 检索谷歌学术
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Storey H, ‘The Internal Flight Alternative Test: The Jurisprudence Re-examined’ (1998) 10 International Journal of Refugee Law.
- 检索谷歌学术
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Storey H, ‘“From Nowhere to Somewhere”: An Evaluation of the unhcr 2nd Track Global Consultations on International Protection: San Remo 8–10 September 2001 Experts Roundtable on the IPA/IRA/IFA Alternative’ 2002 iarlj Conference.
- 检索谷歌学术
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Storey H, ‘Armed Conflict in Asylum Law: The “War-Flaw”’ (2012) 31 Refugee Survey Quarterly.
- 检索谷歌学术
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Storey H, ‘Briefing Note for Participants’ (2013) 25 International Journal of Refugee Law.
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Svensson E-M, ‘Boundary-Work in Legal Scholarship’ in Å Gunnarson, E-M Svensson and M Davies (eds), Exploiting the Limits of Law: Swedish Feminism and the Challenge to Pessimism (Ashgate 2007).
- 检索谷歌学术
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Sztucki J, ‘The Conclusions on the International Protection of Refugees Adopted by the Executive Committee of the unhcr Programme’ (1989) 1 International Journal of Refugee Law.
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Takkenberg A and C Tahbaz (eds), The Collected Travaux Préparatoires of the 1951 Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees (Dutch Refugee Council 1989).
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Thomas R, ‘Refugee Roulette: A UK Perspective’ in J Ramji-Nogales, A Schoenholtz and P Schrag (eds), Refugee Roulette: Disparities in Asylum Adjudication and Proposals for Reform (New York University Press 2009).
- 检索谷歌学术
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Tierney D, ‘The Hidden Danger of Safe Zones in Syria’ (2015) Atlantic Monthly.
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Tobin J, ‘Seeking to Persuade: A Constructive Approach to Human Rights Treaty Interpretation’ (2010) 23 Harvard Human Rights Journal.
- 检索谷歌学术
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Tolonen P, ‘Utlendingsdirektoratet gjennom 23 år’ (2011) Materialisten.
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Trinidade C, The Application of the Rule of Exhaustion of Local Remedies in International Law (Cambridge University Press 1983).
- 检索谷歌学术
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Tsakyrakis S, ‘Proportionality: An Assault on Human Rights’ (2009) 7 International Journal of Constitutional Law.
- 检索谷歌学术
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Türk V, ‘Introductory Note to unhcr Guidelines on International Protection’ (2003) 15 International Journal of Refugee Law.
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Türk V and F Nicholson, ‘Refugee Protection in International Law: An Overall Perspective’ in E Feller, V Türk and F Nicholson (eds), Refugee Protection in International Law: unhcr’s Global Consultations on International Protection (unhcr 2003).
- 检索谷歌学术
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Verdirame G, The UN and Human Rights: Who Guards the Guardians (Cambridge University Press 2011).
- 检索谷歌学术
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Vevstad V, Refugee Protection: A European Challenge (Tano Aschehoug 1998).
- 检索谷歌学术
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Vevstad V, Utvikling av et felles europeisk asylsystem: jus og politikk (Universitetsforlaget 2006).
- 检索谷歌学术
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Walaardt T, ‘From Heroes to Vulnerable Victims: Labelling Christian Turks as Genuine Refugees in the 1970s’ (2013) 36 Ethnic and Racial Studies.
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Watts SA, The International Law Commission, 1949–1998, vol ii (Oxford University Press 1999).
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Weis P, ‘The Concept of Refugee in International Law’ (1960) Journal du droit international.
- 检索谷歌学术
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Wouters C, International Legal Standards for the Protection from Refoulement (Intersentia 2009).
- 检索谷歌学术
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Young J, ‘The Alternate Refuge Concept: A Source of Systematic Disadvantage to Sexual Minority Refugee Claimants’ (2010) University of New Brunswick Law Journal.
- 检索谷歌学术
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Yourow H, The Margin of Appreciation Doctrine in the Dynamics of European Human Rights Jurisprudence (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 1996).
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Zard M, ‘Towards a Comprehensive Approach to Protecting Refugees and the Internally Displaced’ in A Bayefsky (ed), Human Rights and Refugees, Internally Displaced Persons and Migrant Workers (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 2006).
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Zimmermann A and C Mahler, ‘Article 1A, para. 2 1951 Convention’ in A Zimmermann (ed), The 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol: A Commentary (Oxford University Press 2011).
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Zimmermann and Wennholz, ‘Article 33 para. 2’ in A Zimmermann (ed), The 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol (Oxford University Press 2011a).
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Zimmermann A and Wennholz, ‘Article 1F’ in A Zimmermann (ed), The 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol: A Commentary (Oxford University Press 2011b).
- 检索谷歌学术
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Zolberg A, A Suhrke and S Aguayo, Escape from Violence: Conflict and the Refugee Crisis in the Developing World (Oxford University Press 1989).
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Reports, Conference Papers, and Blog Entries

