Aboh
111
aboriginal title
91n90
,
230n51
,
231
,
231n53
,
273n89–92
,
274
,
274n93
absolute
14
,
34
,
35
,
40
,
40n28
,
46
,
49
,
50
,
53
,
54
,
60
,
64
,
74
,
87n67
,
101
,
109
,
110
,
122
,
169
,
202
,
208
,
230
,
279
access to land
45
,
151
,
190
accountability see responsibility
acquisition
derivative
77
,
189
of Africa
1n1
,
18
,
19
,
32
,
34
,
50
,
52
,
73
,
79
,
92
,
93
,
96
,
138
,
140
,
174
,
189
,
191
,
215
,
227
,
228
,
234
,
241
,
244
,
250
,
251
,
253
,
259
,
260
,
268
,
269
,
270
,
271
,
279
,
280
,
281
,
282
,
283
,
285
,
286
,
287
,
290
,
291
of land
38
,
124
,
124n73
,
126
,
131
,
158
,
183n26
,
204n73
,
207
,
209
,
218
,
231
of property
46
,
127
,
146
,
182
,
223
of sovereignty
50
,
120
,
127
,
146
,
164
,
172
,
193
,
194n52
,
211
,
212
,
213
,
222
,
255
,
288
of territory
5
,
6
,
6n17
,
6n19
,
16
,
18
,
25
,
32
,
38
,
41n34
,
50
,
62n38
,
63n42
,
71
,
72
,
76n19
,
78
,
86
,
88n74
,
89
,
97
,
107
,
121
,
144
,
145
,
147
,
151
,
165
,
168
,
169
,
179
,
182
,
185
,
187
,
191
,
192
,
197
,
201n67
,
202
,
211
,
212
,
213
,
229
,
231
,
248n7
,
249
,
251n20
,
269n70
,
286
,
289
,
290
of title
5n13
,
69
,
70n3
,
121
,
221n26
,
236
,
248
,
251n20
,
253n25
original
77
,
146
acquisition mode see mode of acquisition
Act of Berlin
143n21
,
178
,
217n8
,
227
Act of State
121
,
133
,
135
,
136
,
169
,
234
doctrine
130
,
135
,
136
,
228
,
230
,
232
Adeyinka Oyekan
135
,
136
,
233n68
administration
43
,
45n52
,
47
,
69n57
,
89
,
97
,
100
,
102
,
104
,
105
,
106n36
,
118
,
119
,
130
,
134
,
139
,
142
,
158
,
159
,
161
,
163
,
166
,
167
,
179
,
181
,
190
,
201
,
202
,
206
,
209
,
211
,
218
adventurer
32
,
144
African ruler see native ruler
Age of Empire
71
age of New Imperialism
1
,
3
,
4
,
9
,
14
,
15
,
16
,
20
,
24
,
26
,
27
,
31
,
32
,
34
,
58
,
68
,
95
,
107
,
229
,
234
,
237
,
238
,
251
,
253n51
,
277
,
282
,
285
,
286
,
289
,
290
agreement
6
,
19
,
31
,
56
,
74n12
,
77
,
78n28
,
80
,
82
,
83
,
84
,
85
,
86
,
87
,
88n71
,
89
,
91n87
,
95
,
98
,
99
,
106
,
107
,
108
,
110
,
111
,
112
,
113
,
114n52
,
115
,
119
,
120
,
129
,
137
,
139
,
156
,
158
,
171
,
179
,
184
,
186
,
187
,
194
,
197
,
203
,
219
,
220
,
221
,
222
,
226
,
253
,
254
,
255
,
270n74
,
274n98
,
275n100
,
278
Ajibola
131n85
,
255
Akitoye
107
,
108
Akwa
180
,
191
,
193
,
195
Alexandrowicz, Charles Henry
1n1
,
12n41
,
13n47
,
14
,
15
,
16
,
20
,
23n78
,
24
,
58n25
,
60
,
74
,
75
,
76n19
,
76n22
,
77n22
,
80n36
,
80n38
,
82n42
,
87
,
90
,
91n85
,
93n94
,
111n47
,
147n32
,
147n35
,
149n41
,
155n54
,
156n55
,
157
,
165n79
,
186n34
,
217
,
220n22
,
221
,
222n28
,
225n35
,
226n37–38
,
232n58
,
236
,
237n79
,
239n84
,
241n88
Algeria
140
,
142
,
144
,
147
Al-Khasawneh
255
allocation
36
,
47
,
59
,
64
,
69n57
,
123
,
124
,
133
,
134
,
162
,
164
,
201
,
203
,
214
,
273n88
Alsace-Lorraine
139
Amapetu
114
America see United States (of America)
Amodu Tijani
41
,
43
,
63
,
125n74
,
133n91
,
133n93
,
134
,
216n2
,
233n68
anachronism
11
,
27
,
28
,
29
,
30
,
259
Anglo-French treaty
145
Anglo-German Agreement
253
Anglo-German (cession) Treaty
255
annexation
3
,
107n40
,
132
,
159
,
160
,
172
,
179
,
180n20
,
192n49
,
193
,
194
,
195n54
,
196n57
,
198
,
199
,
217n8
,
221
,
222
,
225
,
230
,
233n67
,
241
,
287
apology
9n35
,
17
,
28n85
,
53n8
,
57n23
,
58n24
,
259n45
,
267n66
,
268n67–68
applicability
59
,
60
,
77
,
84n54
,
86n67
,
150
,
167
,
168
,
169
,
187
