3.1 The maps of the Mediterranean as a “region” (east at the bottom) in the extant manuscripts of the works of the geographers of the “atlas of Islam” school; ordered chronologically: Ibn Ḥawqal’s Ṣūrat al-arḍ (1 and 2: in Kamal, Monumenta, 3:264 and 266; A-I-2), al-Iṣṭakhrī’s Kitāb al-Masālik (3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 11: in Kamal, Monumenta, 3:173, 177, 182, 187, 193, 198, and 203; A-I-3, A-I-4, A-I-5, A-I-9, A-I-11, A-I-14, A-I-21), and al-Muqaddasī’s Kitāb Aḥsan al-taqāsīm (in Kamal, Monumenta, 3:288; A-I-22) 82
3.2 The Mediterranean as depicted in its whole in the 479/1086 manuscript of Ibn Ḥawqal’s Ṣūrat al-arḍ (left) and as depicted in a 751/1350 manuscript of the same work as a detail in a world map (in Kamal, Monumenta, 3:266 and 267; A-I-2 and A-I-12). Maps oriented with east at the bottom 85
3.3 The Mediterranean as depicted in the chapter on the Maghrib (east at the bottom) in Ibn Ḥawqal’s 479/1086 manuscript (left) and as transmitted in an abridged version of Ibn Ḥawqal’s work in manuscripts dated to c. 596/1200 (center) and 849/1445 (right) (in Kamal, Monumenta, 3:64, 72, and 266; A-I-2, A-I-6, and A-I-18) 86
3.4 Al-Muqaddasī’s cartographic depictions of the Mediterranean (east at the bottom) in a 900/1494 manuscript (left), and a map of the Maghrib in the same manuscript (right, top, with north at the bottom) and in a 658/1260 manuscript (right, below, with north at the bottom) (in Kamal, Monumenta, 3:288, 286, and 290; A-I-22 and A-I-8) 87
3.5 Al-Iṣṭakhrī’s 589/1193 manuscript (north at the bottom): The Mediterranean depicted as part of a world map (left) and as separate (right) (in Kamal, Monumenta, 3:170 and 173; A-I-5) 87
3.6 Al-Iṣṭakhrī’s 684/1287 manuscript: The world map (left, north at the bottom), the Mediterranean depicted as part of a world map (right, above, north at the bottom) and as separate (right, below, north at the bottom) (in Kamal, Monumenta, 3:178 and 182; A-I-9) 88
3.7 Al-Iṣṭakhrī’s 589/1193 manuscript: a detail of the Maghrib (east at the bottom) from a map of the Mediterranean (left) and the map of the Maghrib (right) (in Kamal, Monumenta, 3:172 and 173; A-I-5) 89
3.8 The map of Egypt and the Nile (north at the bottom) in Ibn Ḥawqal’s 479/1086 manuscript (left), al-Iṣṭakhrī’s 684/1287 manuscript (center), al-Muqaddasī’s 900/1494 manuscript (right) (in Kamal, Monumenta, 3:181, 205, and 289; A-I-2, A-I-9, and A-I-22) 89
3.9 The world map of al-Iṣṭakhrī’s 589/1193 manuscript (east at the bottom) with the Indian Ocean looking “as a bird” (Kamal, Monumenta, 3:170; A-I-5) 94
3.10 The Ṭaylaṣān: a diagram of ready-made forms of coastal formations drawn in the earliest Islamic cartographic manuscript dated to 428/1037 (in Sezgin, The Contribution, plate 23; A-I-1) 97
3.11 Comparing the Iṣṭakhrian (right) and the Ḥawqalian (left) maps of the Mediterranean (in Kamal, Monumenta, 3:182 and 264; A-I-2 and A-I-9) 100
4.1 Gharāʾib al-funūn wa-mulaḥ al-ʿuyūn, map of the Mediterranean made in the fifth/eleventh century (in Savage-Smith and Rapoport, An Eleventh-Century Egyptian Guide to the Universe, 30b–31a) 122
5.1 The map of the Mediterranean (originally north at the bottom, and here south at the bottom) from al-Idrīsī’s ‘world map’ as reconstructed by Konrad Miller after a 744/1344 manuscript of Nuzhat al-mushtāq (in al-Idrīsī, Weltkarte des Idrisi, ed. Konrad Miller, Band 1, Heft 2; A-II-3) 146