accord, Researching Country of Origin Information—A Training Manual (Austrian Red Cross 2004).
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aida, Mind the Gap: An ngo Perspective on Challenges to Accessing Protection in the Common European Asylum System (Annual Report 2013/2014).
- 检索谷歌学术
- 导出引用
aida, Asylum Statistics 2017: Shifting Patterns, Persisting Disparities.
Bennett C, Relocation, Relocation: The Impact of Internal Relocation on Women Asylum Seekers (Asylum Aid 2008).
- 检索谷歌学术
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Brems E, Strong women don’t need asylum, Strasbourg Observers blog entry, 19 August 2010.
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Brems E, We need to look at international human rights law (also) as a whole, ejil Talk blog entry, 17 October 2014.
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Citroni G, The Human Rights Committee and its Role in Interpreting the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights vis-à-vis States Parties, ejil Talk blog entry, August 28 2015.
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Clayton G, ‘Even if….’: the use of the Internal Protection Alternative in asylum decisions in the UK (Asylum Aid 2014).
- 检索谷歌学术
- 导出引用
Crawley H et al., Thematic Review on the Coverage of Women in Country of Origin Information (coi) reports (Independent Advisory Group on Country Information 2011).
- 检索谷歌学术
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easo, Country of Origin Information Report: Nigeria Country Focus (2017).
- 检索谷歌学术
- 导出引用
ecre/elena, The Application of the Concept of Internal Protection Alternative (2000).
- 检索谷歌学术
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ecre/elena, The Impact of the EU Qualification Directive on International Protection (2008).
- 检索谷歌学术
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ecre, ecre Information Note on the Directive 2011/95/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 2011 (2013).
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ecre, Actors of Protection and the Application of the Internal Protection Alternative (2014).
- 检索谷歌学术
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Edwards A, Displacement, Statelessness, and Questions of Gender Equality and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (unhcr and UNcedaw joint background paper 2009).
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Gladwell C and H Elwyn, Broken Futures: Young Afghan Asylum Seekers in the UK and on Return to their Country of Origin (unhcr New Issues in Refugee Research, Research Paper No 246, 2012).
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Guild E, The right to be heard in immigration and asylum cases: the cjeu moves towards a definition, EU Law Analysis blog entry, 16 January 2015.
- 检索谷歌学术
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Gyulai G, Country Information in Asylum Procedures: Quality as a Legal Requirement in the EU (Hungarian Helsinki Committee 2011).
- 检索谷歌学术
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HelpAge International, Rebuilding Lives in Longer-term Emergencies: Older People’s Experience in Darfur (2006).
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Human Rights Watch UK: Halt deportations of Tamils to Sri Lanka (Press Release, February 24, 2012).
Human Rights Watch Denmark: Eritrea immigration report deeply flawed (Press Release, December 17, 2014).
Humlen A and J Myhre, Advokatforeningens aksjons- og prosedyregruppe i utlendingsrett 2007–2014: Rapport fra virksomheten og forslag om regelendringer (Norwegian Bar Association 2014).
- 检索谷歌学术
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Huser C, Displacement: An Auto-Protection Strategy in Unity State (South Sudan Humanitarian Project 2015).
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Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, Chairperson Guidelines 4: Women Refugee Claimants Fearing Gender-Related Persecution (1996).
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The Institute on Statelessness and Inclusion, The World’s Stateless (2014).
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International Centre for Migration Policy Development (icmpd), Comparative Study on Country of Origin Information Systems—Study on coi Systems in Ten European Countries and the Potential for Further Improvement of coi Cooperation (2006).
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International Law Commission, Report of the International Law Commission (International Law Commission 57th Session, 2005).
Jansen S and T Spijkerboer, Fleeing Homophobia: Asylum Claims Related to Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity in Europe (Joint research paper by coc Netherlands and VU University Amsterdam, 2011).
- 检索谷歌学术
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Koskenniemi M, Fragmentation of International Law: Difficulties Arising from the Diversification and Expansion of International Law (International Law Commission 58th Session, 2006).
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McAdam J, Complementary Protection and Beyond: How States Deal with Human Rights Protection (unhcr New Issues in Refugee Research Working Paper No 118, 2005).
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McAdam J, The Refugee Convention as a Rights Blueprint for Persons in Need of International Protection (unhcr New Issues in Refugee Research, Research Paper No 125, 2006).
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noas, Retur til hva? Norsk praksis overfor statsløse palestinske asylsøkere (2011).
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noas, Asyldebatten og sentrale asylpolitiske hendelser 1980–2013 (2013).
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Nolte G, Second Report on Subsequent Agreements and Subsequent Practice in Relation to the Interpretation of Treaties (International Law Commission 66th session, 2014).
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Norwegian Refugee Council and The Liaison Office, Listening to Women and Girls Displaced to Urban Afghanistan (2015).
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Norwegian Refugee Council and Tilburg University, Statelessness and Displacement: A Humanitarian Challenge (2015).
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Phuong C, Forcible Displacement in Peace Agreements (International Council on Human Rights Policy 2005).
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Reed-Hurtado M, The Cartagena Declaration on Refugees and the Protection of People Fleeing Armed Conflict and Other Situations of Violence in Latin America (unhcr Legal and Protection Policy Research Series, 2013).
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Schatvedt C, The Making of unhcr’s Guidance and its Implementation in the National Jurisdiction of the United Kingdom, Norway and Sweden (Research report for the Norwegian Directorate of Immigration, 2010).
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Schultz J, The Internal Flight Alternative in Norway: Law and Practice with Respect to Afghan Families and Unaccompanied Asylum-Seeking Children (unhcr 2017).
- 检索谷歌学术
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Sen P and L Kelley, Violence Against Women in the UK: Shadow Thematic Report for the Committee on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women (2007).
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Sharpe M, The 1969 oau Refugee Convention and the Protection of People fleeing Armed Conflict and Other Situations of Violence in the Context of Individual Refugee Status Determination (unhcr Legal and Protection Policy Research Series, 2013).
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Sitaropoulos N, States are bound to consider the UN Human Rights Committee’s views in good faith, OxHRH blog entry, 11 March 2015.
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Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction, Quarterly Report to the US Congress, April 30, 2018.
Spijkerboer T, European Sexual Nationalism: Refugee Law After the Gender and Sexuality Critiques (plenary address at the Nordic Asylum Seminar in Uppsala, Sweden, May 7, 2015).
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Vedsted-Hansen J, Europe’s Response to the Arrival of Asylum Seekers: Refugee Protection and Immigration Control (unhcr New Issues in Refugee Research No 6, 1999).
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Women’s Refugee Commission, Disabilities Among Refugees and Conflict-Affected Populations (2008).
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Zieck M, Treaties as Boundaries of Policy: Revisiting the Policies That Informed the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees (revised version of paper presented at the 12th Conference of the International Association for the Study of Forced Migration, 2009).
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Preparatory Work and Related Documents