,
188
,
220
,
223
,
224
,
225
,
227
,
231
,
236
,
251
,
287
,
290
apprehension
20
assimilation
100
,
141
,
142
,
144n23
,
160
,
164
,
199
,
263n51
Australia
231n54
,
260n47
,
263n51
,
273
authority
6
,
14n48
,
15
,
19
,
37
,
41
,
44
,
45n52
,
47
,
49
,
51
,
53
,
54
,
55
,
56n15
,
61n33
,
62
,
63
,
64
,
65
,
69n57
,
70
,
73
,
79
,
80
,
86
,
88
,
89n77
,
90
,
91n86
,
92
,
97
,
102
,
104
,
113
,
120
,
122n67
,
127
,
128
,
129
,
134
,
149
,
156
,
158
,
160
,
162
,
165
,
172
,
193
,
194
,
195
,
196
,
199
,
201
,
202
,
204
,
205
,
209
,
210
,
213
,
217
,
218
,
219n16–17
,
225
,
233
,
234n69
,
235
,
253
,
255
,
257
,
288
Aymès
151
Badagry
110
Bagroo
110
balance of power
56
,
141
,
176
barbarian
98
,
104
,
277
Basler Mission
183
,
206
Bata
157
Batanga
148n39
,
150n43
,
180
behaviour
xi
,
13
,
15n51
,
39
,
87
,
134
,
251
Bamiléké
187n35
,
207n83
,
212
,
234n68
Batékes
153
,
154
,
156
Belgium
4
,
6n16
,
184
Bell
180
,
191
,
193
,
195
,
209
Benin
66
,
103
,
272n83
Benue Rivers
100
Bériby
150
Berlin Act see Act of Berlin
Berlin Conference see Conference of Berlin
Besitzergreifung
182
,
191
,
203n72
,
204n74
Bey-Scherbro
150
Bezirksamtman
201
bias see biased nature
bilateral treaty
50
,
59
,
79
,
80
,
92
,
93
,
94
,
115
,
144
,
146
,
147
,
154
,
159
,
174
,
191
,
199
,
213
,
214
,
215
,
243
,
287
Billigkeit
205
Bilogue
151
,
152
Bimbia
179
,
180
,
183
,
196
binding force
16
,
84
,
85n61
,
236
Bismarck, Otto von
5n12
,
6
,
75n18
,
76n19
,
99
,
129n82
,
143n21
,
174
,
175
,
176
,
177
,
178
,
179
,
180
,
181
,
182
,
189
,
194n52
,
197
bona fides
see good faith
Bonny
96
,
103
,
128
border
64
,
77n27
,
103
,
145
,
184n27
,
191
,
197
,
253n25
,
271
,
272
,
276
border lines
4
Bougarel
151
Boulounkoun-Dafa
157
boundary
xi
,
184n30
,
252n24
,
253
,
254n26
,
254n28
,
255
,
261n48
,
271n80–82
,
272n84
Boungé
150
Brass
96
,
103
Brazzaville
144
,
165
breach see violation
Brière de l’Isle, M.G.
150
British Nigeria
72
,
94
,
95
,
96n2
,
104n32
,
105n34
,
127
,
234
,
286
Bussa
103
,
104
Büttner, C.G.
198
Cagnut
149
Calabar
96
,
102
,
113
,
193n50
,
254
,
255
,
256
,
257
,
280
Cameroon
1
,
31
,
32
,
45n49
,
99
,
100
,
145
,
174
,
177n10
,
178
,
179
,
180
,
181
,
182
,
183
,
184
,
185
,
186
,
188
,
189
,
190
,
191
,
192
,
193
,
194
,
195
,
196
,
197
,
198
,
199
,
200
,
201
,
203
,
204
,
205
,
206
,
207n79
,
208
,
209
,
210
,
211
,
212
,
213
,
214
,
215
,
218n10
,
252
,
253
,
254n26
,
254n28
,
255
,
256
Cameroons v. Nigeria
258
,
259
,
261
,
271n82
,
272n84
,
280
Canada
140
,
242
,
273n91
capacity
19
,
37
,
47n61
,
56n20
,
76n22
,
77n22
,
78
,
81
,
89
,
91n86
,
93
,
94
,
101
,
111
,
133
,
147
,
148
,
152
,
186
,
235
,
256
,
287
Cape Lopez
149
Cape St. John
179
Cape to Cairo
100
capitalism
2
,
56
,
205
,
210
caste
36
Cayor
148n39
,
150
Central Africa
45n48
,
140
,
145
,
197
cession
55n12
,
72
,
76
,
77
,
81
,
86
,
87n67
,
88
,
89
,
93
,
101
,
106n38
,
107
,
108n41
,
109
,
110
,
111
,
112
,
113
,
115
,
118
,
119
,
121
,
122
,
123n71
,
124
,
133
,
134
,
135
,
137
,
145
,
146
,
150
,
153
,
157n56
,
158
,
159
,
160
,
169
,
185
,
188
,
192
,
193
,
195
,
196
,
198
,
202
,
211
,
215
,
216
,
220
,
223
,
224
,
225
,
228
,
229
,
233
,
235
,
241
,
247
,
253
,
254
cession treaty
1
,
16
,
18
,
20
,
31
,
32
,
33
,
34
,
50
,
59
,
72
,
73
,
75
,
78
,
80
,
81
,
86
,
87
,
88
,
91
,
93
,
94
,
107
,
108
,
111
,
112
,
119
,
121
,
122
,
123
,
126
,
127
,
132
,
