Index
Abrams, Jason 116
,
148
,
198
,
598
,
625
,
685
,
1064
Ad hoc tribunals 157
,
317 –323 354 –372
international tribunals 201 –231
internationalised tribunals 231 –306
African Court of Justice and Human and Peoples Rights (ACJHR) 203
,
205
,
296 –297 301
,
929
Al Anfal Case 283 –284 820
Al Dujail Case 280 –283
American Draft Definition of 14 June 1945 42
Amnesties 30
,
154 –155 241 –243 258
,
261
,
293
,
460 –557 813
,
978
development of jurisprudence on the legality of local amnesties for CAH 1014
,
1021 –1045 1047 –1051
Amin, Idi 153
,
675
Apartheid Convention on the Non-applicability of Statutory Limitations to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity and Apartheid Convention of 1973) 114 –120
definition of apartheid acts 937 –938
general law and principles 938 –940
‘inhumane acts’ 940
institutionalized Regime of Systematic Domination and Oppression 940 –942
mens rea 938
South Africa 115
,
939
,
941
,
1032 –1033
Apartheid Convention, International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of Apartheid 119 –120 177
,
268
,
814
,
940
Arendt, Hannah 194 –195 1058 –1059 1061
Argentina
amnesties 1023 –1024 1027
dirty war 154
enforced disappearances 929
,
969
exclusion of statute of limitations for CAH 1046
extradition 969
,
1056
general duty to prosecute CAH 1020
Jurisprudence 469 –474
legislation ratifying ICC Statute into domestic criminal law 456 –457
Article 7 of the ICC
Chapeau requirements 186 –197
individual offences
apartheid 937
background and elements 937 –940
‘inhumane act’ 940
institutionalized regime of systematic domination and oppression 940 –942
deportation 811
accused’s role in the destination 829
across a de jure or de factor border or within national boundaries 825 –828
criteria and background 811 –812
‘forced displacement of individuals’ 816 –820
forcible transfer 814 –815 828 –829
elements of deportation 815 –816
requirement of ‘lawful presence’ 820 –821
ICC approach 829 –830
mens rea 830 –832
‘without grounds permitted under international law’ 821 –825
enforced disappearance 923
arrest, detention and abduction 930 –931
background and elements 923 –930
mens rea 935 –937
official participation 932 –934
perpetrator participation 934 –935
refusal to communicate whereabouts or information 931 –932
extermination 776
actus reus 779
criteria 780
‘killing (direct or indirect), 788
,
791
‘mass or ‘large scale’ 780 –788
‘taking part in’ or ‘contributing to’ the killing 791 –795
cumulative convictions 800
criteria and definitional issue of ‘mass killing’ or killing of a ‘large number’ 776 –779
intention to ‘take part in’ 798 –800
mens rea 795 –798
position of ICC 798
imprisonment or other severe deprivation of liberty 832
criteria and background 832
,
834
features of imprisonment or other severe deprivation of liberty 834 –837
‘arbitrarily’, ‘no legal basis for it’, or ‘in violation of fundamental rules of international law’ 837 –842
mens rea 842 –843
murder 761
causation element 766 –767
criteria 761 –764
death of the victim 764 –766
defences 776
intention 768 –774
mens rea 768
position of ICC 774
premeditation 775
other inhumane acts 942
background 944 –946
cumulative convictions 958
elements 942 –944
mens rea 956 –958
serious injury/suffering or attack on human dignity or similar seriousness 946 –952
threshold 952 –956
persecution 884
background and historical context 886 –890
elements 884 –886
‘discriminate in fact’ 890
discriminate ‘in fact’ 891 –893
‘discriminate’ in fact 893 –898
property crimes 911 –915
conduct was committed ‘in connection with’ another underlying crime 915 –919
cumulative charging 922
mens rea 919 –922
seriously denies or infringes upon one or more fundamental rights 898
‘fundamental right’ threshold 898 –902
threshold 902 –910
sexual offences 857
background of rape and other sexual offences 857 –859
rape 859
corroboration 868
elements 859 –861
force, threat or otherwise without lawful consent 862 –866
mens rea 866 –868
penetration 861 –862
sexual slavery 868
background and elements 868 –870
cumulative convictions 875
mens rea 874 –875
sexual element 873 –874
slavery element 870 –873
enforced prostitution 875
elements 875 –876
forced pregnancy 876
elements 876 –877
enforced sterilization 877
elements 877 –878
other sexual violence offences 878
act of a sexual nature under coercive circumstances 880 –884
background and elements 878 –890
mens rea 884
torture 843
criteria and background 843 –845
cumulative charging 856 –857
custody or control 852
infliction of ‘severe pain or suffering’ 845 –852