UN Resolution 8 (1) of 12 February 1946

1946 Constitution of the International Refugee Organization, 18 u.n.t.s. 3, Annex 1: Definitions (Entered into force 20 August 1948).
Report of the Commission on Human Rights on the Second Session (E/600); Report of the Working Party on an International Convention on Human Rights (E/CN.4/56, 11 December 1947).
ecosoc Resolution 248 (ix) B of 8 August 1949.
ungaor, 4th Sess., Third Committee, Summary Records, 110 (2 December 1949).
UN General Assembly Resolution 319 (iv) of 3 December 1949.
UN Doc. E/AC.7/SR.160 (1950).
UN Doc. E/AC.7/SR.172 (1950).
UN Doc. E/AC.32/SR. 2 (1950).
UN Doc. E/AC.32/SR.3 (1950).
UN Doc E/AC.32/SR.18 (1950).
Secretary-General, UN Doc. A/1385.
UN General Assembly, Statute of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, 14 December 1950, A/RES/428(V).
UN General Assembly Res. 429 (v) of December 1950.
UN Doc. A/CONF.2/SR.19 (1951).
UN Doc. A/CONF.2/SR.23 (1951).
UN Doc. A/CONF.2/SR.24 (1951).
UN Doc. A/CONF.2/102/Add.2 (1951).
UN General Assembly, Final Act of the United Nations Conference of Plenipotentiaries on the Status of Refugees and Stateless Persons, 25 July 1951, part E. A/CONF.2/108/Rev.1 (1951).
unhcr, Background Paper for the Colloquium on the development in the law of refugees with particular reference to the 1951 Convention and the Statute of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees held at Villa Serbelloni Bellagio (Italy) from 21–28 April 1965.
unhcr, Note to ExCom, UN Doc. A/AC. 96/346 (1966).
unhcr, UN Doc. A/AC.96/346 Annex I (1966).
UN General Assembly Res. 2198 (xxi) of 16 December 1966.

unhcr Documents

unhcr, Handbook on Procedures and Criteria for Determining Refugee Status under the 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees (1979).
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unhcr, unhcr’s Position on Manifestly Unfounded Applications for Asylum (1992).
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unhcr, State of the World’s Refugees (1993).
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unhcr, An Overview of Protection Issues in Western Europe: Legislative Trends and Positions Taken by unhcr (European Series, 1995a).
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unhcr, Information Note on Article 1 of the 1951 Convention (1995b).
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unhcr, Note on Burden and Standard of Proof in Refugee Claims (1998).
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unhcr, Position Paper on Relocating Internally as a Reasonable Alternative to Seeking Asylum (the So-Called ‘Internal Flight’ or ‘Internal Relocation Principle’) (1999).
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unhcr, Asylum Applications in Industrialized Countries: 1980–1999 (2001a).
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unhcr, Interpreting Article 1 of the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees (2001).
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unhcr, Asylum Applications in Industrialized Countries: 1980 – 1999 (2001b).
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unhcr, Background Note on the Application of the Exclusion Clauses: Article 1F of the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees (2003a).
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unhcr, Guidelines on International Protection: Gender-Related Persecution within the context of Article 1A(2) of the 1951 Convention and/or its 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees (2003b).
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unhcr, Guidelines on International Protection: “Internal Flight or Relocation Alternative” within the Context of Article 1A(2) of the 1951 Convention and/or 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees (2003c).
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unhcr, Guidelines on International Protection: Application of the Exclusion Clauses: Article 1F of the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees (2003d).
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unhcr, Guidelines on International Protection: Cessation of Refugee Status under Article 1C(5) and (6) of the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees (the “Ceased Circumstances” Clauses) (2003e).
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unhcr, The Possibility of Applying the Internal Flight or Relocation Alternative Within Serbia and Montenegro to Certain Persons Originating from Kosovo and Belonging to Ethnic Minorities There (2004).
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unhcr, Flyktninger og innvandrere i Norge siden 1930-tallet i Norge (2005).
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unhcr, Asylum in the European Union: A Study of the Implementation of the Qualification Directive (2007a).
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unhcr, The Protection of Internally Displaced Persons and the Role of unhcr (2007b).
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unhcr, Guidelines on International Protection: Child Asylum Claims under Articles 1A(2) and 1(F) of the 1951 Convention and/or 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees (2009).
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unhcr, Comments on the European Commission’s proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on minimum standards for the qualification and status of third country nationals or stateless persons as beneficiaries of international protection and the content of the protection granted (com (2009) 551, 21 October 2009) (2010).
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unhcr, Safe at Last? Law and Practice in Selected EU Member States With Respect to Asylum-Seekers Fleeing Indiscriminate Violence (2011).
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unhcr, Protecting Refugees and the Role of unhcr (2012a).
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unhcr, The Internal Flight Alternative Practices: A unhcr Research Study in Central European Countries (2012b).
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unhcr, Eligibility Guidelines for Assessing the International Protection Needs of Members of Religious Minorities from Pakistan (2012c).
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unhcr, International protection considerations with regard to people fleeing the Syrian Arab Republic, Update iv (2014).
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unhcr, Amicus curiae submissions in case no. 2015/203 before the Supreme Court of Norway, concerning the internal flight or relocation alternative of Kabul, Afghanistan (2015).
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unhcr, Relevant coi for Assessments on the Availability of an Internal Flight or Relocation Alternative (IFA/IRA) in Baghdad for Sunni Arabs from ISIS-Held Areas (2016).
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unhcr, Background Note on Gender Equality, Nationality Laws and Statelessness (2017).
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unhcr, Eligibility Guidelines for Assessing the International Protection Needs of Asylum-Seekers from Afghanistan (2018).
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unhcr, ExCom Conclusions.
No. 6 Non-Refoulement (1977).
No. 8 Determination of Refugee Status (1977).
No. 47 Refugee Children (1987).
No. 65 General (1991).
No. 69 Cessation of Status (1992).
No. 77 General (1995).
No. 79 General (1996).
No. 81 General (1997).
No. 87 General (1999).
No. 88 Conclusion on the Protection of the Refugee’s Family (1999).
No. 99 General (2004).
No. 103 Provision of International Protection Including Through Complementary Forms of Protection (2005).
No. 108 General (2008).