134
,
135
,
136
,
137
,
138
,
146
,
147
,
148
,
149
,
150
,
151
,
169
,
170
,
215
,
216
,
222
,
223
,
224
,
225
,
228
,
229
,
232
,
233
,
234
,
235
,
238
,
241
,
243
,
245
,
253
,
261
,
270
,
276
,
277
,
278
,
283
,
286
,
287
,
288
,
290
Challaye, Félicien
162n69
,
163
,
164n75
Chamberlain, Joseph
100
,
104
Chari
143
,
145
,
165
chessboard policy
104
chief
ix
,
xn2
,
42
,
43
,
47
,
62
,
63
,
64
,
65
,
67
,
76
,
78n28
,
86
,
87n67
,
87n71
,
105
,
106
,
108
,
110
,
111
,
113
,
115
,
117n58
,
119
,
131n85
,
132n85
,
147
,
148
,
192
,
195
,
219
,
224n33
,
225n35
,
254
,
255
,
256
,
257
China
10
,
283
Church Missionary Society
107
,
108
civilization
x
,
xi
,
4
,
6
,
8
,
12n41
,
17
,
23n76
,
33
,
43n38
,
59
,
61
,
68
,
69
,
72
,
84n54
,
91n85
,
93
,
114
,
119
,
142
,
143
,
144
,
146
,
154
,
156
,
160
,
165
,
168
,
215
,
223
,
226n37
,
229
,
239
,
241
,
243
,
277
,
280
,
283
,
284
,
288
,
291
civilized
xn2
,
2
,
8
,
10
,
11
,
12
,
13n47
,
14
,
20
,
21
,
26
,
56
,
58
,
59
,
61
,
68
,
75
,
81
,
82
,
93
,
94
,
146
,
168
,
172
,
188
,
220
,
223
,
224n33
,
225n34
,
227
,
231
,
239
,
282
,
283
,
284
,
286
,
289
civilized nation
10
,
12
,
13n47
,
20
,
21
,
56
,
75
,
81
,
94
,
146
,
227
,
239
,
282
,
284
civilizing mission
8
,
14
,
26
,
58
,
160
,
240
,
263n51
,
269
,
276
,
289
civil law
35
,
43n38
,
165
,
274
civil order
56
clan
36
,
46
,
62
,
64
,
66
,
67
Code Civil
164
,
166
,
167
colonial
58
,
68
,
73
,
96
,
140
,
156
,
164
,
219
,
222
,
239
court
31
,
127
,
165
,
168
,
169
,
171
,
245
policy
43n38
,
100
,
102
,
106n36
,
112
,
139
,
141
,
142
,
145
,
161n63
,
166n84
,
177
,
178
,
179
,
180
,
199
,
200n64
power
1
,
6
,
20
,
23
,
31
,
32
,
50
,
60
,
67
,
75
,
79
,
104
,
114
,
160
,
165
,
184
,
215
,
218
,
221
,
227
,
228
,
229
,
235
,
243
,
245
,
251
,
259
,
266
,
267
,
274
,
279
,
280
,
285
,
286
,
290
protectorate
25
,
92
,
96n3
,
102
,
118
,
119
,
120
,
137
,
138
,
147
,
158
,
159
,
167
,
174
,
188
,
189
,
190
,
198
,
211
,
215
,
217n8
,
220
,
221
,
222
,
225
,
226
,
227
,
229
,
235
,
239
,
241
,
243
,
254
,
255
,
256
,
257
,
271
,
280
,
286
,
287
venture
1n1
,
3
,
5
,
9
,
14
,
17
,
122
,
139
,
144
,
152
,
174
,
176
,
177
,
178
,
180
,
183
,
185
,
190
,
192
,
206
,
211
,
214
,
220
,
239
,
285
Colonial Office
104
,
106n36
,
161
colonization
1
,
4
,
7
,
10
,
11
,
15
,
18
,
20
,
21
,
22
,
23
,
24
,
25
,
26
,
31
,
32
,
33
,
48
,
59
,
61
,
62
,
69
,
91n89
,
94
,
95
,
131
,
140
,
141
,
142
,
143
,
169
,
175n2
,
176
,
189
,
214
,
219n17
,
220
,
221
,
223
,
231
,
233n68
,
234
,
238
,
239
,
241
,
245
,
246
,
251
,
257
,
259
,
260
,
261
,
262n50–51
,
263n51
,
265
,
267
,
268
,
269
,
270
,
271
,
272
,
273
,
274
,
275
,
276
,
278
,
280
,
281
,
282
,
283
,
283
,
289
,
290
,
291
,
292
colony
91
,
92
,
97
,
98
,
99
,
102
,
118
,
119
,
122
,
124
,
125
,
125
,
126n77
,
132
,
133
,
135
,
159
,
161
,
163
,
172
,
180
,
181
,
184n27
,
190
,
218
Colony of Lagos
105
,
115
,
130
collective
property
39
,
40
,
64
,
163
right
276
,
279
Comité de l’Afrique française
143
commercial
interest
96
,
97
,
149n41
,
192
treaty
96
Commissioner’s Court
105
common
good
202
,
278
law
37
,
43n38
,
49
,
82n45
,
91n90
,
123
,
130
,
165
,
230
,
231n53
,
274n93
,
274n96
law dispossession see Act of State doctrine
community
ix
,
xin5
,
42
,
43
,
44
,
45
,
46
,
47
,
48
,
53
,
54n11
,
56
,
62
,
64
,
65
,
66
,
71
,
75n16
,
82
,
84n54
,
85
,
94
,
108
,
114
,
125
,
139
