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Index

In: The European Union Returns Directive and its Compatibility with International Human Rights Law
Author:
Izabella Majcher
Izabella Majcher
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Index

Accelerated procedures
At the border 17 , 152–155 , 172–176 , 196 , 230
Based on “manifestly unfounded” asylum application 562–563
Based on readmission agreements 646–653 , 657 , 676 (see also Readmission policy )
Advocate General (AG) 157 , 202 , 207 , 213 , 214 , 250–256 , 355 , 356 , 359 , 360 , 363 , 365 , 366 , 369 , 376–378 , 390 , 397 , 425 , 428 , 430 , 431 , 439 , 440 , 445 , 480 , 494 , 500 , 551 , 553 , 558 , 561
Asylum applicants see Asylum seekers
Asylum, Migration and Integration Fund (amif) see EU funds
Asylum Procedures Directive 31 , 106 , 112 , 114 , 123 , 169 , 173 , 177 , 189 , 348 , 360 , 361 , 462 , 562–564 , 623 , 632–635 , 637 , 639–645 , 647 , 651–653 , 657 , 674
Asylum seekers 13 , 31 , 68 , 75 , 76 , 106 , 107 , 152 , 153 , 161 , 172 , 217 , 218 , 222 , 360–366 , 384 , 388 , 520 , 562 , 563 , 573 , 629–632 , 635–637 , 639–643 , 645 (see also International Protection )
Body of Principles for the Protection of All Persons under Any Form of Detention or Imprisonment 44 , 456–460 , 464 , 469–471 , 488 , 498 , 525
Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union 37 , 49 , 52–54 , 101 , 111 , 123–125 , 129–131 , 143–145 , 148 , 152 , 155 , 156 , 163 , 165 , 167 , 171 , 172 , 176 , 177 , 180 , 182 , 183 , 185 , 187 , 197 , 202 , 208 , 225 , 229–231 , 287 , 291–293 , 301–303 , 308 , 309 , 316–322 , 329–331 , 336 , 337 , 353 , 354 , 358 , 363 , 372 , 373 , 377 , 389 , 395 , 396 , 415–417 , 426 , 427 , 440 , 465 , 466 , 468 , 470 , 471 , 482–484 , 488 , 508 , 536 , 607 , 608 , 610 , 618–620 , 636 , 646 , 647 , 651 , 653 , 655–658 , 668 (see also Court of Justice of the European Union )
Children
Principle of the best interests of the child 16 , 40 , 53 , 56 , 73 , 131 , 134 , 135 , 142–144 , 157 , 159 , 185–187 , 191 , 193 , 195 , 229 , 250 , 291 , 292 , 294 , 298 , 299 , 301–303 , 315 , 407–413 , 415–417 , 452 , 507–509 , 514 , 517 , 522 , 533 , 668 , 672
Return procedure 16 , 187–190 , 194 , 195 , 197 , 231
Deportation of one parent 134–136 , 140–144
Guardianship for unaccompanied children 190–195 , 197 , 231 , 680
Removal of unaccompanied children 59 , 62 , 69 , 70 , 74 , 185–186 , 593 , 675
Detention 17 , 58 , 59 , 66 , 406–417 , 421 , 452 , 507–517 , 522 , 531 , 533 , 535 , 672 , 675 , 678
Collective expulsion 37 , 39 , 53 , 64 , 65 , 67 , 147–155 , 173 , 196 , 230 , 607–612 , 616–621 , 646–653 , 656–659 , 669 , 673 , 674 , 676 , 682 (see also European Convention on Human Rights )
Committee against Torture (cat Committee)
Complaint procedure 41 , 98 , 107 , 108 , 110 , 111 , 123 , 150 , 178 , 221 , 280 , 449 , 450 , 526 , 583 , 601 , 602 , 627 , 628 , 641 , 644 , 645 , 652 , 657
Concluding observations 150 , 170 , 223 , 224 , 280–282 , 392 , 421 , 441–444 , 446 , 447 , 465 , 495 , 496 , 503 , 506 , 519 , 520 , 525 , 526 , 528 , 585–587 , 589 , 592 , 595–597 , 604 , 663 , 685
General Comments 150 , 280 , 449 , 627
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (cescr)
Concluding observations 203 , 208 , 214 , 215 , 223 , 224
General Comments 199 , 202 , 203 , 208 , 209 , 212 , 214 , 504
Committee on the Rights of the Child (crc Committee)
Concluding observations 135 , 136 , 186 , 190 , 191 , 204 , 208 , 300 , 408 , 411 , 446 , 447 , 513
General Comments 135 , 143 , 184–191 , 193 , 199 , 200 , 204 , 208 , 408 , 410 , 412 , 413 , 508 , 511 , 513 , 514
Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (cat) 39 , 41 , 46 , 97 , 98 , 107 , 108 , 110 , 112 , 123 , 145 , 149 , 150 , 178 , 273 , 274 , 276 , 280–282 , 286 , 421 , 449 , 456 , 491 , 581 , 583 , 591 , 600 , 601 , 626 , 627 , 695–697 , 701 , 702 (see also Committee against Torture )
Convention on the Rights of the Child (crc) 40 , 51 , 65 , 131 , 134 , 135 , 143 , 144 , 185–191 , 193–195 , 197 , 199 , 204 , 207–209 , 211 , 212 , 214 , 227 , 231 , 292 , 299 , 300 , 346 , 407–410 , 413 , 415–417 , 507–509 , 511–514 , 517 , 522 , 695–697 , 702 , 703 (see also Committee on the Rights of the Child )
Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees 39 , 45 , 46 , 96 , 97 , 103–110 , 112 , 123 , 272–274 , 276–279 , 285–287 , 290 , 300 , 364 , 365 , 562 , 626 , 629 , 630 , 633 , 634 , 640 , 664 , 695–697
Council of the European Union 8–11 , 18 , 22 , 36 , 52 , 55 , 58 , 65 , 71 , 76 , 77 , 83 , 86 , 87 , 89 , 91 , 113 , 168 , 169 , 172 , 175 , 212 , 259 , 263 , 267 , 306 , 334 , 338 , 380 , 383 , 384 , 388 , 474 , 501 , 508 , 537 , 538 , 566 , 569 , 606 , 610 , 613 , 617 , 622 , 624 , 658 , 663 , 667 , 677 , 678 , 686 , 687
Court of Justice of the European Union (cjeu) 13–15 , 36 , 49–55 , 67–70 , 73 , 74 , 88 , 90 , 106 , 116 , 118 , 127 , 148 , 155–159 , 171 , 172 , 177 , 179 , 180 , 182 , 202 , 207 , 213 , 220 , 221 , 225 , 226 , 228 , 229 , 232 , 234 , 239 , 241 , 242 , 245 , 247 , 248 , 251–257 , 316 , 321 , 329 , 330 , 333 , 340 , 353–360 , 362 , 363 , 365–372 , 376–378 , 386–390 , 396–398 , 400 , 406 , 417 , 423–427 , 429 , 432 , 433 , 439 , 440 , 443 , 445 , 451 , 456 , 462 , 465 , 466 , 477 , 478 , 480–483 , 493–495 , 497 , 498 , 500 , 509 , 530 , 532–537 , 548–551 , 553 , 556–561 , 565–568 , 574 , 575 , 580 , 625 , 636 , 637 , 647 , 651 , 654 , 655 , 664 , 659 , 670 , 672 , 673 , 676 , 677 , 679 , 683 (see also Advocate General )
Criminalisation of breaches of migration law 13 , 28 , 70 , 73 , 239 , 252–255 , 366–371 , 388 , 661
Customary international law 36–39 , 101 , 124 , 150 , 151 , 346
Deliberation No.5 on deprivation of liberty of migrants see Revised Deliberation No.5
Deportation see Removal
Detention ( see also Recast of the Returns Directive )
General and grounds 3 , 4 , 10 , 17 , 58 , 65 , 67 , 71 , 72 , 78 , 371–390 , 398 , 406 , 416 , 435 , 442 , 447 , 452 , 532 , 667 , 671 , 675 , 679 , 681 , 690 , 709
Alternatives 17 , 58 , 66 , 75 , 391–406 , 408–410 , 413–417 , 431 , 435 , 447 , 452 , 533 , 671 , 674 , 681 (see also Children )
Length 17 , 56–63 , 65 , 66 , 68–71 , 74 , 75 , 251 , 365 , 366 , 370 , 371 , 385 , 415 , 418–438 , 441–444 , 447 , 452 , 502–504 , 506 , 507 , 519 , 522 , 523 , 530 , 532 , 535 , 635 , 671 , 672 , 675 , 676 , 678 , 681 , 710 , 711
Re-detention 432–444 , 681
Conditions of detention
Place 17 , 61 , 63 , 445 , 492–500 , 530 , 534 , 535 , 672 , 674 , 681
Treatment 371 , 500–507 , 530 , 534 , 535 , 681 (see also Health )
Vulnerable people 517–523 , 531 , 535 , 672
Children see Children ( see also Education )
Contact with the outside world 523–525 , 527 , 531 , 535
Monitoring of detention see Monitoring
Complaint against conditions of detention see Remedy
Review
Information 457–460 , 471 , 484 , 488 , 534 , 681
Automatic nature 461 , 462 , 471 , 484 , 488 , 534 , 672
Legal aid 462–468 , 471 , 484 , 488 , 534 , 681
Linguistic aid 468–471 , 484 , 488 , 534 , 672 , 681
Frequency of review 17 , 58 , 472–477 , 483–485 , 489 , 534 , 681
Judicial nature of review 17 , 62 , 63 , 65 , 477–479 , 484 , 485 , 489 , 534 , 672 , 681
Scope of review 68 , 479–481 , 484 , 485 , 489 , 534 , 672
Equality of arms 463 , 483–485 , 489 , 681
Detention at the border 14 , 15 , 275 , 276 , 444–452 , 533 , 681 (see also Rejection at the border ; Extraterritorial practices )
Deterrence 198 , 239 , 243 , 254 , 255 , 339–341 , 366 , 368–371 , 382 , 386 , 388 , 390 , 430 , 548 , 617 , 658 , 667 , 678 , 679