Council of Europe/European Commission/European Parliament Documents

Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament on the right of asylum, sec (91) 1857 final, 11 October 1991.
‘Resolution on Manifestly Unfounded Applications for Asylum,’ adopted by the Ministers of the Members States of the European Communities responsible for Immigration in London on 30 November—1 December 1992.
Joint Position of 4 March 1996 defined by the Council on the basis of Article K.3 of the Treaty on European Union on the harmonized application of the definition of the term ‘refugee’ in Article 1 of the Geneva Convention of 28 July 1951 relating to the status of refugees, 96/196/JHA.
Council of the European Union, Presidency Conclusions of the Tampere European Council, 15–16 October 1999.
European Commission, Proposal for a Council Directive on Minimum Standards on Procedures in Member States for Granting and Withdrawing Refugee Status, com (2000) 578 final, 20 Sept 2000.
Council of the European Union, Directive 20 01/55/EC of 20 July 2001 on Minimum Standards for Giving Temporary Protection in the Event of a Mass Influx of Displaced Persons and on Measures Promoting a Balance of Efforts Between Member States in Receiving such Persons and Bearing the Consequences Thereof, 7 August 2001.
European Commission, Proposal for a Council Directive on Minimum Standards for the Qualification and Status of Third Country Nationals and Stateless Persons as Refugees or as Persons who Otherwise Need International Protection com (2001) 501 final, 12 September 2001.
European Parliament, Legislative resolution on the proposal for a Council directive on minimum standards for the qualification and status of third country nationals and stateless persons as refugees or as persons who otherwise need international protection, 22 October 2002.
Council of the European Union, Directive 2003/86/EC of 22 September 2003 on the right to family reunification.
Council of the European Union, Directive 2004/83/EC of 29 April 2004 on minimum standards for the qualification and status of third country nationals or stateless persons as refugees or as persons who otherwise need international protection and the content of the protection granted (2004 EU Qualification Directive).
Council of the European Union, Directive 2005/85/EC of 1 December 2005 on minimum standards on procedures in Member States for granting and withdrawing refugee status (2005 EU Procedures Directive).
Council of the European Union, Directive 2008/115/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008 on common standards and procedures in Member States for returning illegally staying third-country nationals, 16 December 2008 (2008 EU Returns Directive).
European Commission, Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on minimum standards for the qualification and status of third country nationals or stateless persons as beneficiaries of international protection and the content of the protection granted (recast) com (2009) 551 final/2, 23 October 2009.
European Commission, Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the Application of Directive 2004/83/EC of 29 April 2004, COM/2010/0314 final (2010).
Council of the European Union, Regulation (EU) No 439/2010 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 May 2010 establishing a European Asylum Support Office.
Council of the European Union, Directive 2011/95/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 2011 on standards for the qualification of third-country nationals or stateless persons as beneficiaries of international protection, for a uniform status for refugees or for persons eligible for subsidiary protection, and for the content of the protection granted (recast), 20 December 2011 (2011 EU Qualification Directive (recast)).
European Commission, Final Amended proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on common procedures for granting and withdrawing international protection status (Recast) Explanatory Memorandum (2011).
Council of the European Union, Directive 2013/32/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2013 on common procedures for granting and withdrawing international protection (recast) (2013 EU Procedures Directive (recast)).
Council Decisions (EU) 2015/1523 of 14 September 2015 and 2015/1601 of 22 September 2015 establishing provisional measures in the area of international protection for the benefit of Italy and of Greece.
European Commission, Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on the European Union Agency for Asylum and repealing Regulation (EU) No 439/2010, com (2016) 271 final, 4 May 2016.
European Commission, Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on standards for the qualification of third-country nationals or stateless persons as beneficiaries of international protection, for a uniform status for refugees or for persons eligible for subsidiary protection and for the content of the protection granted and amending Council Directive 2003/109/EC of 25 November 2003 concerning the status of third-country nationals who are long-term residents, com(2016) 466 final, 13 July 2016.
European Commission, Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a common procedure for international protection in the Union and repealing Directive 2013/32/EU, com (2016) 467 final, 13 July 2016.

Case register

International Decisions

International Court of Justice

Legal Consequences for States of the Continued Presence of South Africa in Namibia (South West Africa) advisory opinion, 21 June 1971.
Aegean Sea Continental Shelf Case (Greece v Turkey) judgment, 19 December 1978.
Case concerning Oil Platforms (Islamic Republic of Iran v United States of America) judgment, 6 November 2003.
Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v Democratic Republic of the Congo) judgment, 30 November 2010.

UN Committee against Torture

X. v Spain Comm no 23/1995, cat decision, 15 November 1995.
Alan v Switzerland Comm no 21/1995, cat decision, 8 May 1996.
Tapia Paez v Sweden Comm No 39/1996, cat decision, 28 April 1997.
Hayden v Sweden Comm no 101/1997, cat decision, 16 December 1998.
Elmi v Australia Comm no 120/1998, cat decision, 25 May 1999.
S.S. v Netherlands Comm no 191/2001, cat decision, 19 May 2003.
B.S.S. v Canada Comm no 183/2001, cat decision, 17 May 2004.
S.S.S. v Canada Comm no 245/2004, cat decision, 5 December 2005.
Njamba v Sweden Comm no 322/2007, cat decision, 3 June 2010.
M.K.M. v Australia Comm 681/2015, cat decision, 10 May 2017.

UN Human Rights Committee

Kindler v Canada, Comm No 470/1991, 11 November 1993.
Mansour Ahani v Canada Comm No 1051/2002, 29 March 2004.
Hamida v Canada Comm no 1544/2007, 11 May 2010 .
M.I. v Sweden Comm no 2149/2012, 25 July 2013.
X. v Denmark Comm no 2389/2014, 22 July 2015.

Regional Decisions

African Committee on Human and People’s Rights

Rights International v Nigeria Comm No 215/98, decision, 15 November 1999.
Curtis Francis Doebbler v Sudan Comm no 236/00, decision, 4 May 2003.
Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions v The Sudan Comm no 296/05, decision, 25 May 2006.

African Court on Human and People’s Rights

Mtikila and Others v Tanzania App nos 009/2011 and 011/2011, judgment, 14 June 2013.

Court of Justice of the European Union

French Republic v Commission of the European Communities Case 301/87, judgment, 14 February 1990.
Elgafaji v Staatssecretaris van Justitie Case 465/07, judgment, 17 February 2009 (Grand Chamber) .
Chakroun v. Minister van Buitenlandse Zaken Case 578/08, judgment, 4 March 2010.
Aydin Salahadin Abdulla, Kamil Hasan, Ahmed Adem, Hamrin Mosa Rashi and Dier Jamal v Bundesrepublik Deutschland Joined Cases 175/08, 176/08, 178/08 and 179/08, judgment, 2 March 2010 (Grand Chamber).
Bundesrepublik Deutschland v B and D Joined Cases 57/09 and 101/09, judgment, 9 November 2010.
Karem El Kott and Others v Bevándorlási és Állampolgársági Hivatal Case 364/11, judgment, 19 December 2012 (Grand Chamber).
Bundesrepublik Deutschland v Y & Z Joined Cases 71/11 and 99/11, judgment, 5 September 2012 (Grand Chamber).
X, Y and Z v Minister voor Immigratie en Asiel Joined Cases 199/12, 200/12 and 201/12, judgment, 7 November 2013.
Khaled Boudjlida v Préfet des Pyrénées-Atlantiques Case 249/13, judgment, 11 December 2014.