5.2 A model of a maritime map (qunbāṣ) in al-ʿUmarī b. Faḍlallāh’s Masālik al-abṣār fī mamālik al-amṣār in a manuscript dated to the first half of eighth/fourteenth century (in al-ʿUmarī, Masālik al-abṣār, ed. Sezgin, 1:174, fig. 19; A-II-9) 170
6.1 The Maghrib Chart, probably eighth/fourteenth century (in Soucek, “Islamic Charting,” fig. 14.1; B-I-1) 185
6.2 Comparing the rhumb line centers with regard to the cartographic outlines in the “Maghrib Chart” (left) and Dalorto’s 725–26/1325 sea map (right) 188
6.3 Al-Ṭanjī’s map made in 816/1413–14 in Tunis (in Mónica Herrera‐Casais, “The 1413–14 Sea Chart of Aḥmad al‐Ṭanjī,” 306; B-I-2) 190
6.4 A reconstruction of the rhumb line centers of al-Ṭanjī’s map, comparable to Pietro Vesonte’s 727–28/1327 maritime map 192
6.5 Ibrāhīm al-Mursī’s map made in 15 Ramaḍān 865/24 June 1461 in Tripoli, Syria (?) (in Herrera‐Casais, “Un mar para navegar,” fig. 1; B-I-3) 203
6.6 ʿAlī b. Aḥmad b. Muḥammad al-Sharfī’s ‘world map’ (north at the bottom) made in the beginning of Jumādā I 987/end of June 1579 (in Harley and Woodward (eds.), History of Cartography, vol. 2, book 1, plate 24; B-II-9) 208
6.7 ʿAlī b. Aḥmad b. Muḥammad al-Sharfī’s first sea atlas made in 1 Ramaḍān 2/958 September 1551. Two sectional maps representing the western Mediterranean. The original orientation is north at the bottom (in Chapoutot-Remadi, “Les Charfi,” 85–93; B-I-6) 209
6.8 ʿAlī b. Aḥmad b. Muḥammad al-Sharfī’s second sea atlas, made at the end of Jumādā II 979/mid-November 1571 in Qayrawān or Istanbul; two sectional maps representing the central Mediterranean (left) and a world map (right) (in Soucek, “Islamic Charting,” in History of Cartography, vol. 2, figs. 14.22 and 14.23; B-I-8) 209
6.9 A detail of Muḥammad b. ʿAlī b. Aḥmad al-Sharfī’s mappa mundo representing the Mediterranean (north at the bottom) made in the end of Dhū l-Qaʿda 1009/end of May 1601 (in Soucek, “Islamic Charting,” fig. 14.25; B-I-11) 211
6.10 A composite of ʿAlī b. al-Sharfī’s seven maps of his first atlas made in 1551/958 (B-I-6) 214
6.11 The discontinuity of the sectional maps of the 958/1551 sea atlas (B-I-6) 214
7.1 Maps of Algiers (left) and the Gulf of Tunis (right) from a 982/1574 copy of Piri Reis’ Kitabi Bahriye (in Ertugrul Zekai Ökte (ed.), Kitab-i Bahriye Pîrî Reis, 318A and 327A; B-II-6) 244
7.2 Maps of Algiers (left) and the Gulf of Tunis (right) from a late tenth-/sixteenth-century copy of Piri Reis’ Kitabi Bahriye (in Bülent Ari (ed.), Kitabi Bahriye. Piri Reis, 479 and 493; B-II-8) 244
7.3 The Ḥājj Abū l-Ḥasan’s Chart, first half of the tenth/sixteenth century (?) (in Soucek, “Islamic Charting,” in History of Cartography, vol. 2, fig. 14.4; B-I-5) 250
7.4 Mehmed Reʾīs of Menemen’s regional maritime map depicting the Aegean Sea made in 999/1590–91 (in Portolani e Carte Nautiche, map. 34; B-I-10) 251
7.5 The map of the western Mediterranean from Ali Maçar Reis’ sea atlas (in Özdemir, Ottoman Nautical, 133–152; B-I-7) 255
7.6 A diagram showing the disorder of al-Sharfi’s sea atlases, compared to the Ottoman sea atlases 258
7.7 Different outlines of the Nile Delta in three Ottoman atlases made after the middle of the tenth/sixteenth century: Ali Maçar Reis’ sea atlas (left, B-I-7), “Atlas-i Humayun” sea atlas (center, B-I-12), and the ‘Walters Deniz Atlas-i’ (right, B-I-13) 261