Draft Articles on the Expulsion of Aliens 44 , 45 , 101 , 149 , 160 , 547 , 680
Dublin system 31 , 32 , 48 , 87 , 88 , 127 , 153 , 218 , 305 , 349 , 361–363 , 365 , 366 , 372 , 374–377 , 440 , 460 , 466 , 467 , 509–511 , 518 , 561 , 563 , 634–637 , 648
Education
Extension of voluntary departure period 554 , 556 , 567 , 575 , 654 (see also Voluntary departure )
Pending return 17 , 207–211 , 227 , 231 , 232 , 680 (see also Standard of living )
Assisted Voluntary Return (avr) programmes 570
In detention 513 , 514
Effectiveness of return 9 , 74–77 , 117 , 118 , 122 , 123 , 158 , 232–235 , 242 , 253–255 , 358 , 367 , 369 , 536 , 551 , 565 , 580 , 658 , 660 , 667 , 676–678 , 682 , 683 , 686 , 690 , 692
Entry ban ( see also Recast of the Returns Directive )
General and grounds 3 , 10 , 16 , 57–59 , 62 , 65 , 69 , 74 , 78 , 89 , 242–249 , 255 , 256 , 269 , 333 , 334 , 668 , 679 , 690 , 707 , 708
Length 16 , 58 , 62 , 67 , 71 , 249–252 , 255 , 256 , 269 , 301–303 , 333 , 334 , 336 , 670 , 676
Schengen-wide effect 3 , 20 , 30 , 62 , 63 , 239 , 256–271 , 291 , 297 , 298 , 302 , 304 , 331 , 332 , 334 , 339 , 670 , 671 , 676 , 678 (see also sis alert )
Breach 252–255 , 370 , 375
Withdrawing or suspending 271 , 286 , 287 , 289–293 , 301–303 , 333 , 335 , 336 , 670 , 671 , 674 , 675 , 680
Prohibition of refoulement 271–275 , 286–291 , 333 , 335 , 336 , 670 , 671 , 675
Right to family and private life 271 , 291–303 , 333 , 335 , 336 , 670 , 671 , 675 , 680
EU Agency for Fundamental Rights (fra) 77 , 117 , 380 , 408 , 414 , 421 , 431 , 439 , 594–600 , 605 , 686
EU funds 538 , 539 , 552 , 568 , 572 , 598 , 599 , 611 , 617 , 618
Euphemisms see Terminology
European Border and Coast Guard Agency (ebcg) see Frontex
European Commission 3 , 6 , 7 , 9 , 10 , 18 , 22 , 24–28 , 36 , 52 , 54–56 , 58 , 62 , 71 , 72 , 75–78 , 83 , 84 , 86 , 88–91 , 113 , 115–119 , 121–123 , 127 , 128 , 131 , 137 , 138 , 167 , 168 , 177 , 180 , 186 , 192 , 194 , 206 , 208 , 211 , 214 , 219 , 232–234 , 239 , 242–251 , 253 , 254 , 256 , 262 , 263 , 265 , 266 , 269 , 274 , 287 , 301 , 334 , 339 , 340 , 373–375 , 378–380 , 385 , 387 , 398 , 400 , 403 , 404 , 419–421 , 434 , 435 , 439 , 442 , 450 , 472 , 474 , 499–501 , 508 , 511 , 524 , 538 , 551–557 , 559 , 561 , 563–565 , 567–570 , 572 , 575 , 576 , 578 , 585 , 586 , 595–600 , 610 , 617 , 622 , 624 , 625 , 641 , 642 , 654 , 658–660 , 662 , 667 , 668 , 677–679 , 682 , 683 , 686–692
European Committee for the Prevention of Torture (cpt) 42 , 441 , 442 , 459 , 465 , 470 , 492 , 495 , 496 , 498 , 502 , 505–507 , 511 , 512 , 518 , 520 , 526–528 , 530 , 531 , 577 , 584–586 , 588–590 , 592 , 594 , 596 , 616 , 664 , 673
European Convention on Human Rights (echr) 41 , 45 , 47–51 , 53–55 , 65 , 273 , 274 , 276 , 286 , 581 , 626 , 634 , 640 , 692 , 698–700 (see also European Court of Human Rights )
Article 2 41 , 99 , 205 , 282 , 581–583 , 588 , 531 , 591 , 601–603 , 605 , 620 , 655
Article 3 41 , 99–101 , 108–110 , 113 , 114 , 116 , 123 , 178–180 , 205 , 217 , 218 , 220 , 222–224 , 226–228 , 232 , 235 , 282–284 , 415 , 490 , 497 , 498 , 500–505 , 506 , 510 , 512–517 , 519–522 , 528 , 529 , 531 , 535 , 581–583 , 585 , 587 , 591 , 593 , 601–603 , 605 , 620 , 628 , 629 , 635 , 655 , 664 , 672 , 685
Article 5 41 , 117 , 346 , 349 , 352 , 353 , 356 , 358 , 359 , 371–374 , 377 , 383 , 385–390 , 393–396 , 398 , 409 , 410 , 414–417 , 424–428 , 430–432 , 435–437 , 440–443 , 448 , 449 , 451–458 , 460 , 461 , 463 , 464 , 469 , 471–479 , 481–489 , 491 , 510 , 511 , 514 , 532–534 , 536 , 672
Article 6 161–163 , 165 , 167 , 188 , 455 , 463 , 465 , 469 , 470 , 481 , 482
Article 8 41 , 116 , 124–127 , 129–133 , 136–146 , 178 , 222 , 223 , 226–229 , 235 , 291–299 , 301–303 , 324–332 , 336 , 337 , 668 , 671 , 685