European Commission of Human Rights

Van Volsem v Belgium App no 1464/89, decision, 9 May 1990.

European Court of Human Rights

Case ‘Relating to Certain Aspects of the Laws on the Use of Languages in Education in Belgium’ v Belgium App nos 1474/62; 1677/62; 1691/62; 1769/63; 1994/63; 2126/64, judgment, 23 July 1968 (Plenary).
Golder v the United Kingdom App no 4452/70, judgment, 21 February 1975 (Plenary).
Case of Handyside v the United Kingdom App no 5493/72, judgment, 7 December 1976.
Tyrer v the United Kingdom App no 5856/72, judgment, 25 April 1978.
Marckx v Belgium App no 6833/74, judgment, 13 June 1979.
Airey v Ireland App no 6289/73, judgment, 9 October 1979.
Campbell and Fell v the United Kingdom App no 7878/77, judgment, 28 June 1984.
Abdulaziz, Cabales and Balkandali v the United Kingdom App nos 9214/80, 9473/81 and 9474/81, judgment, 28 May 1985.
Mathieu-Mohin and Clerfayt v Belgium App No 9267/81, judgment, 2 March 1987.
Case of Olsson v Sweden App no 10465/83, judgment, 24 March 1988.
Müller and Others v Switzerland App no 10737/84, judgment, 24 May 1988.
Soering v the United Kingdom App no 14038/88, judgment, 7 July 1989.
Crus Varas and Others v Sweden App no 15576/89, judgment, 20 March 1991.
Vilvarajah and Others v the United Kingdom App nos 13163/87, 13164/87, 13165/87, 13447/87 and 13448/87, judgment, 20 October 1991.
Chahal v the United Kingdom App no 70/1995/576/662, judgment, 11 November 1996 (Grand Chamber).
Ahmed v Austria App no 25964/94, judgment, 17 December 1996.
Loizidou v Turkey App no 15318/89, judgment, 18 December 1996.
D. v the United Kingdom App nos 146/1996/767/964, judgment, 2 May 1997.
Osman v the United Kingdom App nos 87/1997/871/1083, judgment, 28 October 1998 (Grand Chamber).
Ould Barar v Sweden App no 42367/98, admissibility decision, 19 January 1999.
Abdurrahim Incendursun v the Netherlands App no 33124/96, judgment, 22 June 1999 (Grand Chamber).
Mazurek v France App no 34406/97, judgment, 1 February 2000.
S.C.C.v Sweden App no 46553/99, admissibility decision, 15 February 2000.
T.I. v the United Kingdom App no 43844/98, admissibility decision, 7 March 2000.
Jabari v Turkey App no 40035/98, judgment, 11 July 2000.
Maaouia v France App no 39652/98, judgment, 5 October 2000 (Grand Chamber).
Bensaid v the United Kingdom App no 44599/98, judgment, 6 February 2001.
Hilal v the United Kingdom App no 45276/99, judgment, 6 March 2001.
Al-Adsani v the United Kingdom App no 35763/97, judgment, 21 November 2001.
Case of Fogarty v the United Kingdom App no 37112/97, judgment, 21 November 2001 (Grand Chamber).
S.R. v Sweden App no 62806/00, admissibility decision, 23 April 2002.
Pretty v the United Kingdom App no 2346/02, judgment, 29 July 2002.
Henao v the Netherlands App no 13669/03, judgment, 24 June 2003.
Tomic v the United Kingdom App no 17837/03, admissibility decision, 14 October 2003.
Thampibillai v the Netherlands App no 61350/00, judgment, 17 February 2004.
Venkadajalasarma v the Netherlands App no 58510/00, judgment, 17 February 2004.
Hida v Denmark App no 38025/02, admissibility decision, 19 February 2004.
Sadena Muratovic v Denmark App no 14513/03, admissibility decision, 19 February 2004.
Aslan and Atifa Muratovic v Denmark App no 14923/03, admissibility decision, 19 February 2004.
Ndangoya v Sweden App no 17868/03, admissibility decision, 22 June 2004.
Mamatkulov and Askarov v Turkey App nos 46827/99 and 46951/99, judgment, 4 Feb 2005 (Grand Chamber).
Müslim v Turkey App no 53566/99, judgment, 26 April 2005.
Moldovan and Others v Romania (no. 2) App nos 41138/98 and 64320/01 judgment, 12 July 2005.
Hirst v the United Kingdom App no 74025/01, judgment, 6 October 2005 (Grand Chamber).
Bader and Kanbor v Sweden App no 13284/04, judgment, 8 November 2005.
Ramzy v the Netherlands App no 25424/05, admissibility decision, 22 November 2005.
Gomes v Sweden App no 34566/04, admissibility decision, 7 February 2006.
Z. and T. v the United Kingdom App no 27034/05, admissibility decision, 28 February 2006.
Üner v the Netherlands App no 46410/99, judgment, 18 October 2006 (Grand Chamber).
Chahal v the United Kingdom App no 70/1995/576/662, judgment, 15 November 2006.
Salah Sheekh v the Netherlands App no 1984/04, judgment, 11 January 2007.
Mubilanzila Mayeka and Kaniki Mitunga v Belgium App no 13178/03, judgment, 12 January 2007.
Mohammed Ali Hassan Al-Moayad v Germany App no 35865/03, admissibility decision, 20 February 2007.
Collins and Akaziebie v Sweden App no 23944/05, admissibility decision, 8 March 2007.
H.L.R. v France App no 24573/94, judgment, 22 April 2007 (Grand Chamber).
Case of Gebremedhin v France App no 25389/05, judgment, 26 April 2007.
Saadi v the United Kingdom App no 13229/03, judgment, 29 January 2008 (Grand Chamber).
Budina v Russia App no 45603/05, admissibility decision, 12 February 2008.
Saadi v Italy App no 37201/06, judgment, 28 February 2008 (Grand Chamber).
N. v the United Kingdom App no 26565/05, judgment, 27 May 2008 (Grand Chamber).
Maslov v Austria App no 1638/03, judgment, 23 June 2008 (Grand Chamber).
N.A. v the United Kingdom App no 25904/07, judgment, 17 July 2008.
Denis Vasilyev v Russia, App no 32704/04, judgment, 17 December 2009.
Neulinger and Shuruk v Switzerland App no 41615/07, judgment, 6 July 2010 (Grand Chamber).
N. v Sweden App no 23505/09, judgment, 20 October 2010.
M.S.S. v Greece and Belgium App no 30696/09, judgment, 21 January 2011 (Grand Chamber).
Esmukhambetov and Others v Russia Application no 23445/03, judgment, 29 March 2011.
Izevbekhai v Ireland App no 43408/08, admissibility decision, 17 May 2011.
Hilal v the United Kingdom App no 45276/99, judgment, 6 June 2011.
Sufi and Elmi v the United Kingdom App nos 8319/07 and 11449/07, judgment, 28 June 2011 (Grand Chamber).
A.A. v the United Kingdom App no 8000/08, judgment, 20 September 2011.
Omeredo v Austria App no 8969/10, admissibility decision, 20 September 2011.
Auad v Bulgaria App no 46390/10, judgment, 11 October 2011.
McElhinney v Ireland App no 31253/96, judgment, 21 November 2011 (Grand Chamber).
Othman (Abu Qatada) v the United Kingdom App no 8139/09, judgment, 17 January 2012 (Grand Chamber).
Popov v France App nos 39472/07 and 39474/07, judgment, 19 January 2012.
Al Hamdani v Bosnia and Herzegovina App no 31098/10, judgment, 7 February 2012.
Hirsi Jamaa v Italy App no 27765/09, judgment, 23 February 2012 (Grand Chamber).
Husseini v Sweden App no 10611/09, judgment, 8 March 2012.
Damayev v Russia App no 36150/04, judgment, 29 May 2012.
Kuric and Others v Slovenia App no 26828/06, judgment, 26 June 2012 (Grand Chamber).
A.A. and Others v Sweden App no 14499/09, judgment, 28 June 2012.
Butt v Norway App no 47017/09, judgment, 4 December 2012.
S.H.H. v the United Kingdom App no 60367/10, judgment, 29 January 2013.
H. and B. v the United Kingdom App nos 70073/10 and 44539/11, judgment, 9 April 2013.
D.N.M. v Sweden App no 28379/11, judgment, 27 June 2013.
N.A.N.S. v Sweden App no 68411/10, judgment, 27 June 2013.
M.Y.H. and Others v Sweden App no 50859/10, judgment, 27 June 2013.
Jones and Others v the United Kingdom App nos 34356/06 and 40528/06, judgment, 14 January 2014.
R.M.T. v the United Kingdom App no 31045/10, judgment, 8 April 2014 (Grand Chamber).
M.E. v Sweden App no 71398/12, judgment, 26 June 2014.
Al Nashiri v Poland App no 28761/11, judgment, 24 July 2014.
Husayn (Abu Zubaydah) v Poland App no 7511/13, judgment, 24 July 2014.
Hassan v the United Kingdom App no 29750/09, judgment, 16 September 2014 (Grand Chamber).
Jeunesse v Netherlands App no 12738/10, judgment, 3 October 2014 (Grand Chamber).
Tarakhel v Switzerland App no 29217/12, judgment, 4 November 2014 (Grand Chamber).
M.T. v Sweden App no 1412/12, judgment, 26 February 2015.
Chiragov and Others v Armenia App no 13216/05, judgment, 16 June 2015 (Grand Chamber).
Sargsyan v Azerbaijan App no 40167/06, judgment, 16 June 2015 (Grand Chamber).
V.M. and Others v Belgium App no 60125/1, judgment, 7 July 2015.
R.H. v Sweden App no 4601/14, judgment, 10 September 2015.
L.M. and Others v Russia App nos 40081/14, 40088/14, 40127/14, judgment, 15 October 2015.
F.G. v Sweden App no 3611/11, judgment, 23 March 2016 (Grand Chamber).
Paposhvili v Belgium App no 41738/10, judgment, 13 December 2016 (Grand Chamber).

