Index

; and active (citizenship), 15, 30, 42, 185; and acts (performativity) of citizenship, 15, 17, 30, 96, 311, 471–3, 478–85, 523–9; and agency, 2, 16, 526; and alienation, 229; and anti-sectarianism, 118; and Arab Uprisings, 2–3, 98, 175, 247, 251, 254, 266, 296, 308–16, 333, 421, 436, 439, 461–3, 471–4, 490, 500–3, 512, 524; and assimilation, 14; and civic identity, 123; and citizenship regimes, 6, 12, 14, 20, 28, 75, 79, 80, 99, 235, 246–50, 263, 265, 384; definition of, 67; citizen rights, 6, 7, 8, 10, 14, 20, 22, 45, 62–63, 130, 134, 144, 230–5, 274, 298, 324–8, 358, 377, 473, 488–508; citizenship studies (theory), 3–5, 16, 17, 31–32, 67, 175–6, 178, 198, 219, 512–30; civility (civic spirit, civicness), 6, 48, 60, 92, 137; ideological history of, 26; and civil (civic) state, 10, 26, 92, 116, 117, 216, 323, 330, 335; and civil society, 5, 9, 16, 89, 105, 115, 142, 149, 162, 251, 355, 422; and civil rights, 13, 14, 21, 30, 98–9, 183, 203, 207, 231, 328, 447, 503, 512; class (struggle), 22, 83, 105, 112, 121, 122, 134, 138, 444; and clientelism (and patronage) and, 12, 22, 29, 74, 77, 82, 87, 110, 112, 115, 149–171, 248–54, 263, 409–431, 490–1, 508; and collective rights, 234; and colonial bargain 73, 99, 248; and colonialism, 41–63, 67-; 107, 248, 518–525, 528, 529; and the common (general) good, 17, 25, 304, 479; and community (religious), 207, 329; concepts (notions and theories) of citizenship, 6, 20, 25, 76, 131, 133, 142, 185, 297–316, 322, 329–30, 349–53, 356–8, 359–67, 379, 383, 474, 476–85, 503–7, 522–4; and crisis of, 1, 2, 3; cross-class coalitions, 132; cross-ideological coalitions and, 9, 322; cross-sectarian coalitions, 111; and cultural rights, 8, 78, 91, 513; democratic citizenship, 131, 150, 152, 161, 171, 248, 263, 409–10, 416; and demos, 130, 133; and de-politicisation, 88, 90, 183; and de-mobilisation, 183; and dignity, 137; and discourse of rights, 53, 76, 506, 511; and discrimination, 28, 68, 98, 225; and duties of, 27, 298; and equal duties, 59, 206, 303, 324, 328; and economic rights, 55, 78, 91, 98, 133, 137, 300–1, 437, 438, 447, 459–60, 471; economic citizenship, 504, 507; emergency laws, 61; everyday citizenship, 96–7, 125; equal rights, 10, 11, 12, 69, 75, 76, 88, 91, 99, 112, 115, 116, 118–9, 253, 297–8, 301, 324, 328, 334–35, 445–52, 459, 502; exclusion, 2, 6, 12, 14, 20, 27, 28, 68, 70, 78, 79, 88–9, 98, 225–6, 344–52, 377, 459, 474, 490–1; extent, content and depth 12–38, 176, 178, 189–99, 353; and family law, 437; foreign intervention, 12; and foreign privileges, 46, 49, 263; foreign residents, 504; and freedom of association (assembly), 59, 137, 143, 204; and freedom of speech (press), 10, 14, 25, 51, 53, 59, 62, 137, 143, 204, 208, 218, 301, 482; and freedom of religion, 143, 381, 385, 387, 388, 393; graded citizenship, 70, 83, 208–9, 227, 232, 234, 498; hierarchy of 24, 230–35; and housing, 454–8; human agency and, 10; human rights, 51, 96, 142, 156, 493, 500, 503; and identity (politics), 8, 14, 79, 80, 88–9, 105, 107, 111–112, 116, 226, 307 (cultural/authenticity), 234–5, 307; illegal residents, 