Article 13 41 , 159–161 , 164 , 166–168 , 170 , 174–179 , 182 , 183 , 196 , 197 , 230 , 328 , 331 , 527 , 528 , 602 , 635 , 649 , 669
Protocol 4 article 4 42 , 148 , 151–154 , 230 , 607–610 , 612 , 617–620 , 646–653 , 656 , 657 , 698–701
European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) 42 , 47 , 48 , 53–55 , 87 , 99 , 100 , 108–111 , 113 , 114 , 126 , 127 , 129 , 130 , 132 , 133 , 136–145 , 151–154 , 160–164 , 166–168 , 170–171 , 173–175 , 177–180 , 182 , 183 , 205 , 206 , 210 , 217 , 218 , 221–223 , 225–227 , 275 , 276 , 282–284 , 292 , 294–299 , 301 , 302 , 323–331 , 335 , 336 , 340 , 341 , 352 , 358 , 371 , 372 , 393–398 , 409 , 410 , 414–421 , 424–432 , 435–438 , 440–444 , 447–449 , 451 , 454 , 455 , 458 , 459 , 463 , 464 , 468–479 , 481–484 , 486–488 , 490–492 , 497–505 , 507 , 510–517 , 519–522 , 528–530 , 581–583 , 585 , 587–591 , 593 , 601–603 , 605 , 607–610 , 612 , 616–621 , 628 , 629 , 635 , 636 , 641 , 644–653 , 657 , 684 , 685 , 692
European Parliament 8 , 10 , 11 , 18 , 36 , 52 , 56–59 , 62–64 , 70 , 74 , 77 , 87 , 147 , 168 , 169 , 175 , 181 , 184 , 194 , 244 , 249 , 259 , 274 , 287–290 , 374 , 380 , 388 , 399 , 400 , 406 , 413 , 415 , 431 , 474 , 525 , 565 , 566 , 593–595 , 610 , 613 , 622 , 624 , 625 , 663 , 687
European Social Charter (esc) 42 , 51 , 194 , 200 , 203–205 , 207 , 209–211 , 215 , 216 , 220 , 224 , 226–228 , 231 , 232 , 670 , 698–700
Externalisation 26–28 , 538 , 539 , 624 , 625 (see also Readmission policy )
Extraterritorial practices 154 , 281 , 283–285 , 447–449 , 647 , 648 , 672
Family and private life
General 16 , 17 , 56 , 73 , 130–131 , 250 , 668
Meaning 125–130 , 144 , 145 (see also European Convention on Human Rights )
Return 66 , 130–137 , 143 , 144 , 146 , 157 , 159 , 172 , 176 , 229 , 230 , 668 , 669 , 680 (see also Children )
Extension of voluntary departure 131 , 554–556 , 567 , 575 , 654 (see also Voluntary departure )
Entry ban 250 , 271 , 291–303 , 333 , 335 , 336
Right to private life and data protection 323–332
Regularisation of stay 137–146 (see also Regularisation )
Frontex 3 , 21 , 75 , 312 , 338 , 544 , 585 , 588 , 591 , 594 , 603 , 612–620 , 656 , 658 , 659 , 673 , 718 (see also Removal )
General principles of EU law 49–51 , 156 , 158 , 171 , 196 , 241 , 242 , 256 , 270 , 334 , 353 , 354 , 389 , 396 , 451 , 532 , 549 , 551 , 654 , 670 , 679 (see also Proportionality )
Global Compact for Migration 43 , 44 , 101 , 149 , 160 , 185 , 186 , 386 , 407 , 625
Hampering return 17 , 373 , 380–383 , 388 , 390 , 399 , 417 , 558 , 559 , 563 , 564 , 567 , 575 , 654 , 658 , 671 (see also Detention ; Voluntary departure )
Health (state of)
General 15 , 16 , 56 , 157 , 159 , 297
Preventing return 180 , 205 , 206 , 556 , 655 , 682
Shortening entry ban 297 (see also Entry ban )
Health care
Pending return 17 , 201–207 , 227 , 230 , 232 , 556 , 680 (see also Standard of living )
In detention 504 , 505 , 518 , 520 , 530 , 534
During removal 583–587 , 591 , 592 , 605 , 620 , 655 , 673 , 682
Assisted Voluntary Return (avr) programmes 570
Human Rights Committee (hrc)
Complaint procedure 41 , 46 , 99 , 108 , 110 , 111 , 134 , 162 , 218 , 349 , 391 , 399 , 418 , 455 , 480 , 486 , 492 , 505 , 514 , 520 , 521 , 529 , 581 , 601 , 602 , 637 , 685
Concluding observations 108 , 149 , 170 , 223 , 224 , 285 , 392 , 408 , 421 , 446 , 447 , 495 , 496 , 498 , 503 , 586 , 587 , 592 , 595–597 , 604 , 685
General Comments 99 , 110 , 149 , 284 , 285 , 392 , 405 , 408 , 449 , 519 , 591 , 600 , 626
International Court of Justice (icj) 36–38 , 41–43 , 438 , 439