Inter-American Court of Human Rights

In the matter of Viviana Gallardo et al G 101/81, advisory opinion, 13 November 1981.
Velásquez Rodriguez v Honduras, judgment, 29 July 1988.
Mayagna (Sumo) Awas Tingni Community v Nicaragua, judgment, 31 August 2001.
Mapiripán Massacre v Colombia C/134, judgment, 15 September 2005.
Moiwana Village v Suriname C/145, judgment, 15 June 2005.
Ituango Massacres v Colombia C/148, judgment, 1 July 2006.
Case of Claude-Reyes et al v Chile C/151, judgment, 19 September 2006.
Xákmok Kásek Indigenous Community v Paraguay, judgment, 24 August 2010.
Fontovecchia y D’Amico v Argentina, judgment, 29 November 2011.
Pacheco Tineo Family v Bolivia C/272, judgment, 25 November 2013.

National Cases

Australia

BP Refinery (Westernport) Pty Ltd v Hastings Shire Council [1977] 180 clr 266 (High Court of Australia).
Chan v Minister of Immigration and Ethnic Affairs [1989] hca 62 (High Court of Australia).
Randhawa v The Minister for Immigration, Local Government and Ethnic Affairs [1994] 52 fcr 437 (Federal Court of Australia).
Applicant A v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs [1997] hca 4 (High Court of Australia).
Ye Hong v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs [1998] fca 1356 (Federal Court of Australia).
Abdi v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs [1999] fca 1253 (Federal Court of Australia).
Al-Amidi v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs [2000] fca 1081 (Federal Court of Australia).
Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs v Khawar [2002] hca 14 (High Court of Australia).
Appellant S395/2002 v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs [2003] hca 71 (High Court of Australia).
Respondents S152-2003 v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs [2004] hca 18 (High Court of Australia).
M93 of 2004 v Minister for Immigration & Anor [2006] fmca 252 (Federal Magistrates Court of Australia).
SZATV v Minister for Immigration and Citizenship [2007] hca 40 (High Court of Australia).
Minister for Immigration and Border Protection v szsca [2014] hca 45 (High Court of Australia).

Belgium

X v Office of the Commissioner General for Refugees and Stateless Persons [2008] No 7398 (Council for Alien Law Litigation).