mens rea 855 –856
requirement of a state official and a prohibited purpose 852 –855
Aroneanu, Eugène 68
,
151
,
195
,
227
Arrest Warrant Case 255 –256 437
,
526
,
960
,
964
,
972 –975 983
,
991
,
994
,
997 –998
Australia 132 –135 224
asylum seekers 616 –617 688
extraterritorial jurisdiction 569 –570
five Chapeau elements and the policy element 557
,
560
legislation ratifying ICC Statute into domestic criminal law 395
migration law 395 –398
Polyukhovich v The Commonwealth 133 –135 221
,
224
universal jurisdiction 395 –398
war nexus 134 –135 566 –568
War Crimes Amendment Act 1989 (Commonwealth) 132 –135 394
Austria 10
,
18
,
21
,
29
,
55
,
62
,
87
,
582
,
1020
Atrocities
justice and protection of human rights 633 –635 662
,
679
,
986
,
1043
,
1053
Nazi atrocities and jurisprudence 104 –105 134
,
139
,
143
proposal to prosecute atrocities and Nuremberg Precedent 40 –41 45
,
56 –57 60 –63 96 –69 74
,
153
,
160
threats to international peace and security under Chapter VII of the UN Charter 149
,
157
,
574
,
577 –619 628
,
1064 –1068
Bangladesh 154 –155
amnesties 1042
atrocities 581
extra-territorial jurisdiction 980
five Chapeau elements and the policy element 557
,
559 –560 562
,
665
,
693 –694
Jurisprudence 543 –544
ICT-2 544 –546
ICT-1 546 –548
legislation ratifying ICC Statute into domestic criminal law 537 –543
war nexus and retroactivity 567
,
569
Bassiouni, M. Cherif 28
,
31
,
47
,
68
,
71
,
73
,
76
,
89
,
90
,
92
,
102
,
112
,
136
,
163 –164 166
,
186
,
191 –192 194 –195 198 –199 237
,
288
,
342
,
402
,
440
,
575
,
625
,
627 –628 641
,
649
,
710
,
739
,
741
,
747
,
802
,
805
,
840
,
939
,
951
,
982
,
990
,
1008
,
1010 –1011 1048
Belgium
background 115
Case of Habré 290
,
433 –435 524 –527
deportation 813
duty to prosecute or extradite 1012 –1013 1020
five Chapeau elements and the policy element 558 –559 562
,
569
,
570 –572
Jurisprudence 433
,
435 –438
jus cogens 641
ICJ Arrest Warrant Case 964
,
973 –975
legislation ratifying ICC Statute into domestic criminal law 430 –433
refugees 582
universal jurisdiction 979 –1006 1050
,
1057
Berber, Friedrich 78
Berlin Protocol of 6 October 1945 45
Biddle, Francis 40
,
57 –58 120
,
967
Bosnia and Herzegovina
amnesties 1024
Court of Bosnia & Herzegovina Court of BIH) 204
,
286 –290 299
,
301
,
914
,
929 –932
ethnic cleansing 156
extra-territorial jurisdiction 569
five Chapeau elements and the policy element 557
,
562
,
601
,
605
,
655
,
685
,
709 –716 728
,
786
Galić Case 420 –421
ICTY statute (1992–1993) 159 –166 203 –204 206 –208 ad hoc tribunals)
Jurisprudence 499 –500
Kunarac Case 213 –214 219 –228
legislation ratifying ICC Statute into domestic criminal law 498 –499
Limaj & Haradinaj
Case 214 –219
Martić Case 229
sexual offences 858 –859
statutes of limitations 1046
Tadić Case
background 176
discriminatory purpose/no armed conflict requirement 211
formation of Chapeau elements 212 –213
jurisdictional issues 176 –177
Tadić Appeal Chamber judgment 212
Tadić Trial Chamber judgment 177 –181 190
,
193
,
196
,
424
universal jurisdiction 979
Brazil
amnesties 1027
extraterritorial jurisdiction 569
five Chapeau elements and the policy element 566
,
557
Jurisprudence 497 –498
legislation ratifying ICC Statute into domestic criminal law 494 –495
universal jurisdiction 989 –980
Burchard, Christoph 76
,
80
,
110 –111
Burundi 167
,
586
,
588
Cambodia
amnesties 1023
,
1034
,
1042
atrocities committed by the Khmer Rouge 155
duty to prosecute or extradite 1065
Duch Case 116
,
237
,
260
,
266
,
267
,
269 –274 567
,
806
,
845
,
857
,
883 –884 892
,
900
Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC) statute, jurisprudence and jurisdiction 203 –204 258 –266 301
,
304
five Chapeau elements and policy element 271 –274
forced marriage 883
forcible transfer 815
nullum crimen and war nexus in 1975–1979 267 –273
Canada
extraterritorial jurisdiction and jurisprudence 135 –137 143 –144 151
,
569 –570
Finta Case 81
,
92
,
136
,
144
,
149
,
194
,
195 –196 225
,
398 –401 457
,
741
,
971
,
1060 –1061
Jurisprudence 400
Munyaneza 403 –406
Post-Mugesera decisions 406 –407
Sivakumar and Mugesera 400 –403
legislation ratifying ICC Statute into domestic criminal law 398
Cassese, Antonio 68
,
71
,
73
,
86
,
90
,
107
,
112
,
119
,
148
,
187
,
189
,
191
,
198
,
602
,
625 –626 628
,
665
,
669
,
680
,
726
,
730
,
855
,
939
,
962
,
964
,
981 –982 987
,
997
,
01040
Chad
complaint to ECOWAS Court 527 –528
duty to extradite and prosecute 572
,
1012
Establishment of Extraordinary African Chambers in Senegal (EAC) 290 –293