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (iccpr) 39 , 41 , 46 , 51 , 98 , 99 , 108 , 110 , 111 , 123 , 124 , 129–132 , 134 , 143–145 , 149 , 161 , 162 , 188 , 217 , 218 , 220 , 224 , 226 , 228 , 229 , 232 , 235 , 273 , 274 , 276 , 284–286 , 291–293 , 302 , 303 , 346 , 349 , 351 , 391 , 395 , 405 , 421 , 449 , 451 , 453–458 , 460 , 461 , 463 , 469 , 472 , 478–481 , 483–492 , 498 , 500–502 , 505 , 508 , 511 , 514 , 520 , 521 , 528 , 530 , 533–535 , 581 , 586 , 591 , 601 , 602 , 626 , 637 , 640 , 668 , 685 , 695–697 (see also Human Rights Committee )
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (icescr) 39 , 51 , 199 , 202 , 203 , 207–209 , 211 , 212 , 214 , 220 , 224 , 226–228 , 231 , 232 , 236 , 504 , 506 , 513 , 670 , 695–697 , 701 (see also Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights )
International Organization for Migration (iom) 544 , 554 , 569–574 (see also Voluntary departure )
International protection 14 , 30 , 31 , 65 , 102–106 , 114 , 161 , 167 , 272–275 , 285–290 , 302 , 303 , 335 , 561–563 , 632 , 635 , 641 , 670 (see also Principle of non-refoulement )
Exclusion and exceptions 104–106 , 274 , 275 , 285 , 286 , 288 , 290 , 302 , 303 , 335
Monitoring
Detention 65 , 525–527 , 531 , 535 , 672 , 681
Removals 69 , 75 , 593–600 , 605 , 615 , 620 , 655 , 673 , 682
Post-deportation 186 , 662–664 , 674 , 682
Negotiations on the Returns Directive 84 , 87 , 89 , 91 , 113 , 115 , 122 , 127 , 128 , 131 , 145 , 147 , 148 , 168 , 169 , 172 , 179 , 184 , 212 , 229 , 241 , 243 , 244 , 246 , 274 , 287–290 , 373 , 374 , 380 , 383 , 384 , 400 , 401 , 406 , 417 , 419 , 472 , 474 , 499 , 501 , 508 , 511 , 524–526 , 593–595 , 610 , 624 , 663
Non-deportable people see Non-returnable people
Non-refoulement see Principle of non-refoulement
Non-returnable people 66 , 115–123 , 137 , 138 , 142–145 , 198 , 199 , 212 , 213 , 220 , 221 , 224–227 , 231 , 234–236 , 433–435 , 439 , 440 , 443 , 444 , 669 , 670 , 675 , 683–685 (see also Regularisation )
Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (pace) 4 , 47 , 127 , 132 , 137 , 165 , 170 , 171 , 173 , 193 , 210 , 217 , 340 , 341 , 392 , 408 , 410 , 411 , 419 , 420 , 459 , 462 , 465 , 470 , 495 , 498 , 506 , 512 , 525 , 526 , 528 , 568 , 579 , 583–586 , 588–590 , 592 , 593 , 595 , 603 , 604 , 663 , 664 , 673 , 680
Post return 660–664 (see also Monitoring )
Principle of non-refoulement
General 15 , 16 , 37 , 39 , 53 , 56 , 58 , 59 , 61 , 73 , 96–124 , 137 , 145 , 146 , 157 , 159 , 161 , 167 , 172 , 176 , 177 , 181 , 221 , 222 , 225 , 227 , 229–234 , 271–275 , 285–291 , 302 , 303 , 333 , 335 , 336 , 631–633 , 641 , 642 , 659 , 668 , 669 , 675 (see also European Convention on Human Rights ; Convention against Torture ; Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees ; International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights )
Absolute character 97 , 107–109 , 123 , 145 , 272 , 274 , 275 , 676 (see also International protection )
Prohibition of indirect refoulement 626–630 , 635–639 , 641 , 642 , 644 , 645 , 652 , 653 , 656 , 674 , 676 , 682 (see also Removal )
Application at the border/ extraterritorially 276–285 , 629 (see also Rejection at the border ; Entry ban )
Prohibition of torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment 529 , 579 , 581 , 583 , 591 , 600 , 653 , 658 , 673 , 682 (see also European Convention on Human Rights ; Convention against Torture ; International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ; Removal ; Principle of non-refoulement )
Proportionality
General 51 , 65 , 679
Interference with family and private life 133 , 136 , 137 , 294–299 , 401–403 , 324–331 , 335–337 (see also Family and private life )
Detention as last resort 378 , 380 , 386–401 , 404–406 , 409 , 413 , 416–420 , 422 , 423 , 432 , 443 , 452 , 532 , 533 , 671 , 679–681 (see also Detention )