Canada

Rasaratnam v Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration) [1992] 1 FC 706 (Federal Court of Canada).
Canada (Attorney-General) v Ward [1993] 2 scr 689 (Supreme Court of Canada).
Thirunavukkarasu v Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration) [1994] 1 FC 589 (Federal Court of Canada).
Chan v Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration) [1995] 3 scr 593 (Supreme Court of Canada).
Ramanathan v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) [1998] IMM-5091-97 (Federal Court of Canada).
Jiminez v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) [1999] IMM-1718-98 (Federal Court of Canada).
Elmi v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) [1999] IMM-580-98 (Federal Court of Canada).
Ranganathan v Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) [2001] 2 FC 164 (Federal Court of Canada).
Gutierrez v Canada [2005] rpdd no 179 (Canadian Immigration and Refugee Board).
Okoli v Canada (Minister of Citizenship & Immigration) [2009] FC 332 (Federal Court of Canada).
Loyola High School v Quebec (Attorney General) [2015] scr 613 (Supreme Court of Canada).

The Czech Republic

5 Azs 40/2009 [2009] (Supreme Administrative Court of the Czech Republic).

France

Decision no 2003 485 DC [2003] (Constitutional Council of France).
Mr B, no 446177 [2004] (French Refugee Appeals Board, Plenary Session).
NIG19FRSFGM [2008] (French National Asylum Court).
Mlle N, no 574495 [2008] (French National Asylum Court).
Mlle F, no 332491A [2012] (French Council of State).

Germany

BVerfG 2 BvR 502/86, 2 BvR 1000/86, 2 BvR 961/86 [1989] 80 BVerfGE 315 (German Federal Constitutional Court).
BVerfG 2 BvR 403/84, 2 BvR 1501/84 [1989] (German Federal Constitutional Court).
BVerwG 9 C 31/92 [1993] (German Federal Administrative Court).
BVerwG C 45/92 [1993] (German Federal Administrative Court).
BVerwG C 424/93 [1994] (German Federal Administrative Court).
BVerwG 10 C 11/07 [2008] (German Federal Administrative Court).
BVerwG 10 C 50/07 [2009] (German Federal Administrative Court).
BVerfG 2BvR 2661/06 [2010] (German Federal Constitutional Court).
BVerwG 10 C 23/12 [2013] (German Federal Administrative Court).

Hungary

KF v Bevándorlási és Állampolgársági Hivital (Office of Immigration and Nationality) 6.K.31.728/2011/14 [2011] (Metropolitan Court of Budapest).

Italy

GHA01MRE [2012] (Italian Supreme Court).

The Netherlands

District Court of Almelo decision of 11 May 1977, Rechtspraak Vreemdelingenrecht (RV) 1977 N 21 (District Court of Almelo).
Council of State decision of 18 August 1978 (Turkish Christians), Rechtspraak Vreemdelingenrecht (RV) 1998 N 30 (Dutch Council of State).
Council State decision of 21 June 1979 (Turkish Christians ii), Rechtspraak Vreemdelingenrecht (RV) 1979 N 8 (Dutch Council of State).
Council of State decision of 24 February 1988, Rechtspraak Vreemdelingenrecht (RV) 1988 N 4 (Dutch Council of State).
Case no 06/51632 [2007] (Den Bosch Regional Court).
Case no 200708107/1 [2008] (Dutch Council of State).

New Zealand

Refugee Appeal No 135/92 [1993] (New Zealand Refugee Status Appeals Authority).
Refugee Appeal No 523/92 [1995] (New Zealand Refugee Status Appeals Authority).
Butler v Attorney General and the Refugee Status Appeals Authority [1997] CA 181/97 (New Zealand Court of Appeals).
Refugee Appeal No 71684/99 [1999] (New Zealand Refugee Status Appeals Authority).
Refugee Appeal No 71729/99 [2000] (New Zealand Refugee Status Appeals Authority).
Refugee Appeal No 71684/99 [2000] (New Zealand Refugee Status Appeals Authority).
Refugee Appeal No 71427/99 [2000] (New Zealand Refugee Status Appeals Authority).
Refugee Appeal No 74665/03 [2003] (New Zealand Refugee Status Appeals Authority).
Refugee Appeal No 74665/03 [2005] (New Zealand Refugee Status Appeals Authority).
Refugee Appeal No 76044 [2008] (New Zealand Refugee Status Appeals Authority).
BG (Fiji) [2012] nzipt 800091 (New Zealand Immigration and Protection Tribunal).

Norway

N7160183048 [2006] (Norwegian Immigration Appeals Board, Grand Board).
N7332221886 [2007] (Norwegian Immigration Appeals Board, Grand Board).
N4327852063 [2007] (Norwegian Immigration Appeals Board, Grand Board).
Rt-2007-1815 [2007] (Norwegian Supreme Court).
Rt-2009-1261 [2009] (Norwegian Supreme Court).
N1042301014 [2010] (Norwegian Immigration Appeals Board, Grand Board).
N103563328 [2010] (Norwegian Immigration Appeals Board, Grand Board).
N1042301014 [2010] (Norwegian Immigration Appeals Board, Grand Board).
LB-2010-142363 [2010] (Borgarting Court of Appeal).
LB-2011-64941 [2011] (Borgarting Court of Appeal).
LB-2010-142363 [2011] (Borgarting Court of Appeal).
LB-2011-64941 [2011] (Borgarting Court of Appeal).
N119464107 [2011] (Norwegian Immigration Appeals Board, Grand Board).
LB-2010-142363 [2011] (Borgarting Court of Appeal).
TOSLO-2011-101383 [2011] (Oslo District Court).
Rt-2011-1481 [2011] (Norwegian Supreme Court).
LB-2011-64941 [2011] (Borgarting Court of Appeal).
LB-2010-142363 [2011] (Borgarting Court of Appeal).
HR-2012-00248-A [2012] (Norwegian Supreme Court).
Rt-2012-1985 [2012] (Norwegian Supreme Court).
HR-2012-667-A [2012] (Norwegian Supreme Court).
N1211741227 [2012] (Norwegian Immigration Appeals Board, Grand Board).
LB-2011-187642 [2012] (Borgarting Court of Appeal).
Rt-2012-139 [2012] (Norwegian Supreme Court).
Rt-2012-667 [2012] (Norwegian Supreme Court).
LB-2011-187542 [2012] (Borgarting Court of Appeal).
LB-2013-27253 [2013] (Borgarting Court of Appeal).
LB-2013-65555—LB-2013-65577 [2013] (Borgarting Court of Appeal).
TOSLO-2013-2446 [2013] (Oslo District Court).
TOSLO-2013-27400 [2013] (Oslo District Court).
LB-2013-178313 [2014] (Borgarting Court of Appeal).
LB-2013-192933 [2014] (Borgarting Court of Appeal).
13-192933ASD-BORG/03 [2014] (Borgarting Court of Appeal).
N15723571 [2015] (Norwegian Immigration Appeals Board, Grand Board).
HR-2015-02524-P [2015] (Norwegian Supreme Court, Plenary judgment).
HR-2016-01051-A [2016] (Norwegian Supreme Court).