formation without consent or participation of the territorial state 301
impunity 996
jurisdictional immunity 1006
Trial of Hissène Habré 293 –296 433 –435 524 –527
Chapeau elements and policy element
analysis of each chapeau element of CAH 638
‘attack’ 642
course of conduct 642 –647
acts of violence or other mistreatment 647 –655
particularising the attack 655
‘directed against’ 655
primary object 655 –657
presence of some military objective or legitimate ‘ultimate objective’ 657 –658
‘any civilian’ 658
‘any’ civilian – distinction with war crimes 658 –659
‘predominantly’ civilian 659 –670
any ‘civilian’ 660 –661
historical background 662
jurisprudence 662 –664
key controversy – definitional issues 664 –667
ad hoc tribunal approach attack and its victims 667 –675
presumptions and burden of proof 681
civilian population 681
background and principles– collective rather than individual 681 –684
exclusion of single or isolated acts 689 –695
number targeted and nature of targeting 684 –688
ICC approach 695
‘widespread or systematic’ key issues 697 –699
‘systematic’ 702 –708
‘widespread’ 699 –702
policy requirement 708
customary international law 708
ICC approach 709
‘state’, ‘organisation’ and ‘policy’ issues — 709
,
725
nexus between attack and underlying crime 725 –727
objective element 727
‘part of’ the attack 727 –729
‘isolated or random’ acts 729 –732
subjective element 732
mens rea 733 –742
standard of proof 742 –744
inconsistent state practices and approaches 557 –572
Chea, Nuon Cambodia, ECCC, Case 002) 261
,
265
Chile
amnesties 476
,
1023
,
1027
,
1030
,
1037
five Chapeau elements and the policy element 557 –558
extraterritorial jurisdiction 569
,
651
,
693
Jurisprudence 476 –480
legislation ratifying ICC Statute into domestic criminal law 475 –476
Pinochet 154
extradition request 470 –471
immunity 1001 –1002
prosecution 435
universal jurisdiction controversy 983
war nexus and retroactivity 567
China 181 –185 200
,
414
,
422
,
454
,
557
,
572
,
855
,
1019
,
1073
Clark, Roger 31
,
42
,
738
,
748
,
758
,
760
,
842
Colombia 1024
Commission of Experts ICTY and ICTR)
definition of CAH 162 –163 167 –168 170 –172 186
,
226 –227
Interim Report of 1993 162 –163
Commission of Experts for former Yugoslavia Final Report 168
,
665 –666
Commission of Experts for Rwanda, Preliminary Report on 1 October 1994 169
Control Council Law No.10 (CCL 10)
definition and enactment of CAH as an offence 70
,
101 –102
British Zone/West Germany 106 –110
attacks on members of the military 109 –110
denunciation cases – 107
,
108
general principles of criminal justice 79
jurisdiction of CAH 78
,
101 –102 105 –106
jurisprudence and analysis of different zones 111 –114
Russian Zone/East Germany (GDR) jurisprudence 110 –111
US Zone jurisprudence 103 –106
war nexus 102 –114
Convention on the Non-Applicability of Statutory Limitations
analysis and controversy 114 –117 1045 –1046
Crimes against humanity (CAH)
affirmation of as an international crime 38
,
40
,
50
,
61
,
93
,
143 –144
Article 6(c) and analysis 36
,
59 –65 68
,
82
,
93
Article 6(c) and CCL10 111 –114
concept and origins of CAH 2 –3
ancient civilizations 3 –6
atrocities in Armenia and WW1 29 –33
laws of humanity from 18th century to WW1 19 –29
middles ages in Europe 6 –13
Treaty of Westphalia to 19th century 13 –19
customary international law 93 –97
definitional issues – 60 –63 121 –122 127 –128 160
,
162
,
178
,
216 –217
development of CAH definitions
pre-1945: 1 –2 36 –40 41 –42 44 –45 47
,
50
,
53 –54 100 –101
1945–1993 development 132 –145
attempting to resolve incoherence 144 –152
1993–1998 modern definition of CAH and codification of ICC Statute 157 –201 212 –214
humanity principle 149 –150
impunity principle or the need for a ‘State Policy’ 150 –152
legal elements of CAH 45
,
53 –54 57 –65 101
,
145 –159 177 –180 211 –217
territory jurisdiction of sovereign states 50 –53 61
,
71 –72 145
UNWCC, 1948 Report 61
,
63
,
104
,
178
genocide 117 –119 168
war crimes 38 –40 47
,
52
,
54 –65 142
,
162 –163 168
CAH under Customary International Law and the ICC 745
Background 745 –746
crimes 746 –748
mens rea 748
statutory standard
‘intent and knowledge 748 –752
proving intent and knowledge for ‘conduct’, ‘consequences’ and ‘circumstances’ 752 –760
causation 760
Cryer, Robert 139
,
198
,
409
,
626
,
982
,
1017
,
1028
,
1049
Dahm, Georg 58
,
72
,
74
,
78
De Vabres, Donnedius 58
,
580
,
967
,
985
,
1054
Demjanjuk v Petrovsky 142 –144 429
,
962
Declarations of the Allies and the Work of the United Nations War Crimes Commission (UNWCC) 37 –38
Demjanjuk v Petrovsky 142