Priority for voluntary departure 548–551 , 553 , 556–558 , 564–567 , 574 , 575 , 654 , 655 , 659 , 673 , 679 , 681 (see also Voluntary departure )
Limitation on the use of force 16 , 580–583 , 588 , 590 , 591 , 605 , 619 , 620 , 655 , 673 , 677 (see also Removal )
Entry ban as last resort 241–251 , 255–257 , 261 , 264 , 267–271 , 334 , 335 , 339 , 670 , 679 , 680 (see also Entry ban )
Data protection 311 , 314–319 , 337 , 338
Public order/policy/security, national/state security 14 , 16 , 17 , 35 , 73 , 86 , 106 , 132 , 165 , 166 , 175 , 183 , 195 , 231 , 246–251 , 256 , 257 , 260 , 285 , 290 , 293 , 296–298 , 302 , 314 , 315 , 326 , 327 , 333 , 362–364 , 377–379 , 386 , 387 , 402 , 557–560 , 563–567 , 575 , 655 , 669 , 673
Punitive vs administrative character 74 , 339–341 , 346–348 , 364 , 366 , 371 , 373 , 374 , 379 , 382 , 383 , 386–390 , 491 , 492 , 505 , 506 , 538 , 671 , 681
Qualification Directive 31 , 102–107 , 112 , 121 , 123 , 127 , 161 , 177 , 181 , 233 , 235 , 272–275 , 285 , 286 , 288 , 290 , 302 , 303 , 335 , 562 , 623 , 633 , 684
Readmission policy 8 , 9 , 22–27 , 84 , 153 , 154 , 538 , 539 , 544 , 622 , 624 , 625 , 638–653 , 656–658 , 674 , 676 , 682 (see also Removal )
Recast of the Returns Directive 75–78 , 90 , 152 , 155 , 161 , 167 , 168 , 174–177 , 180–183 , 194 , 196 , 232 , 233 , 240 , 247 , 249 , 256 , 334 , 379 , 380 , 387–390 , 415 , 431 , 432 , 443 , 450–452 , 537 , 538 , 564–567 , 574 , 575 , 659 , 660 , 686–691
Reception Conditions Directive 31 , 121 , 127 , 191 , 192 , 348 , 360–365 , 372 , 375 , 384 , 401 , 403 , 407 , 460 , 466 , 467 , 509–511 , 518
Recommendation on return (of the European Commission) 76 , 233 , 537 , 553–555 , 557 , 559 , 569 , 659 , 660 , 678 , 682 , 686 (see also Effectiveness of return )
Refugee Convention see Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees
Refusal of entry see Rejection at the border
Regional protection systems (other than Council of Europe) 97 , 148 , 149 , 151 , 160 , 162 , 202 , 208 , 212 , 214 , 346 , 393 , 414 , 463 , 492 , 493 , 498 , 501 , 505
Regularisation 56 , 57 , 62 , 66 , 69 , 114–122 , 433 , 669 (see also Return decision )
Destitution 116 , 221–228 , 234–236 , 684
Re-detention 116 , 117 , 440–444 , 684 , 685
Private life 116 , 137–146 , 684 , 685
Regulation 2018/1861 266–268 , 270 , 306 , 307 , 312 , 316 , 318–323 , 332 , 337–339 (see also sisii Regulation )
Rejection at the border 14 , 30 , 102 , 153 , 259 , 260 , 262 , 275 , 288 , 302 (see also Principle of non-refoulement )
Remedy
Against return
Information 17 , 67–69 , 163–166 , 175 , 183 , 196 , 230 , 669 , 680
Time-limits 166–168 , 176 , 180 , 230 , 678 , 680
Legal and linguistic assistance 17 , 66 , 67 , 168–172 , 176 , 183 , 196 , 231 , 669 , 680
Suspensive effect 64–67 , 178–183 , 197 , 678 , 680
For breaches of data protection rights see Right to data protection and privacy
Review of detention see Detention
Complaint procedure and compensation
Unlawful detention 485–489 , 534 , 681
Ill-treatment in detention 527–531 , 535 , 672 , 681
Ill-treatment during removal 600 , 604 , 605 , 620 , 655 , 673 , 682
Cessation of wrongdoing 186 , 224 , 225 , 664 , 682
Removal
General 3 , 10 , 16 , 18 , 78 , 89 , 543 , 544 , 572 , 576–579 , 667 , 673 , 690 , 712 , 713 , 717
Use of force (and limitation) 16 , 74 , 78 , 579–605 , 655 , 656 , 658 , 667 , 673 , 675 , 677 , 682 (see also Prohibition of torture )
Joint removals 3 , 21 , 544 , 605–621 , 656 , 657 , 673 , 676 , 682 (see also Frontex )
Postponement of removal 15 , 16 , 115–123 , 137 , 144–146 , 198 , 201 , 206 , 210 , 211 , 213 , 219 , 220 , 227 , 229 , 231 , 234 , 235 , 275 , 433 , 434 , 439 , 584 , 669 , 683 (see also Principle of non-refoulement ; Standard of living )