,
153
,
242
,
247n3
,
249
,
255
,
262n50
,
263n52
,
273n89
,
276
,
277
,
278
,
279
company see trade company
competition
4
,
63
,
98
,
99
,
104
,
123
,
124
,
137
,
153
,
159
,
176n4
,
182
,
183
,
216
,
228
concession
104
,
138
,
149
,
162
,
163
,
164
,
166
,
167
,
169
,
200
,
205
,
206
,
210
,
211
,
212
,
213
,
214
,
218
concessionaires
162
,
163
,
164
Conference of Berlin
5
,
7
,
9n31
,
80n38
,
89n77
,
98
,
99
,
100
,
112
,
114
,
120
,
132
,
137
,
145
,
178
,
180
,
183
,
217
,
221
,
226
,
229
,
236
confrontation see European-African confrontation
Congo see French Congo
Republic
140
River
17
,
140
,
143
,
144
,
153
,
155
conquest
4
,
67n55
,
76
,
88
,
92
,
106n38
,
122
,
123n71
,
124
,
128
,
140n4
,
188
,
224n33
,
231
,
233
Conseil Supérieur
161
consensualism
13
,
83n50
consensus
87
,
88
,
100
,
240
,
262
,
289
consent
13
,
42
,
67
,
79
,
80
,
80n38
,
81
,
85
,
89
,
91n86
,
98
,
108
,
111
,
113
,
114
,
115
,
124
,
126
,
132
,
138
,
148
,
150
,
151
,
152
,
194
,
219
,
242
,
245
,
256
consul
97
,
101
,
102
,
106
,
110
,
114n52
,
129
,
193n50
,
194
,
195
,
218
consul-general
102
,
106
,
178
,
192
,
197
contextualism
30
continuity doctrine
88
,
133
,
134
,
150
,
159
,
160
,
169
,
170
,
223
,
224
,
225
,
238
,
232
,
234
,
235
,
241
continuity principle see continuity doctrine
cosmopolitanism
284
counterfactual reasoning
28
,
258
Cour de Cassation
28
,
258
Court of Equity
128
,
129n82
Cottocrou
157
Crampel, Paul
158
Crespin, François-Eugène
150
Crown
Colony
97
,
102
grant
42
,
123
land
125
,
126
,
175n2
,
183
,
126
Lands Management Proclamation
125
cultural difference
8
,
15
,
19
,
23
,
145
,
168
,
223
,
225
,
226
,
257
,
268
,
276
,
276
,
280
,
281
,
282
,
291
,
292
custom
36n12
,
40
,
42
,
43
,
44
,
50
,
51
,
65
,
66n48
,
83
,
113
,
116
,
117n58
,
125
,
126
,
134
,
136
,
153
,
157
,
158
,
160
,
169
,
170
,
171
,
194
,
195
,
196
,
198
,
199
,
200
,
201
,
224
,
225
,
231
,
236
,
237n76
,
237n78
,
238n80
,
239
,
240
,
242
customary
international law
16
,
121
,
236
,
237n76
,
238
,
239
,
240
,
243
,
245
,
250n17
,
252n22
,
260
,
268n68
,
270
,
275
,
288
,
289
,
290
land
land tenure
43
,
45
,
48
land law
45
,
46
law
16
,
24
,
43
,
44
,
45
,
47
,
48
,
63n39
,
65
,
77
,
84
,
85
,
86
,
106
,
123
,
127
,
130
,
136
,
171
,
200
,
201
,
236
,
237n76
,
240
,
252
,
271
,
273n89
,
275n100
,
289
Dahomey
103
,
150
,
165
Dareste, Pierre
146
Das völkerrechtliche Delikt
277
,
278n104
De Brazza, Pierre Savorgnan
143
,
144
,
145
,
146
,
153
,
154
,
163
Deconstructivism
24
de facto possession
49
de iure possession
49
Delagoa Bay
271
Delgamuuwk
273
De legibus ac Deo legislatore
51n1
,
83
Denis
148
Descamps, Pierre
232
Despagnet, Frantz
172
,
231n55
Dido
180
,
191
,
193n50
,
195
direct rule
91n87
,
100
,
102
,
119
,
120
,
122
,
138
,
139
,
142
,
143
,
143
,
152
,
164
,
181
,
182
,
201
,
227
,
286
discovery
44
,
55n13
,
247
discretionary power
57
,
73
,
117
,
120
,
186
,
297
,
207
,
210
dispossession
43n38
,
163
,
202
,
205
,
207
,
208
,
209
,
211
,
218
,
222
,
225
,
230
,
262n51
,
263n51
,
266
,
267
,
274
divided world see dualist world
Docemo
97
,
108
,
109
,
110
dominion
39n28
,
75
,
88
,
91
,
96
,
108
,
109
,
110
,
121
,
123n71
,
124
,
133
,
134
,
135
,
213
,
224n33
,
231
dominium
ix
,
1
,
17
,
18
,
20
,
24
,
25
,
32
,
34
,
35
,
50
,
51
,
70
,
95
,
131
,
134
,
210
,
212
,
222
,
227
,
228
,
244
,
245
,
285
,
288
dominium jurisdictionis