,
429
,
962
Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)
ICC current investigations 308
ICJ Arrest Warrant case 983
Discrimination nexus 171
,
175
Domestic amnesties 1021
background 1021 –1023
domestic amnesties for CAH 1026 –1037
domestic amnesties before international courts 1037 –1039
grant of domestic amnesties for CAH 1023
jurisprudence on legality of
international amnesties 1042 –1045
state practice in granting domestic amnesties 1023 –1025
Statutes of Limitations 1045
state practice 1045 –1047
Drafting London Charter 37
Drug trafficking 191
,
629
,
759
East Timor
amnesties 303
deportation 826
mens rea 958
five Chapeau elements and the policy element 234
,
693 –694 729
Los Palos case 234 –236
nexus element 236 –237
Nullum Crimen Principle 237 –239
impunity 1068
INTERFET 232
Indonesia 548 –549 554
,
563
Abilio Soares Trial 551 –553
murder elements 767
,
784
property crimes 913
,
918
mens rea 921 –922 935
Special Panel of the District Court in East Timor (SPET) 91
,
196
,
203 –204
background 231 –233
establishment of United Nations Administration in East Timor (UNTAET) 232 –243
jurisprudence 234
‘overall justice’ 302
,
523
,
622
State Practice after ICC Statute 978
targeting defied political groups 894 –895
UN Truth Commission for East Timor 303
Eichmann case 140 –141 150
,
221
,
224
,
560 –561 818
,
961
,
964
,
969
,
978
,
990
,
994
,
1007
,
1038
,
1062
Ehard, Hans 67
,
72
,
76
Einsatzgruppen trials 05
,
112 –113 124 –125 128
,
176
,
193
,
269
,
908
,
1067
Enforced disappearance Deportation) 139
,
198
,
282
,
290
,
293 –295 300
,
439
,
445
,
483
,
484
,
485
,
496
,
905
,
923 –929
Estonia
deportation 651
extraterritorial jurisdiction 569 –570
five Chapeau elements and the policy element 557 –558 566
Jurisprudence 502 –505
Kork and Kislyiy v Estonia Case 85 –87 147
,
270
,
567
legislation ratifying ICC Statute into domestic criminal law 500 –502
stricto sensu 590
Ethiopia
duty to prosecute and extradite 1019 –1020
expulsion 824
extra-territorial jurisdiction 569 –570 980
five Chapeau elements and the policy element 557 –558 562
,
567
genocide 481
,
485
Jurisprudence 518 –523
Mengistu Haile Mariam 154
,
518 –519 675 –676
legislation ratifying ICC Statute into domestic criminal law 517 –518
statutes of limitations 1046
European Convention on Human Rights
Adoption 83 –87
jurisprudence 147
,
504
,
513
European Court of Human Rights
adoption 83 –88
jurisprudence 147 –148 237 –238 268
,
270
,
442
,
500
,
504
,
509
,
513
,
522
,
567
,
846
,
931
,
936
,
1002
,
1005
,
1026
,
1042
Eritrea-Ethiopia Claims Commission 823 –824
Extraordinary African Chambers in Senegal (EAC) 202 –204 290 –304 435
,
528
,
689
,
814
,
870 –874 929
Ex post facto principle
background 16
,
65
CCL10 applications 78 –83 103 –114
international criminal law 68 –69 73 –83 133 –135
nullum crimen sine lege principle 67 –69 73 –87
legality principle 68 –87
Farben case 104
Feurstein case 62 –63
France
drafting CAH 44 –45
establishment of CAH definition 137 –240
Jurisprudence in Touvier, Barbie and Boudare 137 –140 144
,
440 –444 493
,
664 –665 670
,
675
,
962
,
970
,
1017
,
1046
legislation ratifying ICC Statute into domestic criminal law 438 –440
Franco, Francisco (See also Spain) 459 –460 474
,
526
,
932
,
984
,
989
Fujimori, Alberto Peru) 485 –492 609
,
1027
,
1061
Gaddafi, Muammar al Libya) 341 –344 893
Gender discrimination prohibitions, sexual discrimination 185
,
300
,
332 –333 506
,
885 –897 955
General Assembly Resolutions 86
,
93 –94 96
,
98
,
101
,
114
,
121 –122 152
,
516
,
522
,
578
,
1016
Resolution 95(I) (1946)
Resolution 260B(III) (1948)
Resolution 2840 (1971)
Resolution 3074 (1973)
General Prosecutor v. John Marques and Nine Others (Los Palos Case) and other East Timor cases 234 –236 298
,
704
Geneva Conventions 91
,
513
,
666
,
680
,
681
,
822
,
838 –839 902
,
904
,
945
,
1021
,
1022
,
1032
,
1034
Genocide 24
,
29
,
117 –120
Armenia 35
,
72
Australia 1015
Cambodia 258
,
1033
Draft Code of Crimes Against the Peace and Security of Mankind 123
Ethiopia 154
Guatemala 987
,
991
Holocaust 35
Pakistan 155
Rwanda genocide 157
,
168
,
209
Treaty of Lausanne 1042
Genocide Convention
formation and purpose 63
,
114
definitions 117
,
120
consensus 149
as state practice 132 –133 177
Germany
CAH prosecutions and approach post-WWII, 52 –57 81
,
103 –114 132
,
144
,
424
,
429
,
1045
controversy with US 983 –985 1050
deportation 813
,
906
enforced disappearances 926 –927
extra-territorial jurisdiction 569 –571 987
Jurisprudence 446 –449
legislation ratifying ICC Statute into domestic criminal 444 –446
