Acknowledgements VII
List of Illustrations IX
Introduction 1
Sikh Migration in the Context of Global Migration 1
Shanghai in the Translocal Networks 6
Revisiting Sikh Diaspora and British Imperial History 13
Rescuing Shanghai Sikhs from Nation 19
Sources and Structure 23
1
Establishing the Sikh Police Unit in Shanghai 25
Hong Kong as the Reference 26
The Rise and Decline of the Localization Policy in the smp 31
A Martial Race in Motion 35
“They were Unsuitable for Shanghai”: Rejecting the Sikh Scheme 44
New Bottle with Old Wine: Revival of the Sikh Scheme 49
Conclusion 53
A Peasant’s Son in the Punjab 61
Optimizing the Migration Plan 68
The Road to Shanghai 72
Accommodating the Sikhs 74
Policing Hongkou 82
“A Man Who Gives Considerable Trouble” 88
An Unending End 93
Conclusion 94
3
Kill Buddha Singh: The Indian Nationalist Movement in Shanghai, 1914–1927 100
Go to North America! 101
The Rise of the Ghadar Party 105
The Politicization of Sikhs in Shanghai 108
Turning to the Left 113
From Hankou to Shanghai: The Ghadar Hubs in China 117
The Rise of a Surveillance Network 131
Conclusion 137
4
A Lone Islet or A Center of Communications? Shanghai Sikhs and The Indian National Army 140
The Birth of the ina and the Reconciliation of Shanghai Sikhs 140
The ina in Crisis and the Hardship of Shanghai Sikhs 147
Subhas Chandra Bose and the Total Mobilization 149
The Mobilization of the Sikhs in Shanghai 154
The End of a Legend 156
Conclusion 158
Conclusion:
Circulation, Networks, and Subalterns in Global History 163
Bibliography 173
Index 203