502–4; and Islamic identity, 123; inclusion and, 3, 6, 11, 12, 21, 22, 68, 78, 91, 99, 106, 115, 126, 152, 306, 312, 321–22, 490–1, 518; individualism, 140, 306, 321; jinsiyya, 179, 189, 193, 253, 450; and justice, 298; and legitimacy, 12, 24, 110, 130, 138, 139, 146, 248, 257, 266, 383; liberalisation (economic), 185; and marginalisation, 225; migrant rights, 230–234, 440, 495–6, 511, 526; and migration, 18, 224; minorities, 68, 234, 377–8, 387, 388, 495–6; and minority rights, 47, 49, 97; minority studies and, 4–5; and migration and, 4, 224–238; mobilisation (see also contestation), 132, 252, 254; and differences between monarchies and republics, 80, 176, 248; muwatana (muwatin), 6, 25, 26, 179, 189, 210, 305, 325, 331, 338, 353, 503, 506–7; and nation (watan), 105, 133, 189, 227, 299, 325; and nation-building, 105, 133–4, 384, 392; nationalist movement, 67, 74–6; and nationalisation, 83–4, 89; and nationality laws, 45–6, 59, 445–52, 495–6, 488–508; and naturalisation, 226–7, 229, 231–2, 240–1, 491–2, 498, 503; and natural law, 506; and non-citizens, 17, 31, 68, 438, 440, 488–508, 522; and non-Muslims, 300, 305–6, 320, 322–4, 328, 334–5, 398–99; and obedience, 206, 514–8; and parliamentary system, 439; passport, 253 (see alsojinsiyya) patriarchy (paternalism), 87, 153, 155; and patronage (clientelism); personal status law, 381; performativity, 517–8; and planning, 83–5; and pluralism, 130; and political participation (political citizenship, politicisation), 60, 93–4, 156, 181, 183, 248, 301, 321, 323, 440, 443–45, 475, 480–5; and political rights and, 13, 14, 21, 23, 48, 83, 89, 98–9, 135, 181, 183, 186, 203–4, 234–5, 253, 300, 328, 512; (state) politics of citizenship, 247, 385, 512; in practice, 522; primordial bonds, 5, 248; and public order, 385–87, 393, 395; public sector, 83–4, 111, 184; and foreign privileges, 69–71; refugees, 253, 511, 526; regional rivalries, 257–62; and rentier-state, 204, 207, 226, 228–35, 249–50; and religious rights, 142; and repression, 90, 252; and rule of law, 10, 11, 12, 74, 112, 142, 144, 274–5, 282, 287, 322; and sectarianism, 12, 110, 112, 118, 121–3, 232, 529; security, 226; and segregation, 236; sexual rights, 513; and Shariʿa, 274; social contract (pact), 11, 67–8, 79–81, 91–9, 111, 129, 132, 182, 204, 219, 248, 356–7, 440; and social engineering, 84; and social media, 151, 204; and social rights, 8, 11, 14, 21, 23, 30, 91, 98–9, 133, 134, 183, 203, 301, 453, 459, 471, 512; and social justice, 6, 26, 80, 188, 302; and social movements, 94–5, 105, 488–508; and sovereignty of the people, 27, 43, 76, 82, 130, 216, 297, 312, 334, 358; and state boundaries, 251; subjects, 274, 514–8, 526; and thin citizenship, 15; and statelessness (bidun), 7, 30, 31, 230, 232; and legal status, 70, 235, 274, 488–9; and terrorism laws, 144; transparency, 439; tribalism, 230, 303, 529; and trust, 248, 266; umma, 305; and unemployment, 132, 184; and weak states, 250; and the welfare state, 91, 135, 203; and women’s rights, 4, 19, 21, 25, 28, 30, 74, 82, 143, 152, 160, 211–2, 225, 232, 286, 322, 327–8, 388, 439–67, 502