Nuremberg precedent 594
,
933
persecution 941
state practice 559 –562
universal jurisdiction 966 –973 976
,
979
Gros, Leo 44 –45 66
Habré, Hissène Chad and EAC) 293 –296 433 –435 524 –527
Hague Convention of 1907 28
,
31
,
36
,
42 –43 52
,
68
,
74
,
79
,
91
,
461
,
533
Preamble 34
,
72
Haradinaj, Ramush (Haradinaj trial) 208
,
214
,
218
,
606
,
690
,
692
,
694
Head of State immunity 281
,
343
,
534
,
993
,
997 –998
Hebel, Herman von 197
,
1051
Herzog, Jacques-Bernard 56
,
58
,
137
,
151
,
195
Hitler, Adolf 35 –36 39
,
47
,
62
,
579
,
635
,
993
,
1055
Holmes, John 199
Hostages Case 78
Hostis humani generis Piracy) 11 –12 25
Humanitarian intervention
as precedent for CAH 19
,
23 –25 34
,
36
,
44
,
45
,
47
,
48
,
50 –51 61
,
62
,
69
,
93
,
99
,
100
,
101
,
104 –105 124
,
128
,
574
,
579
humanity principle 149 –150
impunity principle or the need for a ‘State policy’ 150 –152
key issues 36
,
39
,
47 –48 61
,
62
post-WW1 69
post-WWII 141
Security Council intervention 581 –583 586 –587 604
,
634 –636
‘shock the conscience of humanity’ 24
,
101
,
149
,
596
,
605
,
635
,
1062
,
1065
,
1075
Hungary
deportation 651
displacement 827
extra-territorial jurisdiction 569 –570
Imre Nagy Case 616
Jurisprudence 510 –513
Korbely v Hungary Case 268
,
270
,
510 –513 567
legislation ratifying ICC Statute into domestic criminal 509 –510
universal jurisdiction 979
,
1020
war nexus and retroactivity 567
Hussein, Saddam Iraqi High Tribunal) 73
,
82
,
116
,
277
,
280 –282 284
,
305 –306 955
,
1065 –7
Hwang, Phyllis 56
,
171
,
186
,
840
Farben Case 104
ICC Preparatory Committee/Commission
ICC Statute, Article 7
,
82
,
158 –159 183 –201
Rome Conference (July) 1998
,
181 –186
Ieng Sary Cambodia, Case 002) 155
,
258
,
261
,
266
,
1033 –1034 1039 –1040
Ieng Thirith Cambodia, Case 002) 261
Impunity Principle 150 –152 617 –633 636
,
724
,
1066 –1068 1074
need for a ‘State’ 151 –152 155 –156 179
,
193 –194 228
India
Pakistani atrocities 154 –155 538 –540
not a party to ICC Statute 557
,
1019
Indonesia
Abilio Soares Case 551 –553
deportation 826
extra-territorial jurisdiction 569 –570 980
East Timor conflict 231 –303
establishment of Human Rights Court 548 –549 1073
five Chapeau elements and policy element 557
,
561 –563 564
jurisprudence 549 –555
universal jurisdiction 984
International Court of Justice (ICJ) 152
,
255
,
256
,
291
,
437
,
511
,
526
,
528
,
539
,
641
,
889
,
964
,
973 –975 979
,
983
,
991
,
994 –1014 1028
,
1050
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) 83
,
87
,
90 –92 133
,
233
,
238
,
279
,
461
,
527
,
544
,
640
,
837
,
839
,
1028
International Criminal Court (ICC) 129
,
157
,
173
,
372 –392 964
,
1057
Proprio Motu investigations and jurisprudence 346 –372
Security Council referrals and jurisprudence 337 –346
State referrals and jurisprudence 307 –337
International Criminal Court Statute (ICC Statute) Rome Statue)
Article 7 183 –201
Article 10 201
Article 17 193
Article 33 197
International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) 167 –172 204
,
205
,
209 –211
five Chapeau elements and jurisprudence 211 –231
International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) 159 –166 204
,
205 –208
five Chapeau elements and jurisprudence 211 –231
International Law Commission (ILC) 61
,
120 –131 1052
,
1070
Israel
Eichmann Case 140 –141 221
,
224
,
818
extradition 142 –143
Head of State immunity 436 –437
Israeli Judges Case 476
,
479
,
651
Palestine conflict 425
,
814
,
939
universal jurisdiction 429
International criminal law
application and development 5
,
17
,
33
,
49 –50
general principles recognized by civilized nations 47
,
69 –72 114
,
142 –143 147
,
153 –164 193 –194 231
International human rights law 89
,
162
,
169
,
457
,
747
,
840
,
900
,
1049
International Military Tribunal (IMT, London Charter) 37 –38 41
,
45 –47 62
,
73
,
81 –82
International Military Tribunal (IMT, London Charter), Article 6 (c) London Charter) 36
,
41 –48 59
,
65
,
81 –82 100 –101 131 –132 145
,
149
,
161
,
166
,
174
,
175
International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg) Nuremberg trials) 50
,
54
,
56
,
57
,
65
,
72
,
78
,
83
,
100 –101
International Military Tribunal for the Far East (IMTFE, Tokyo Charter) Japan) Article 5(c) 48 –49
Iraq 82 –83 202 –204 387
,
432
,
446
,
563
,
570
,
581 –583 630 –631 743
,
831
Iraqi High Tribunal (IHT) 82 –83 116
,
148
,
202
,
204
,
277 –301 978 –981
Italy 9
,
93
,
115
,
161
,
453
,
523
,
577
,
631
,
641
,
1007
Jackson, Robert 36 –37 41 –48 70
,
76
,
94 –96 187
,
1055