51
dominium proprietatis
51
Douka of Landoumas
150
Duala War
180
dualism
2
,
10
,
14
,
57
,
121
dualistic approach see dualism
dualist world
14
,
16
,
59
,
81
,
93
,
239
,
239n83
,
257
,
278
,
280
,
285
Durban debate
23
,
33
,
262n51
,
282
Dworkin, Ronald
258
Dybowski, Jean
158
,
159
dynamic of difference
8
,
26
East Africa
103
,
144
,
175n2
effective occupation
6
,
46
,
100
,
103
,
104
,
172
,
178
,
191
,
217
,
226
,
229
,
247
eingeborenen Land
189
,
190
Elobey
149
Engelhardt, Édouard
170n93
,
172
Enteignungsgesetz
207
Entitlement
5
,
32
,
35n3
,
36n11
,
36n14
,
37n17
,
38
,
39n28
,
40n29
,
52
,
71
,
91
,
118
,
138
,
146
,
204
,
264n54
,
266
,
273
,
274
Epé
116
epistemological approach
57
Equatorial Africa
1
,
31
,
32
,
72
,
94
,
139
,
140
,
141
,
143
,
145
,
147n34
,
148
,
148n39
,
151
,
153
,
155
,
159
,
161
,
162
,
163
,
164
,
165
,
166
,
202
,
215
,
234
,
286
equity
82n45
,
127
,
128
,
129
,
130
,
225n34
erga omnes
278
Eroberung
187
estoppel
238
Euro-centric see Euro-centrism
Euro-centrism
9
,
10
,
11n39
,
12
,
14
,
16
,
17n59
,
23
,
26
,
94
,
239n84
,
243
,
282
,
290
,
292
European-African confrontation
1n1
,
14
,
15
,
19
,
23n78
,
75
,
80n36
,
87n69
,
91n85
,
93
,
111n47
,
147n32
,
147n35
,
149n41
,
155n54
,
165n79
,
186n34
,
215
,
217n5
,
217n7
,
220n22
,
221n27
,
224
,
225n35
,
243
,
282
,
285
,
286
evolutionary
application
250
,
260
,
290
approach
250
history
29
interpretation
250
,
280
exclusion clause
111
,
113
,
114
,
115
,
149
,
151
,
156
,
159
ex facto ius oritur
215
,
239
ex injuria jus oritur
239
expansion see territorial expansion
expropriation
37
,
109
,
116
,
125
,
134
,
186
,
205
,
206
,
207
,
209
,
210
,
214
,
218
,
225n34
,
264n56
external sovereignty see sovereignty external
Eyano
151
family of civilized nations
10
,
12
,
20
,
60
,
61
,
68
,
69
,
73
,
74
,
81
,
89
,
93
,
168
,
220
,
223
,
224
,
242
,
283
,
284
,
286
family property see property rights familial
Fashoda
141
Fauchille, Paul
60
,
257n37
Fernan Vaz
151
,
165
Ferry, Jules
139
,
141
,
172
feudal
law
155
,
122
origin
49
feudality
pyramid
10
,
66
,
122
Final Act of Berlin see Act of Berlin
finality, principle of
246
,
272
Fiore, Pasquale
224n33
,
231n55
,
232
Fleuriot de Langle
152
Forcados
103
Foreign Jurisdiction Act
122
,
123
,
124
,
126
,
133
,
135
,
137
Foreign Office
31
,
99
,
104
,
105
,
196n57
,
216n1
,
219n15
,
258n42
,
259n44
formal empire
25
,
97
,
100
,
139
,
178
,
198
Fouladougou
157
Franceville
143
,
153
free trade
6
,
99
,
129n82
,
178
,
182
French Congo
6
,
17
,
66
,
87n67
,
90n80
,
141n8
,
143
,
144
,
145
,
153
,
156
,
160n62
,
162n69
,
163
,
164n75
,
165
,
166
,
167
,
168n89
,
182
,
184
,
225n35
French Equatorial Africa
72
,
94
,
139
,
141
,
145
,
162
,
234
,
286
French Revolution
54
frontier
104
,
105
,
106
,
141n8
,
219n17
,
272n84
Fulani
210
Gabon
140
,
141n8
,
144
,
147n35
,
148
,
149
,
150n43
,
152
,
154
,
159
,
162n66
,
163n72
,
165
Gadougou
157
Galliéni
156
Galtier, Octave
142n17
,
145
,
146
,
160n60
,
220n20
Gentil, Emile
144
German Cameroon
72
,
94
,
145
,
174
,
184
,
234
,
286
German-Prussian law
200
Gesellschaft Nordwest-Kamerun
200
,
205
,
206
Gesetz betreffend die Rechtsverhältnisse der deutschen Schutzgebiete
201
Girault, Arthur
168n90
,
170
,
171
,
172
Gladstone, William
97
,
100
globalization
56
,
69
,
284
Goering, H.E.
198
Gold Coast
104
,
152
,
184n27
golden age
55
,
57
Goldie, Sir
98
.