Removal to intermediary country 25 , 59 , 62 , 66 , 185 , 544 , 622 , 624–629 , 637–646 , 656–656 , 674 , 675 , 682 (see also Readmission policy ; Safe countries )
Return decision 3 , 16 , 18 , 19 , 67 , 68 , 84 , 85 , 88 , 89 , 95 , 113 , 115 , 155–159 , 163–166 , 182 , 196 , 245 , 254 , 370 , 668 , 669 , 677 , 706
Exception in article 6(4) 16 , 69 , 85 , 95 , 96 , 114 , 118 , 122 , 123 , 132 , 138 , 143 , 144 , 146 , 220 , 221 , 225 , 226 , 228 , 230 , 233 , 235 , 668 , 674 , 678 , 684 (see also Regularisation )
Return Fund see EU funds
Return Handbook 208 , 214 , 239 , 243 , 244 , 250 , 251 , 254 , 256 , 263 , 266 , 301 , 333 , 340 , 385 , 387 , 435 , 439 , 552–557 , 559 , 561 , 563 , 564 , 585 , 586 , 596–599 , 661
Revised Deliberation No. 5 on deprivation of liberty of migrants 46 , 372 , 385 , 391 , 404 , 405 , 408 , 413 , 419 , 459 , 461 , 464 , 496 , 498 , 506 , 680
Right to be heard
Return proceedings 51 , 74 , 155–159 , 230 , 677
Detention 353–359 , 389 , 452 , 532
Right to data protection and privacy ( see also sis alert )
Right to information 311 , 313–316 , 322 , 323 , 325 , 326 , 330–332 , 336 , 337 , 681
Right of access 311 , 316–319 , 322 , 323 , 326 , 330–332 , 336 , 337 , 681
Right to correction and deletion 311 , 319 , 320 , 323 , 327 , 328 , 330–332 , 337 , 681
Right to remedy 311 , 329–323 , 328–332 , 337 , 681
Right to life 529 , 579 , 581 , 600 , 602 , 653 , 673 , 682 (see also European Convention on Human Rights ; International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ; Removal )
Risk of absconding 16 , 17 , 65 , 90 , 246–249 , 334 , 362 , 363 , 373–380 , 385 , 387 , 388 , 390 , 399 , 404 , 406 , 413 , 417 , 431 , 556–558 , 560 , 561 , 564–567 , 575 , 655 , 671 , 673 , 678 (see also Detention ; Voluntary departure )
Safe countries 114 , 563 , 564 , 629–647 , 651–653 , 657 , 674 (see also Removal )
Schengen Borders Code (sbc) 12–14 , 30 , 92 , 102–104 , 107 , 112 , 123 , 259 , 261 , 262 , 287 , 288 , 444 (see also Rejection at the border )
Schengen Information System (sis) 14 , 20 , 30 , 258 , 261 , 289–291 , 303 , 305–307 , 311
sis alert 14 , 20 , 30 , 42 , 258–270 , 287 , 288 , 297 , 298 , 304 , 307 , 309 , 313–332 , 334 , 336–338 , 671 , 678 , 681 (see also Right to data protection and privacy )
Simplified procedures see Accelerated procedures
sis ii Regulation 20 , 258–270 , 298 , 304 , 306–328 , 330–332 , 334 , 336–339 (see also Regulation 2018/1861 )
Special Procedures 46 , 58 , 70 , 149 , 170 , 207 , 392 , 411 , 412 , 416 , 417 , 420 , 491 , 577 , 587 , 604
Special Rapporteur on Human Rights of Migrants (srhrm) 46 , 58 , 201 , 212 , 243 , 345 , 372 , 376 , 377 , 385 , 392 , 401 , 404–406 , 408 , 411 , 416 , 419 , 420 , 424 , 456 , 457 , 461 , 462 , 468 , 470 , 473 , 491 , 495 , 498 , 509 , 511–513 , 518 , 519 , 524–526 , 528 , 532 , 549 , 595 , 604 , 662 , 663 , 680
Working Group on Arbitrary Detention (wgad) 46 , 58 , 346 , 349 , 350 , 372 , 376 , 377 , 385 , 391 , 392 , 404 , 405 , 408 , 409 , 413 , 415–417 , 419 , 420 , 424 , 453 , 459 , 461 , 462 , 464 , 465 , 473 , 495 , 496 , 498 , 506 , 680 (see also Revised Deliberation No.5 )
Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners 44 , 490 , 491 , 498 , 502 , 504 , 505 , 507 , 512 , 518 , 523–528 , 530 , 531 , 535
Standard of living
Pending return 62 , 67 , 69 , 211–220 , 226 , 228 , 232 , 669 , 670 , 675 , 680 (see also Education ; Health )
Destitution as deterrence 198 , 548 , 572–574 (see also Deterrence )
Destitution and regular status see Regularisation
In a transit country 632 , 637 , 638 , 640 , 641 , 645 , 652 , 657 (see also Removal ; Safe countries )
Stateless people 140 , 142 , 200 , 430 , 434 , 441 , 623 , 684 , 685
Temporary permit of stay see Regularisation
Terminology 4 , 5 , 12 , 13 , 16 , 63 , 83 , 84 , 543 , 547 , 548 , 567 , 574 , 576 , 577