Japan International Military Tribunal for the Far East, IMTFE, Tokyo Charter) 7
,
49
,
277
,
486
,
648 –649 840
,
857
,
1023 –1044
Jaspers, Karl 67
Jescheck, Hans-Heinrich 67
,
71 –74 76
,
78
jus cogens 436
,
457 –458 463
,
476
,
496
,
640
,
641
,
642
,
982
,
990 –991 1001 –1018 1031
,
1033
,
1044
,
1046
Kaing Guek Eav “Duch” Cambodia, ECCC, Case 001) 116
,
237
,
260
,
266
,
267
,
269 –274 567
,
806
,
845
,
857
,
883 –884 892
,
900
Kambanda, Jean (Prosecutor v Kambanda) 209
Katanga Case 309
,
312 –313 315 –316 318 –344 353 –354 358
,
363
,
372 –391 532
,
607 –608 653
,
655
,
658
,
660
,
678
,
695 –706 714 –718 722 –724 743
,
754 –755 775
,
864 –867 872 –875 946
,
950
,
952
,
956
,
958
Kayishema Case 210 –211 424
,
673
,
775
,
790 –793
Kellogg-Briand Pact 52
Kelsen, Hans 56
,
68
,
81
Khieu Samphan Cambodia, ECCC, Case 002) 261
Khmer Rouge Cambodia, ECCC, Case 002) 116
,
155
,
258
,
261
,
676
,
815
,
883
,
1065
Kirsch, Phillipe 199
Kony, Joseph 313
Korbely, János 268
,
270
,
510 –513 568
Kordić and Čerkez Case 208
,
316
,
666
,
672
,
704
,
837 –838 908
,
913
,
914
,
919
,
923
Kosovo 204
,
208
,
214
,
216 –218 221
,
245
,
248
,
274 –276 297
,
301
,
305
,
586
,
606
,
620
,
630
,
644
,
690
,
827 –828 934
,
978
,
981
,
1052
Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) 208
,
214
,
216 –218 248
,
276
,
364
,
606
,
609
,
615
,
617
,
620
,
630
,
644
,
652
,
690
,
695
,
786
,
827
Knieriem, August von 67
Krajišnik Case 206 –207 648
,
786
,
820
,
826
,
828
,
906
Kranzbühler, Otto 67
,
72
,
77
Krstić Case 206
,
782
,
787 –788 793
,
829
Kress, Claus 310
,
625 –627 749
,
965
,
982
,
987
Kunarac Case 206
,
213 –214 219 –229 234 –235 245 –252 272
,
295
,
298
,
319
,
389
,
402
,
405 –407 548
,
557
,
559 –564 597
,
599 –626 645
,
656
,
678
,
682
,
685
,
690
,
699 –708 728
,
741
,
803
,
805 –808 853 –855 863 –866 871
,
875
,
1069
,
1071
Latvia 501
,
505 –508 517
,
558
,
567
,
569
,
591
,
651
,
827
,
979
Lauterpacht, Hersch 32
,
54
,
63
,
125
,
912
Lebanon 20
,
24 –25 69
,
104
,
292
,
436
,
614 –615 629
Liberia 239 –240 243
,
254 –257 438
,
581
,
583
,
586
,
588
Lippman, Matthew 47
,
56
Lomé Accord of 2004 1037
Lomé Peace Agreement 241
,
978
,
1043 –1044
Lombois, Claude 46 –47
London Charter. see International Military Tribunal (IMT, London Charter)36 –50 52 –62 64 –66 69
,
70
,
74
,
81
,
82
,
86
,
89
,
90 –94 97 –105 110 –132 145 –151 160 –168 174 –179 186
,
199
,
223
,
251
,
256
,
367
,
395
,
399
,
438 –439 441
,
471
,
504
,
590
,
595
,
599
,
619
,
635
,
640
,
662 –682 967
,
970
Los Palos Case East Timor, Indonesia) 234 –236 298
,
704
Lotus Case 13
,
974
,
975
,
988
Luban, David 12
,
64
,
99
,
424
,
574
,
577
,
593
,
597 –598 603 –604 633 –634 649
,
653
,
731
,
896
,
1059 –1060 1063 –1064
Lubanga Case 312 –313 752 –753 755
,
757
,
774
Lukić & Lukić Case 783 –788
Al-Majid, Ali Hassan 743
Martens Clause 28
,
461
Martins and Gonzales Case 236
McCormack, Timothy 197
,
200
,
592
,
820
,
840
,
854
,
941
Medical Case 79
,
106
,
845
Mein Kampf 54
Mengistu, Haile Mariam Ethiopia) 154
,
518 –521 523
,
675 –676
Menthon, François de 50
,
60
,
65
,
70
,
78
,
84
,
96
,
195
,
226
,
966 –967 1058
Meron, Theodor 70
,
170
,
580
Mettraux, Guénaël 95
,
222 –223 402
,
577
,
601 –602 626
,
634
,
649
,
688 –689 699
,
782
Milch Case 803
,
807
Morris, Virginia 164
,
170
Mugesera v. Canada 201
,
221
,
225
,
400 –401 403 –406 560
,
612
,
648
,
689
,
741
Musema, Prosecutor v. 685
Nahimana et al, Prosecutor v. 210
,
781
Natural law tradition 2 –5 8
,
11
,
13
,
29
,
34
,
37
,
69
,
98 –99 1009
,
1058
Nazi Germany Control Council Law No. 10 (CCL10); International Military Tribunal (IML, London Charter) 32 –40 45
,
54 –65 76 –83 103 –114 132 –144 364
,
424
,
429
,
480
,
594
,
906
,
941
,
968
,
969
,
971 –973 1045
Netherlands
Ahlbrecht (No ) 2
,
141
,
221
,
224
CAH as punishable offence 129
,
132
,
141 –143 151
,
161
,
178
,
221
,
224
,
227
deportation 813
duty to prosecute and extradite 969
extra-territorial jurisdiction 569
,
971
,
979
five Chapeau elements and policy element 557
,
562 –567 651
Jurisprudence 450 –452
legislation ratifying ICC Statute into domestic criminal law 449 –450
Public Prosecutor v Menten 142
,
178
,
226
,
457
,
493
universal jurisdiction 968
,
1020
Non-interference principle 13 –14 18 –19 23 –24 34
,
596
Non-state actors/entities 128
,
151 –152 179
,
190 –193 215
,
245
,
248 –249 298 –299 323
,
361
,
363 –369 384
,
387
,
389
,
423 –424 451
,
457
,
464 –465 562 –569 574
,
594
,
597
,
606
,
616 –620 625 –632 652
,
708
,
716
,
724
,
934
,
939
,
976
,
1038
,
1068
Norway
deportation 813