100
,
101
,
103
,
104
,
114n52
good faith
35
,
77
,
81
,
82
,
83
,
84
,
85
,
86
,
88n72
,
94
,
229
,
236
,
237
,
238
,
240
,
267
,
289
good governance
58
governor-general
43
,
95
Grand Bassam
148n39
,
149
Granville, Earl
100
,
192
Great Britain
1
,
4
,
6n16
,
49
,
95
,
108
,
109
,
110
,
111
,
113
,
114
,
119
,
177
,
178
,
179
,
193
,
197
,
215
,
233n67
,
255
,
271n82
Grotius, Hugo
11n39
,
51n2
,
84n57
Grundbuch
202
Grundnorm
85
Grund und Boden
186
,
208
Grundstücksrecht
180n18
,
189n39
,
190n43
,
203
,
205n75
,
210n91
,
213n97
Handbuch des Völkerrechts
195
,
196n56
Harcourt, Sir
100
Haussa
104
Herero
198
herrenloses Land
185
,
186
,
189
,
190
,
191
,
202
,
203
,
204
,
205
,
207
,
211
,
212
,
214
Hertslet, Sir Edward
106
,
107
Hesse, Hermann
187
Hewett, Edward
97
historian
xi
,
1n1
,
3
,
14
,
17n57
,
25
,
27
,
28
,
29
,
30
,
31
,
96
,
98
,
224n33
,
246
,
259n45
,
268n68
Huber, Max
51
,
224n33
,
247
,
248
,
255
Hinterland
5
,
31
,
96
,
98
,
100
,
143
,
151
,
154
,
180
,
181
,
182
,
184
,
185
,
189
,
190
,
199
,
201
,
209
,
263n51
historical
awareness
12
,
14
,
28
,
258
,
276
wrongful act
28
,
33
,
245
,
258
,
262n51
Hobbes, Thomas
48
Hoheitsrechte
186
Holt, John
133n89
,
134
,
167
,
168
,
233n68
Holtzendorff, Franz von
195
,
196n56
humanitarian intervention
8
,
26
Ibo
47
icj
see International Court of Justice
ideological approach
58
Ilaro
115
illegal
5
,
22
,
25
,
26
,
28
,
33
,
50
,
135
,
164
,
238
,
241
,
244
,
245
,
251
,
257
,
258
,
259
,
260
,
261
,
266
,
267
,
268
,
269
,
270
,
271
,
272
,
274
,
275
,
276
,
279
,
280
,
281
,
288
,
290
,
291
illegality
vii
,
5
,
25
,
26
,
209
,
214
,
219
,
234
,
245
,
250n16
,
251
,
259
,
268
,
269
,
270n74
,
271
,
278
,
280
,
281
,
291
,
292
imperialism
x
,
xi
,
2
,
3
,
7
,
8n25
,
12n42
,
13n47
,
15
,
17
, nn5,
23n75
,
24
,
26
,
29n88
,
55n13
,
56
,
65n47
,
72n9
,
73n10
,
80n36
,
97
,
100
,
101
,
104
,
129n82
,
130n83
,
139n1
,
144
,
154n50
,
175n2
,
178
,
182n23 183
,
216n4
,
220n18
,
221n25
,
222n28
,
268n69
,
276n101
,
282
imperium
ix
,
x
,
1
,
17
,
18
,
20
,
24
,
25
,
32
,
51
,
61
,
68
,
69
,
70
,
95
,
131
,
134
,
210
,
212
,
222
,
227
,
228
,
244
,
245
,
284
,
285
,
288
imperial sovereignty see sovereignty imperial
inalienability
46
,
80
India
15n51
,
114
,
140
,
233
,
236n75
individual
3
,
17
,
18
,
35
,
37n16
,
38
,
39
,
42
,
43
,
44
,
45
,
46
,
47n61
,
48
,
49
,
54n11
,
57n20
,
62
,
64
,
65
,
66
,
79
,
83
,
85
,
109
,
111
,
123
,
136
,
143
,
157
,
160
,
161
,
164
,
166
,
180n18
,
191n46
,
199
,
200
,
202
,
204
,
205
,
206
,
214
,
225n34
,
232
,
254
,
264n54
,
270
,
276
,
277
,
292
indigenous
people
ix
,
22
,
49
,
60n28
,
79
,
80n36
,
231n53
,
242n89
,
250n16
,
257n38
,
263n51
,
274
,
275
,
276
population
104
,
142
,
274n98
,
275n100
ruler
102
indirect rule
91n87
,
103
,
105
,
106
,
112
,
119
,
137
,
142
,
199
industrialization
141
Industrial Revolution
49
informal empire
97
,
100
,
139
,
178
,
198
injured
ancestor
246
,
261
,
266
party
260
,
261
Institut de Droit International
250
interest rei publicae ut finis litium sit
see finality, principle of
intergenerational
justice
263
,
264n52
,
265
political entity
265
responsibility
264n54
,
265
internal sovereignty see sovereignty internal
international
community
56
,
62
,
84n54
,
247n3
,
277
,
278
,
279
legal doctrine see legal doctrine
organization
72n8
,
276
,
277
personality
59
,
77
relations
53
,
55
,
87
,
99
,
134
,
176n4
,