Poland

RdU-326-1/S/2015 [2015] (Refugee Board of Poland).

Sweden

mig 2007:33 [2007] (Swedish Migration Court of Appeal.
UM 1042-08 [2008] (Swedish Migration Court of Appeal).
mig 2009:4 [2009] (Swedish Migration Court of Appeal).
UM 6397-09 [2010] (Swedish Migration Court of Appeal).

Spain

DRC65MNSNO [2012] (Inter-Ministerial Eligibility Commission of Spain).

Switzerland

X v Swiss Federal Office for Migration [2011] D-4935/2007 (Swiss Federal Administrative Court).
A v State Secretariat for Migration [2017] D-5800/2016 (Swiss Federal Administrative Court).

United Kingdom

R v Immigration Appeal Tribunal (iat), ex parte Jonah [1985] Imm AR 7 (High Court of Justice, England and Wales).
R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex parte Sivakumaran [1988] ukhl 1 (UK House of Lords).
R v Immigration Appeal Tribunal, ex parte Sui Rong Suen [1997] Imm AR 355 (High Court of Justice, England and Wales).
R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex parte Robinson [1998] QB 929 (Court of Appeal of England and Wales).
R v Immigration Appeal Tribunal, ex parte Shah [1999] ukhl 20 (UK House of Lords).
R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex parte Adan; R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex parte Aitseguer [2000] ukhl 67 (UK House of Lords).
Horvath v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2000] ukhl 37 (UK House of Lords).
R (on the application of Yogathas) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2002] ukhl 36 (UK House of Lords).
Sepet v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2003] ukhl 15 (UK House of Lords).
Regina v Special Adjudicator (Respondent) ex parte Hoxha (FC) [2005] ukhl 19 (UK House of Lords).
Safet Pajaziti v the Secretary of State for the Home Department [2005] ewca 518 (Court of Appeal of England and Wales).
R (Hoxha) v Special Adjudicator [2005] ukhl 19 (UK House of Lords).
Dyli DM (Majority Clan Entities Can Protect) Somalia v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2005] ukait 00150 (UK Asylum and Immigration Tribunal).
Januzi v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2006] ukhl 5 (UK House of Lords).
HGMO (Relocation to Khartoum) Sudan,CG [2006] ukait 00062 (UK Asylum and Immigration Tribunal).
Secretary of State for the Home Department v AH (Sudan) and Others [2007] ukhl 49 (UK House of Lords).
R v Asfaw [2008] ukhl 31 (UK House of Lords).
MJ and ZM (Ahmadis—risk) Pakistan v Secretary of State of the Home DepartmentCG [2008] ukait 00033 (UK Asylum and Immigration Tribunal).
FB (Lone Women—psg—Internal Relocation—AA (Uganda) Considered) Sierra Leone v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2008] ukait 00090 (UK Asylum and Immigration Tribunal).
AA (Uganda) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2008] ewca Civ 579 (Court of Appeal of England and Wales).
HC & RC (Trafficked women) China v Secretary of State of the Home Department,CG [2009] ukait 00027 (UK Asylum and Immigration Tribunal).
Mediterranean Salvage v Seamar Trading [2009] ewca Civ 531 (Court of Appeals of England and Wales).
HJ (Iran) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2010] uksc 31 (UK Supreme Court).
HJ (Iran) and HT (Cameroon) v S Secretary of State for the Home Department [2010] uksc 31 (UK Supreme Court).
FH (Post-flight Spouses) Iran v Entry Clearance Officer, Tehran [2010] ukut 275 (UK Upper Tribunal).
AMM and Others (Somalia) v the Secretary of State for the Home Department,CG [2011] ukut 0045 (UK Upper Tribunal).
HF (Iraq) & Ors v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2013] ewca Civ 1276 (Court of Appeal of England and Wales).
Kennedy v the Charity Commission [2014] uksc 20 (UK Supreme Court).
R v Secretary of State for Work and Pensions [2005] uksc 16 (UK Supreme Court).
Pham (Appellant) v Secretary of State for the Home Department (Respondent) [2015] uksc 19 (UK Supreme Court).
TG and Others (Afghan Sikhs persecuted) Afghanistan,CG [2015] ukut 00595 (UK Upper Tribunal).

United States

Matter of Acosta 19 I & N Dec 211 [1985] Interim Decision 2986 (US Board of Immigration Appeals).
Adela Hernandez-Ortiz v Immigration and Naturalization Service [1985] 777 F.2d 509 (US Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit).
Immigration and Naturalization Service v Cardoza-Fonseca [1987] 480 u.s. 421 (US Supreme Court).
Matter of R—20 I&N Dec 621 [1992] Interim Decision 3195 (US Board of Immigration Appeals).
Sale v Haitian Centers Council [1993] 105 u.s. 155 (US Supreme Court).
In re C-A-L-, Respondent [1997] Interim Decision 3305 (US Board of Immigration Appeals).
Mazariegos v Immigration and Naturalization Service [2001] 241 F.3d 1320 (US Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit).
Jaswant Lal, Shakuntal Lal and Rikesh Lal v Immigration and Naturalization Service [2001] 255 F. 3d 998 (US Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit).
Mohamed v Ashcroft 396 F.3d 999 [2005] (US Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit).
Karouni v Gonzales [2005] 399 F.3d 1163 (US Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit).
Matter of D-I-M 24 I&N Dec. 448 [2008] Interim Decision 3599 (US Board of Immigration Appeals).
Shi Chen v Holder [2010] 604 F.3d 324 (US Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit).
Matter of M-Z-M-R 26 I&N Dec 28 [2012] Interim Decision 3769 (US Board of Immigration Appeals).

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The Internal Protection Alternative in Refugee Law

Treaty Basis and Scope of Application under the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and Its 1967 Protocol

丛编： International Refugee Law Series, 卷： 14

Cover The Internal Protection Alternative in Refugee Law

ISBN:: 9789004361966

出版社:: Brill | Nijhoff

印刷出版日期:: 20 Nov 2018

Subjects
- Human Rights and Humanitarian Law
- International Law
  - International Law: General Interest
  - EU Law

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Treaty Basis and Scope of Application under the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and Its 1967 Protocol

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