Citoyennité

Civil rights movement in the United States

Civil society (see citizenship)

Civil society

Coalition of Revolutionary Opposition Forces

120

Colonialism (see citizenship)

Communism

302; in Egypt

83; in Iraq

Communitarianism

383

Constitutions

42; after the Arab Uprisings

–

; in mandate Iraq,

–

59; under the Egyptian monarchy

–

59; and Egyptian Constitution of 1923

384; and Egyptian Constitution of 1971

383; and Egyptian Constitution of 2012

329

–

375

–

387

–

397; Egyptian Constitution of 2014

398

–

; in Jordan ,

182

; in Morocco

150

; in mandate Palestine

–

59; in Saudi Arabia

(Basic Law of Governance), 206; in Trans-Jordan, 43–5; in Tunisia, 129–30, 142–3; in Dubai, 236; Ottoman constitution, 321–2; in Syria, 331; Medina Constitution, 325, 331

Consular jurisdiction

–

Contestation (mobilisation)

–

–

–

; in Morocco 475–85; in Egypt ,

475

–

; repertoires of ,

296

478

–

500

–

; of bidun in Kuwait, 488–508

Copts

–

Corporatism

–

Cosmopolitanism

Cromer, Lord

Crony capitalism

113

116

135

al-Dajani, Ahmad Sidqi

al-Dakhil, Khalid

Dashti, Rola

–

Democracy

414; lack of democracy

263

265; Islamic democracy

322

Dhimmi (ahl al-dhimma)

–

Dubai

Economic liberalisation

Effendi, Shoghi

Egypt

–

–

; Arab Socialist union,

83; Arab Uprisings

310

–

; and clientelism ,

421

426

(see citizenship); Egyptian Constitution of 2014, 398–99 (see also constitutions); and Copts 7; Britain in 42; and elections, 93–4; and fellahin, 71; foreigners in, 71; freedom of speech 53; and judges in 7; and labour movement, 55–6, 77–8; minorities in, 74; National Charter, 82; and political rights under the British 50; and unravelling of the authoritarian bargain, 91 (see also authoritarian bargain); and Salafi reformists, 215–7; and the Wafd Party 74; youth, 471–485

Elalamy, Moulay Hafid

El Fassi, Abbas

El Himma, Fouad Ali

–

El Kheil, Fatna

El Ouadi, Salah

El Yazghi, Mohamed

Emir Abdallah al-Salem

Emon, Anver

Eisenhower

Elections

–

475; in Tunisia

130

Ennahda

139

Exclusion (see citizenship)

al-Fadhli, Abdul Hakim

503

al-Failakawi, Shuruq

464

al-Fassi, Allal

al-Faysal, Saʿud

Free Syrian Army

Ferguson, Michaele

gcc

–

Gender rights (women’s rights)

–

–

–

Ghannouchi, Rachid

335

Gorman, Anthony

Greater Syria

106

Greeks

Gulf: authoritarian bargain

–

; migrant laws ,

; and migrants ,

–

–

; and nationality 225; kafala system 230–1, 234, 237, 239; and high modernism, 227, 237; and naturalisation of migrants, 226–7, 229, 231–2; and rentier-state, 204, 207, 226, 228, 232–6; and graded citizenship, 232; as “besieged” society, 233–5, 242; and identity, 234–5

al-Haj Saleh, Yassin

Hallaq, Wael

Halliday, Fred

Hamed, ʿAbdallah

Hammoudi, Abdallah

Hanafi, Hasan

Hassan ii

Hawwa, Saʿid

Heikal, Mohammed Hasannein

304

Hinnebusch, Raymond

Hizb al-Nour

–

–

Hizb al-Wasat

Hizb al-Watan

Hmam, Anas

Horizontalism

Hudson, Michael

Human rights organisations

96; Morocco 9

96; Tunisia 9

Hurd, Elizabeth Shakman

Hussein (King)

Hussein, Louay

Hussein, Saddam

Huwaydi, Fahmi

–

Liberal democracies

Ibn Khaldun

Ibn Taymiyya

ʿImara, Muhammad

imf

Intellectuals

–

Iran

–

–

Iraq

–

248

258

–

261; and Ahali Group

51; and Great Britain in 41; and colonial rule

73; and labour movement

–

; and republic of fear ,

; and Shiʿis ,

; and isis, 98

Isin, Engin

–

Iskander, Adel

310

–

312

Islam: Islam and politics

273

ʿulama, 273, 232–5; and subjects, 274; turath (heritage), 306; asala (authenticity), 307; Medina Constitution, 325

Islamic identity

123

Islamic movement

19; and discourse of citizenship 14; cultural exclusion 14

Islamic law

; common good (al-maslaha al-ʿamma), 17, 25, 333; hisba 25; equal rights non-Muslims 26, 323; kuffar 26, 323; duties 27; civil state, 335