extra-territorial jurisdiction 569
,
980
five Chapeau elements and the policy element 559
,
562
,
566
Jurisprudence 466
legislation ratifying ICC Statute into domestic criminal law 465 –466
Nullum crimen sine lege principle 10
,
16 –17 34
,
37
,
53
,
58
,
67
,
73 –77 80
,
84
,
87 –88 90 –93 98
,
147
,
164
,
237
,
250
,
267 –268 304
,
468
,
508
,
510
,
513
,
527
,
567 –568 571
,
576
,
899
,
946
,
948
,
1072
O’Brien, James 166
Papon, Maurice 440
,
467
,
493
Paust, Jordan 170
Pellet, Alain 628
Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ) 13
,
32
Peru
domestic amnesties 1027
,
1050
,
1061
duty to extradite and prosecute 1023 –1024
five Chapeau elements and policy element 557 –558 561
,
565
,
1074
genocide 481
humanity principle 608
,
61
,
687
Jurisprudence 485 –494
legislation ratifying ICC Statute into domestic criminal law 484 –485
war nexus and retroactivity 567
,
591
Pinochet, Augusto 147
,
154
,
435 –436 442
,
470
,
962
,
970
,
983
,
987
,
990
,
1001 –1005 1037
,
1050
Piracy 11 –13 28
,
427
,
643
,
962
,
968
,
971 –973
Pohl et al., Unites States v. (The WVHA Case) 104
,
807
Pot, Pol Cambodia) 155
,
261
,
265
,
992
Polyukhovich v The Commonwealth 81
,
133
,
221
,
224
,
395
,
568
,
962
,
1016
Potsdam Conference of July-August 1945 40
Principle of legality 16
,
83 –84 89
,
166
,
487
,
500
Prisoner of war (POWs) 74
,
106
,
110
,
539
,
540
Prosecuting CAH universal jurisdiction and immunities)
amnesties
domestic jurisprudence 1023 –1042
international jurisprudence 1042 –1045
customary international law
universal jurisdiction at Nuremberg 966 –968
universal jurisdiction over Nazi War Criminals after Nuremberg 968 –971
ICJ Warrant Case 973 –976
stricto sensu principle 976 –977
subsidiary principle 977 –978
universal jurisdiction and state practice after ICC Statute 978 –982
remaining controversy 983 –986
extra-territorial jurisdiction 960 –966
duties and obligations to prosecute 1009 –1011
jus cogens 1011 –1015
General Assembly Resolutions 2840 (1971) and 2074 (1973) 1015 –1018
treaty obligations and state practice 1018 –1021
immunities and universal jurisdiction 992 –993
extra-territorial prosecutions jurisprudence 993 –1006
Statutes of Limitations 1045 –1047
Ratner, Steven 116
,
148
,
198
,
598
,
625
,
650
,
685
,
1064
RuSHA Case 79
Ratione materiae. see Immunity.439
,
534
,
992
,
995
,
1001 –1009
Retroactivity principle 73 –74 80
,
87
,
89 –90 133
,
137
,
239
,
458 –463 475
,
487
,
504 –505 509
,
527 –528 548
,
566
Robinson, Darryl 4
,
187 –188 190
,
192
,
195
,
197
,
222
,
625 –627 909
,
1041
,
1061
Rome Conference, Rome Statute International Criminal Court Statute (ICC Statute))
background and historical context 158 –159 181 –186 197 –201
chapeau requirements 186 –197
RUF Case 240 –241 244
,
247 –254 271
,
300
,
438
,
671 –674 690
,
797
,
810
,
865
,
867
,
873
,
1038
Rwanda ICTR and genocide) 8
,
88
,
157
,
167 –169 171
,
192
,
202 –203 205
,
209 –210 249
,
299
,
311 –312 325
,
364
,
387
,
400
,
402 –403 421
,
424
,
437
,
441 –444 448
,
532
,
560
,
562
,
571
,
581
,
583 –584 589
,
596
,
604
,
610
,
612
,
655
,
658
,
685
,
689
,
692
,
699
,
781
,
793
,
858
,
970
,
974
,
981
,
995
,
1052
,
1068
Sadat-Wexler, Leila 54
,
56
Schabas, William 65
,
118
,
149
,
164
,
173
,
185
,
199
,
267
,
304
,
625
,
629
,
791 –792 834
,
876
,
878
,
889
,
896 –897 907 –908 928
,
939
Schachter, Oscar 70 –71
Scharf, Michael 164
,
170
,
1017
,
1039
,
1043 –1044
Schätzel, Wilhelm 72
Schick, Franz 66 –67
Schmitt, Carl 75
Schwarzenberger, Georg 46
,
67
,
70
,
74
,
81
,
98
,
194
,
231
,
972
,
1051
,
1065
Schwelb, Egon 28
,
46
,
56
,
61
,
63
,
93
,
102
,
1058
Scilingo, Adolfo 455 –460 464 –465 561
,
570 –571 980
,
982
,
987
,
990
Semanza Case 180
,
210
,
590
,
894 –895
Senegal EAC and Habré Case)
attacks on dissidents 693
extra-territorial jurisdiction 569
extradite 572
,
1006
,
1012
five Chapeau elements and policy element 559
,
562
ICC Statute into domestic criminal law 456
,
523 –524
legislation ratifying
Jurisprudence 203 –204 290 –301 304
,
434 –435, 524 –528
statutes of limitations 1046
universal jurisdiction 979 –980 982
Shawcross, Sir Hartley 19
,
50 –52 69
Sierra Leone SCSL)
amnesties 1023
,
1031
,
1037 –1038 1043
atrocities 585
forced marriage 883
territorial jurisdiction 978
,
981
Soviet Union or Russia
drafting CAH 41
,
43
,
93
Estonia invasion 500
Georgia conflict 352
Spain
five Chapeau elements and policy element 557 –558 562
,
566 –567 570 –571
Jurisprudence 455
Franco-era crimes 459 –463
other jurisprudence 463 –465
scilingo and universal jurisdiction 455 –459