Tolerated status see Regularisation
Treaty bodies ( see also Committee against Torture ; Committee on the Rights of the Child ; Human Rights Committee ; Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights )
Complaint procedure 41
Concluding observations 37 , 46 , 149 , 150 , 223 , 224 , 392 , 447 , 459 , 496 , 503 , 526 , 585–587 , 589 , 685
General Comments 46 , 150 , 209 , 214 , 215 , 469 , 519 , 591
Twenty Guidelines on Forced Return 45 , 132 , 165 , 392 , 419 , 459 , 495 , 498 , 502 , 511 , 525 , 528 , 584–586 , 589 , 590 , 592 , 593 , 604 , 680
UN High Commissioner for Refugees (unhcr) 58 , 59 , 70 , 87 , 104 , 110 , 113 , 148 , 244 , 279 , 288–290 , 364 , 365 , 405 , 412 , 415–417 , 430 , 441 , 518 , 519 , 521 , 526 , 547 , 627 , 630–633 , 635 , 639–641 , 643 , 644 , 664
Executive Committee of the High Commissioner’s Programme (ExCom) 45 , 103 , 279 , 364 , 365 , 562 , 631 , 632 , 642
Voluntary departure ( see also Recast of the Returns Directive )
General, priority over removal 16 , 56 , 65 , 67 , 68 , 75 , 89 , 547–554 , 556 , 557 , 566 , 567 , 574 , 655 , 658–660 , 673 , 674 , 678 , 679 , 681 , 714 , 715
Assisted Voluntary Return (avr) programmes 568–574 , 653 , 654 , 660 , 716
Coercion and destitution 339 , 340 , 548 , 571–574 , 653 , 682
Grounds for refusal 16 , 68 , 69 , 73 , 557–564 , 567 , 575 , 658 , 673
Length and extension 16 , 67 , 131 , 198 , 201 , 554–556 , 567 , 574 , 575 , 654 , 659 , 678 , 681
Non-compliance 243 , 246 , 248–250 , 253 , 255 , 256 , 375 (see also Entry ban )

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The European Union Returns Directive and its Compatibility with International Human Rights Law

Analysis of Return Decision, Entry Ban, Detention, and Removal

Series:  Immigration and Asylum Law and Policy in Europe, Volume: 45
Cover The European Union Returns Directive and its Compatibility with International Human Rights Law
E-Book ISBN:
9789004360532
Publisher:
Brill | Nijhoff
Print Publication Date:
12 Nov 2019
  • Subjects
    • Human Rights and Humanitarian Law
      • Human Rights
      • Refugee Law
    • International Law
      • EU Law
      • International Law: Regional Perspectives
Front Matter
Copyright
Acknowledgements
Abbreviations and Country Codes
Part 1 Introduction
Chapter 1 The Returns Directive against the Background of International and EU Human Rights Law: Setting the Scene
Part 2 Return Decision
Introduction: The Scheme of Return under EU Law
Chapter 2 Human Rights Impediments to Return
Chapter 3 Procedural Safeguards
Chapter 4 Social Rights Pending Return
Conclusion: Legal Limbo for Non-Deportable People
Part 3 Re-Entry Ban
Introduction: Entry Ban as Pan-European Effect of Return Decision
Chapter 5 Entry Ban in the Light of the Principle of Proportionality
Chapter 6 Human Rights Impediments to Entry Ban
Chapter 7 Protection of Personal Data Stored in a Sis Alert
Conclusion: Schengen-Wide Entry Ban: a Triple Peine?
Part 4 Pre-Removal Detention
Introduction: Immigration Detention in the Light of the Prohibition of Arbitrary Detention
Chapter 8 Permissibility of Detention
Chapter 9 Procedural Safeguards
Chapter 10 Conditions of Detention
Conclusion: Externalisation of Immigration Detention
Part 5 Enforcement of Return
Introduction: Enforcement of the Return Decision as the Final Stage of the Return Process
Chapter 11 Mandatory (“Voluntary”) Return
Chapter 12 Forcible Return
Chapter 13 Removal to a Transit Country Based on Readmission Agreements
Conclusion: Post-Return Monitoring: a Missing Element
Part 6 Conclusion
Chapter 14 The Returns Directive: Effectiveness of Return vs. Human Rights Protection
Back Matter
Annexes
Bibliography
Index

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