Islamic state

324

Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (isis)

Islamism

Islamists

Ismail, Salwa

Israel

Jbabdi, Latifa

Jabhat al-Nusra

al-Jabri, Muhammad ʿAbid

al-Jassar, Salwa

–

al-Jawhar, Hassan

499

Jews

89; in Egypt

–

; in Iraq ,

; in Tunisia ,

; in Algeria,

Jihadism (jihadis)

119

122

–

jinsiyya

–

jizya

–

Jordan (Trans-Jordan)

–

175

–

199

262

–

; and Arab Uprisings ,

187

–

; and austerity measures ,

; and clientelism,

421

; and elections ,

–

; constitution of 1952,

182

; de-politicisation, 183; 187; National Charter, 185–6; and national identity, 190–97; and economic liberalisation, 186; and political parties, 183; and political rights, 181; and politicisation, 185; “Transjordan for the Transjordanians,” 182

Judiciary

112

Judaism

329

388

Justice and Freedom Party (fdp)

kafala system

230

–

234

237

–

Kacem, Mehdi Belhaj

311

Karpat, Kemal

382

al-Kawakibi, ʿAbd al-Rahman

322

Khaddam, ʿAbdul-Halim

110

Khalid, Khalid Muhammad

Kifaya

Koudama, Fetoum

Al-Khayir, Abdelaziz

Kurds

Kuwait

–

; and bidun, 488–508; bidun social movement, 500–3; and housing, 454–456; and migrants, 441; nationality laws, 447, 495–6; naturalisation, 503; and social contract, 440; and women rights, 440–67

Labour (movement)

–

132

134

; and nationalism,

59; migrant labour

(the Gulf), 224–243

Lachguer, Driss

164

Lahjouji, Abderrahim

168

League of Nations

Lebanon

–

–

Liberalism (liberals)

116

; in Saudi Arabia ,

203

212

–

Libya

Al-Madi, Abu al-ʿAla

Maghraoui, Driss

Mahmood, Saba

Makiya, Kanan

makrama

Maktabi, Rania

Makhlouf, Rami

Makhyun, Yunus

al-Maliki, Abdullah

Manaʾ, Haytham

Mansour, ʿAdli

March, Andrew

–

Marshall, T.H.

al-Mawardi

Meijer, Roel

–

–

Migrants, position in the Gulf

495

–

(see also citizenship)

Millet (milla)

107

329

380

; and nation-state, 382

Minorities

–

109

116

(see also citizenship)

Mohamed vi

156

; and concessions civil rights,

156

Monarchies

–

; Moroccan monarchy ,

152

–

Morocco: in general

250

–

; al-Adl wa-l-Ihsan, 169, 306, 484; Amazigh (Berbers), 8, 97; amdh, 8; and austerity measures, 91; and civil society, 9, 22, 162, 165-; colonial rule, 72, 74; democratic citizenship, 150, 161, 171; and elections, 93–4; Equity and Reconciliation Commission, 165; and exclusion, 158; February 20 Movement, 9, 10, 11, 22, 150, 152, 167, 472, 475–6, 483; and freedom of press, 156; al-Istiqlal Party, 78–9, 156, 163–4; and the monarchy, 152–5, 165–7; and Moudawana, 156, 160; and neo-patrimonialism, 153; Party of Authenticity and Modernity (pam Party), 155, 165; Party of Progress and Socialism (pps), 156; Party of Justice and Development (pjd), 10, 11, 156, 158, 165–7, 251; increasing strength of the monarchy, 159; and political parties, 152–171; and Socialist Union of Popular Forces (usfp), 157, 164; and Tamazight, 98; tansiqiyyat, 9, 96; and trade unions, 95; women rights, 160–7; youth, 30, 471–85

Morsi (Mursi), Muhammad

Mortada, Leyl-Zahra

–

al-Moubarak, Maʾsouma

–

Mourtada, Fouad

Mubarak, Hosni

Mounjib, Mâati

Muqaddam, Muhammad Ismaʿil

354

Muslim Brotherhood: in Egypt

–

424; and authoritarian state

(see alsoauthoritarianism); and civil state, 323; and democracy, 320–1; and concepts of citizenship, 322, 326–8, 329–30, 351, 395–6; and Egyptian Constitution of, 212, 229–30, 321; eviction from power, 321; in Jordan, 183; in Kuwait, 458; and legitimacy, 321; political participation, 323; political reform programme, 326–8; and post-Islamism, 92; in Syria, 10, 89, 93, 112, 116, 123, 322, 327, 330; Freedom and Justice Party, 328, 365; and secularism, 529; shura, 323