legislation ratifying ICC Statute into domestic criminal law 452 –455
stricto sensu principle 591
universal jurisdiction 964
,
984 –985 987
Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL) 200
,
203 –204 241 –258 279
,
301
,
303 –304
Specificity requirement 71
,
73
,
89
,
115
,
129
,
187
,
746
,
895
,
951
Srebrenica massacre 160
,
206
,
655
,
660
,
829
Sri Lanka
civil war and prosecutions 295 –296 397
Tamil Tigers conflict 225
,
451 –452 563
,
624
,
632
,
724
,
837
State responsibility 25
,
65
,
840
,
988
,
1013
Statutes of limitations 114 –118 199
,
268
,
293
,
413
,
467
,
471
,
491
,
505
,
509 –510 514
,
545
,
566
,
932
,
1011
,
1045 –1046
State policy 24
,
64 –65 95
,
112 –113 139
,
150 –151 179
,
190
,
223 –227 273
,
297 –299 339
,
366
,
387
,
425
,
477 –478 487
,
490
,
492
,
513
,
554 –555 560 –564 598
,
624 –625 900
,
1040
,
1068
,
1070 –1071
Streicher, Julius 54 –57 76
,
93
,
96
,
221
,
223
Sudan Omar al-Bashir) 308
,
337 –342 367
,
387
,
394
,
414
,
586
,
587
,
612
,
651
,
989
,
995 –1001 1040
,
1068
,
1073 –1074
Tadic, Prosecutor v. 147 –149 157 –159 176 –230 , 239
,
243
,
251
,
267 –270 319
,
323
,
373
,
389
,
397
,
424
,
489
,
546 –548 568
,
573
,
584
,
589 –599 609
,
620 –623 627
,
644
,
661
,
678
,
682
,
685 –695 700 –705 723
,
726
,
730 –733 741
,
833
,
906
,
919
,
1061 –1062
Taylor, Charles Serra Leone) 239
,
244
,
254 –266 303
,
438
,
993 –995 998
Terrorism
distinction between terrorism and CAH 564
,
628 –632 645
,
692
,
708
,
1066
,
1074
Tess, Nikolay Latvia) 507 –508
Threats to international peace
conceptual development of CAH 145 –149 155 –159 577 –595
intervention 619
,
636
,
1056 –1058
Tokyo Charter see IMTFE)
Tomuschat, Christian 70
,
90
,
939
,
982
Torture Convention 233
,
571
,
844
,
846
,
848
,
849
,
852 –855 1002 –1012
Turkey 20 –23 29 –231 51
,
69
,
104
,
161
,
182
,
191
,
813
,
887
,
936
,
1042
Uganda Idi Amin)
ICC current investigations 308
,
313 –314 325
,
608
,
675
,
716
Movement for the Liberation of the Congo 312
United Kingdom
defining and developing CAH 39
,
40 –47 93 –94 115
extra-territorial jurisdiction 569
five Chapeau elements and policy element 557
Jurisprudence 411 –412
legislation ratifying ICC Statute into domestic criminal law 409 –411
Pinochet Case 1001 –1002
universal jurisdiction 979 –980 984
United Nations Charter
background 97 –99 149
,
157
,
159
Chapter VII threat to international peace and international intervention 159
,
574 –589 593
,
594
,
619
,
636
,
725
,
988
,
1055 –1057
United Nations War Crimes Commission (UNWCC) 37 –38 104
,
178
,
594 –595
United States of America
defining and developing CAH 38
,
39 –47 78
,
93
,
115
,
121
,
129
,
161
extra-territorial jurisdiction 570
,
572
jurisprudence 413 –426
narrow jurisdiction 426 –430
no criminal proscription for CAH 412 –413
opposition to ICC 148
,
185
,
278
universal jurisdiction 992
US zone jurisprudence 101 –106
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, article 11
,
83
Universal jurisdiction of CAH 940 –992
Uruguay
amnesties 1023
,
1027
duty to prosecute and extradite 1020 –1021
extra-territorial jurisdiction 980
five Chapeau elements and policy element 557
,
561
,
565 –569 612
,
641
Jurisprudence 495 –497
legislation ratifying ICC Statute into domestic criminal law 494 –495
Van Schaack, Beth 54
,
112
Von Schirach, Baldur 54 –57
Von Feuerbach, Anselm 76
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 373
,
722
,
1071
Von Hodenberg, Hodo 77
War crimes
article 6(a) 45
,
47
,
54 –55 59
analysis 166 –168 185
,
658 –669 682
,
695
,
964
,
967 –968
humanity principle 149 –150
jurisdiction 38 –40 57 –65 141 –142 146
,
162 –163
jurisprudence 218
,
223
,
239
,
264
,
267
,
275
,
288
,
291 –297 305 –319 339
,
500
,
519
,
528
,
532
,
541
,
926 –927 987
mens rea 194 –195
prosecution pre-1945 10
,
28 –29
prosecution of Nazis 37 –38 40 –41 47
,
52 –59 74
,
81 –82 142
War nexus
original definition of CAH 37
,
42 –64 100 –101
departure from war nexus requirement 111 –114
Wechsler, Henry 68
,
77
Werle, Gerhard 70
,
602
,
626 –627 634
,
665
,
680
‘Widespread and systematic’ criteria
‘attack’ requirements 186 –188
‘civilian population’ 216
,
219
Chapeau requirements based on the Tadić and Kunarac decisions 212
,
250
,
274
,
295
,
355
,
402
,
553
,
601
ICTR, article 3
,
169 –172 180
ICTY, article 5
,
163 –166 602
Rome Statute, article 7(1) and () 2
,
603
UN Charter, Chapter VII 619
Woetzel, Robert 68
Yugoslavia ICTY and Bosnia-Herzegovina) 156 –157 159
,
168 –169 176
,
202
,
205
,
206
,
225
,
248
,
274
,
286
,
299
,
403
,
414
,
421
,
480
,
666
,
893
,
1065