240
,
242
,
283
,
286
,
289
wrongful action see wrongful act
International Court of Justice
25
,
62
,
77
,
238n80
,
253n25
,
269n71
,
271n80
,
272n87
International Covenant on Civil and
Political Rights (iccpr)
252
International Law Commission
86
,
252
inter-State law
74
,
82
,
89
,
94
inter-temporal
doctrine
246
,
247
,
251
,
280
,
290
law
246
,
247
,
249
,
251
,
252
,
280
,
290
rule
33
,
246
,
247
,
248
,
249
,
250
,
251
,
252
,
253
,
256
,
257
,
258
,
259
,
260
,
279
,
280
,
290
,
291
Island of Palmas
51
,
52n4
,
247
,
255
Italy
4
,
6n16
Jaja
101n22
,
218
Japan
10
,
283
Jenkyns, Sir Henry
90
,
91n90
,
123n71
Jessup, Phillip
248
John Holt
167
,
168
,
233n68
Johnston, Sir Henry
228
Judicial Committee’s Lordships of the
Privy Council
127
,
131
,
132
,
133n89
,
134n95
,
135
,
138
,
233n68
judiciary
96
,
127
,
130
,
146
,
169
,
201
,
219n16
jurisdiction
15
,
18
,
37
,
52
,
53
,
65
,
90n81
,
91n90
,
92
,
97n4
,
106
,
109
,
110
,
111
,
113
,
117n58
,
122
,
123
,
124
,
126
,
127
,
128
,
129
,
130
,
133
,
134
,
135
,
137
,
178
,
190
,
193
,
219
,
233
,
252n22
,
269n71
,
270n76
,
271n78
,
274
,
287
justice
11n39
,
13
,
41
,
57
,
105
,
119
,
127
,
128
,
130
,
162
,
165
,
169
,
224
,
231
,
253n25
,
260n47
,
262n51
,
263
,
264
,
265
,
266
,
267
Justices de paix
165
justification
x
,
xi
,
17
,
55n13
,
59
,
68
,
146
,
168
,
172
,
209
,
223
,
227
,
229
,
239
,
267
,
283
Kaiserliche Verordnung
207
Kaléton
158
Kamerun
174
,
175n2
,
180n20
,
181n21
,
182n24
,
187n35
,
191n46
,
193n49
,
194n52
,
195n53
,
198n60
,
199n61
,
200n62
,
202n69
,
203n71
,
204
,
205n76
,
206n78
,
207n82
,
208
,
209n86
,
211n92
,
212n93
Kano
48n64
,
105
Kantora
157
Kasikili/Sedudu Island
252
,
271n82
Kasson
80n38
,
236
Kazembe
119
Ketu
115
Kimberley, Earl of
97
kinship
47
,
64
,
65
,
66
Kriby
180
Kita
157
Klein-Batanga
180
Klüber, Jean-Louis
227
Koako
149
Kolonie
176
,
180n18
,
184n28
,
188
,
189
,
190n43
,
205n75
,
210n91
,
213n97
Königliche Freibrief
179
Konzessionäre
208
Koroma
255
Kosoko
116
Kotonou
105
Kronland
186
,
189
,
190
,
203
,
204
,
205
,
207
,
208
,
210
,
211
,
212
,
213
,
214
Kronlandgesetz
203
,
204
,
205
,
207
Lagos
42
,
97
,
100
,
105
,
107
,
108
,
109
,
110n46
,
114
,
115
,
116
,
123
,
126n77
,
130
,
135
,
137
Lake Chad
140
L’Alouette
149
La Malonine
149
land
distribution
218
grant
109
,
123
law
36n10
,
38
,
41
,
42
,
45
,
46n54
,
47n61
,
48n63
,
64n43
,
91n89
,
131n84
,
132n85
,
162
,
175n2
,
183n26
,
202
,
210
,
218n10
,
238
,
288
ownership
34
,
38
,
39
,
40
,
41
,
43
,
44
,
45n48
,
46
,
47
,
49
,
50
,
64
,
95
,
108
,
109
,
111
,
122
,
123
,
124
,
125
,
127
,
134
,
139
,
140
,
153
,
164
,
166
,
167
,
168
,
169
,
170
,
173
,
175n2
,
183n26
,
186
,
200
,
202
,
207
,
208
,
210
,
211
,
212
,
214
,
217
,
218
,
223
,
224
,
225
,
226
,
227
,
228
,
234
,
241
,
260
,
275
tenure
38
,
41
,
42
,
43n36
,
44
,
45
,
46
,
47
,
48
,
63
,
65
,
66n52
,
91n90
,
123
,
133
,
166
Lansing, Robert
54
,
57
laissez-faire
100
law of nations
12n41
,
13n47
,
21
,
27
,
51
,
54
,
56
,
57n22
,
60
,
73n9
,
74
,
75
,
76n19
,
77
,
82
,
83
,
84n56
,
86n64
,
87
,
93
,
94
,
222n28
,
223
,
226n37
,
228n44
,
232n58
,
236n71
,
237n79
,
238
,
241n88
,
283
,
287
,
288
,
289
lawyer
25
,
27
,
28
,
35
,
51
,
54
,
56
,
57
,
74
,
75n16
,
168
,
216n1
,
217n8
,
224n33
,
226n38
,
246
,
258
,
259
,
260
,
269
,
281
,
292
Le Brick Marseille
149
legal
doctrine
9
,
10
,
12
,
13
,
14
,
16
,
17
,
19
,
25