Nabulsi, Suleiman

Nahda

Naʿini, Muhammad Husayn

305

Najjar, Ghanim

499

Nasser, Gamal Abd al-

255

–

301

Nation

105

Nationalism

Nationality laws

(see alsocitizenship)

Naturalisation

–

–

(

citizenship )

Neo-Destour Party

Neo-liberalism

Neo-patrimonialism

–

Obama

Orientalism

–

Ottoman Empire

–

526

–

; Tanzimat,

106

; and millet, 381–2

Palestine

–

Palestinians

Pakistan

Pan-Arabism

–

Pan-Islamism

107

Pan-Syrianism

107

Patriarchy

Patrimonialism

Patriotism

Peres, Shimon

pkk

plo

–

Pluralism

130

Political liberalisation

113

Political parties

–

183

Political participation: in Morocco

105; in Saudi Arabia

204; in Egypt

354

(

citizenship )

Politicisation

203

Poljarevic, Emin

Popular Committee for the Bidun

–

Public sector

pyd

Post-Islamism

Pluralism

Public order

al-Qahtani, Muhammad

214

al-Qahtani, Muhammad bin Ghanim

Qaradawi, Yusuf

-Muslims; 323–5; on shura, 324; reform in Egypt, 327; common good (al-maslaha al-ʿamma), 333; in defence of Mursi 333

Al-Qarni, ʿAyidh

216

Qasim, Abd al-Karim

Al- Qassemi, Sultan Sooud

Qatar

Qutb, Sayyid

–

al-Raggal, Aly

Ramadan, Oula

Rançière, Jacques

rawafid

rcd

Refugees

Reimer, Michael

Repression

Republics

rhizomatic

311

Rida, Rashid

300

Rifai, Ola

Rifai, Samir

187

Rouissi, Khadija

168

Ruedy, John

Saʿadun, Ahmad

497

al-Sabah, Sheika Fawzia bint Salim

al-Sadat, Anwar

Salafism

; and ahl al-dhimma, 353; and allegiance, 344, 364–5; civic virtue, 354; and civility (rifq), 340; and conceptualisation of citizenship, 349–53, 356–8, 359–67; and exclusion, 344–52; and “friend” and “enemy,” 338–9, 343–46, 366; and hisba, 341; and inequality, 345, 364–67; in Kuwait, 454, 458; and manhaj, 343; and the Egyptian military, 357; and the nation-state, 340, 347, 349; and Nour Party, 354; and people’s sovereignty, 349, 358; and the political, 343–46; and political participation, 348; and politics 27, 343–7, 352–56; practices and doctrine, 338–41; in Saudi Arabia, 218, 359–62; and state sovereignty, 349; in Syria, 113, 116, 122; in Tunisia, 138, 139, 140, 143; and secularism, 529; al-walaʾ wa-l-baraʾ (loyalty and disavowal) 27, 346, 348, 366; and wali al-amr, 27

Sater, James

Saudi Arabia

–

–

–

; Arab Uprising ,

; Basic Law of Governance ,

; citizen rights ,

–

; concepts of citizenship ,

218

; economic liberalisation ,

110

; and freedom of speech ,

218

; graded citizenship ,

208

; Islamic Umma Party ,

209

; and liberals ,

209

–

; makrama 23, 27, 360; and mobilisation (lack of), 205; and modernists 11; and naturalisation, 241; and political rights, 203, 209; and rule of law 11; and religious establishment, 205; Shiʿis in, 97, 203, 209–11; social contract, 203, 207–8; social media, 204, 217; social rights, 203, 217; repression uprisings in Bahrain 12; gender rights, 211–2; and Salafism, 215–8, 359–362; Saudi Civil and Political Rights Association (acpra), 214; Saudi-Egyptian axis, 257–62; and sectarianism, 216; wali al-amr, 203, 206; women’s rights, 211–3

al-Sayf, Tawfiq

209

Schmitt, Carl

227

Scott, Rachel

Sectarianisation

122

Sectarianism

113

–

114

Secularism (secularists)

Shaqfa, Muhammad

Shariʿa

; apostasy ,

; and citizenship ,

; codification of ,

; dhimmi, 286; and (hadd) hudud, 276, 280, 283, 288, 335; and huquq Allah, 275–80, 285, 287–8; and istihsan, 282; justice, 287; and kufr, 390; in Kuwait, 438, 442, 464; and maqasid, 278–81, 335; and maslaha (istislah), 282; and mazalim courts, 281–5, 288, 290–92; muhtasib, 285–6; non-Muslims, 122; and rights 274–5; rule of law, 274, 282; and the ruler (imam), 277–9; al-siyasa al-sharʿiyya, 279–286, 290–92; “spirit of the Shariʿa,” 279–80, 288; and status, 274; and taxes, 277

al-Sharif, Manal

212

–

Sheikha Awrad

Shiʿa (Shiʿi)

; in Iran ,

; in Saudi Arabia ,

–

; in Kuwait ,

440

Schmitt, Carl

344

Sidqi, Aziz

al-Sisi, Abd al-Fattah

–

Skovgaard-Petersen, Jakob

Social contract

( see also authoritarian bargain )

Social movements (see also contestation)

347

; in Tunisia ,

132

136

; social movement theory ,

150

; and Arab Uprisings ,

–

; in Jordan ,

182

; and Salafism ,

347

Springborg, Robert

151

–

Stenslie, Stig

Sudan

Syria

–

–

–

; anti-sectarianism, 118–120; and Arab Uprisings, 310; Baʿathism, 114; and civil society, 105, 113, 115; civil state, 124; civil war, 253, 310; and colonial rule, 73, 75; and cross-sectarianism, 113, 117; and Damascus Spring, 21, 113; and identity, 111, 117, 123; and isis, 98; and land reform, 83; militarisation of the Uprising, 118; public sector, 83; nation-building, 105–7; regime repression 11; rule of Hafez al-Asad, 87–8; and sectarianism 118–23; Syrian and National Congress, 120; and Tsunami Freedom Movement, 118–9; and tansiqiyyat, 125; unravelling of the authoritarian bargain, 91

Syrian Socialist Nationalist Party

108

Tahrir Square

478

al-Tahtawi, Rifaʿi Rafaʿa

298

300

Tangier

Taylor, Charles

307

Tizini, Tayyib

307

Traboulsi, Fawwaz

312

Trade unions: and Arab Uprisings

–

; in Egypt ,

; in Morocco ,

150

; in Tunisia ,

131

142

Trucial States

Tully, James

518

–

521

Tunisia

–

129

–

252

; citizenship rights,

; civil society,

; elections

; and family law,

; ferghala uprising, 90; freedom of religion, 143; National Pact, 82; national unity, 130, 134, 137–8; political rights, 135; Salafism, 138, 139, 140, 143; social pact, 129, 132, 134–5, 138; sovereignty of the people, 130–144; surveillance, 136; utica, 142; tunisianité, 22, 88, 131, 140–4

Turkmen

107

United Arab Emirates (uae)

224

237

United States of America (usa)

264

Valbjørn, Morten

Vikør, Knut

Vilayet e-faqih

wali al-amr

Wedeen, Lisa

Willis, Michael

Working class

Wasatiyya

305

394

–

Yazidis

Yemen

248

261

426

Youssoufi, Abderrahman

154

164

Youth

30; acts of citizenship

471

–

; and economic rights,

471

; in Egypt ,

471

–

; exclusion 474–5; in Morocco,

168

471

; and parliamentary elections ,

475

478

; and police repression ,

482

–

; political participation,

475

–

; in Saudi Arabia,

203

; in Syria,

117

–

; in Tunisia,

135

136

188

Zemni, Sami

Zionism

393

Zizek

308

313

–

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The Crisis of Citizenship in the Arab World

Series: Social, Economic and Political Studies of the Middle East and Asia, Volume: 116

E-Book ISBN:: 9789004340985

Publisher:: Brill

Print Publication Date:: 20 Apr 2017

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