,
26
,
43
,
49
,
52
,
56
,
57n20
,
58
,
59
,
61
,
67
,
68
,
69
,
73
,
74
,
75
,
80
,
81
,
87
,
88
,
89
,
92
,
93
,
94
,
122
,
145
,
154
,
170
,
172
,
185
,
187
,
188
,
195
,
213
,
220
,
227
,
239
,
241
,
242
,
249
,
282
,
283
,
284
exotism
10
personality
12
,
68
,
77
,
124
practice
9
,
10
,
12
,
13
,
23
,
24
,
74
,
81
,
84
,
239
,
242
,
262n50
,
287
,
289
scholar
5
,
7
,
9
,
11
,
12
,
13
,
14
,
16
,
23
,
25
,
27
,
29
,
32
,
39n28
,
54
,
57
,
58
,
60
,
72
,
74
,
75
,
93
,
94
,
144
,
200
,
210
,
213
,
222
,
230
,
239
,
240
,
242
,
246
,
262
,
280
,
281
,
287
,
289
,
290
,
292
security
162
,
169
,
214
,
250
,
267
,
291
subject
69
,
77
,
276
,
277
system
7
,
13
,
34
,
45
,
47
,
49
,
53n8
,
83
,
121
,
122n68
,
161
,
165
,
166
,
171
,
200
,
201
,
225
,
247
,
249
,
262n51
,
275n100
,
276
vacuum
11
,
17
,
73
,
93
,
230
,
231
,
243
,
283
,
286
legality
7
,
16
,
18
,
20
,
32
,
58
,
59
,
68
,
69n57
,
71n4
,
79
,
81
,
135
,
140
,
148
,
167
,
169
,
175
,
213
,
215
,
220n18
,
225
,
227
,
245
,
250
,
252
,
253
,
270
,
274
,
286
,
287
,
289
,
290
,
291
Lentner, Ferdinand
186
,
210n91
Leopold ii
144
,
145
liability see responsibility
Libreville
157
,
165
,
168n89
Likona
153
Liszt, Franz von
187
,
189n40
,
191
,
210
Loango
144
,
155
,
165
,
166
,
168n89
Locke, John
48
,
88n73
Lockean takings clause
88
Lock Priso
180
,
198
Loudima
165
Louis
148
,
149
Lower Niger
98
,
103
,
104
Lugard, Lady Flora
95
Lugard, Lord Frederick
43
,
76
,
87
,
95
,
103
,
104
,
105
,
106n36
Mabo v. Queensland
231n54
,
273
Maharero Katyamuaha
198
Mahin
114
,
197
Makoko
146
,
153
,
154
Makorou
159
Malamine
154
Malégui-Touré
150
Malimba
180
mandate
43n41
,
91n88
,
98
,
188
,
174
,
179
,
181
,
182
,
190
,
192
,
196
Manga Bell
209
Manimacosso-Chicusso
155
,
156
Martinez, Miguel Alfonso
274
,
275
McNair. Lord
37n20
,
60n28
,
81n41
,
87n71
,
230
,
238n80
Mein und Dein
36
merchant
3
,
101
,
102
,
109n45
,
29n82
,
179
,
181
,
201
,
205
middlemen
96
,
97
,
98
,
99
,
102
,
181
military force
103
,
143
Mindong
158
missionary
107
,
108
,
183
,
283
mode of acquisition
18
,
88
,
121
,
145
,
146
,
147
,
188
,
202
,
213
,
229
,
235
,
267
,
286
monopoly
96
,
98
,
101
,
104
,
105
,
117n58
,
162
,
163
,
168
,
181
,
194
,
209
Moré Sédou
155
Morocco
86n66
,
147
,
184
Möwe
99
M’Poko
159
multinational corporation
276
,
277
Nachtigal, Gustav
99
,
178
,
179
,
180
,
192
,
194n52
,
195
,
197
,
198
National African Company
98
,
100
,
101
,
107n39
,
112
,
113
,
116
,
118
native
individuals
3
landownership
215
legal system
45
,
166
people
19
,
42
,
197
,
199
,
206
,
211
,
221
,
252
,
263n51
,
271
population
4
,
21
,
22
,
23
,
48
,
49
,
66
,
127
,
130
,
134
,
144
,
146
,
153
,
157
,
164
,
169
,
183
,
186
,
201
,
206
,
218
,
222
,
288
ruler
7
,
11
,
20
,
32
,
43
,
45
,
47
,
60
,
65
,
66
,
67
,
73
,
78
,
89
,
91
,
95
,
105
,
107n39
,
110
,
111
,
112
,
113
,
116
,
119
,
124
,
127
,
129
,
132
,
133
,
134
,
137
,
138
,
139
,
140
,
142
,
145
,
147
,
148
,
149
,
150
,
151
,
152
,
155
,
157
,
158
,
159
,
160
,
161
,
170
,
171
,
172
,
173
,
174
,
179
,
180
,
183
,
186
,
187
,
188
,
189
,
190
,
191
,
192
,
193
,
194
,
195
,
196
,
197
,
198
,
199
,
201
,
209
,
213
,
214
,
217
,
220
,
221
,
223
,
224
,
229
,
235
,
238
,
241
,
253
,
257
,
261
,
262
,
270
,
271
,
288
title
230
,
274
Native Lands Acquisition Ordinance
126
Native Lands Acquisition Proclamation
124
nationalism
4
natural law
xi
,
10
,
13
,
15
,
57
,
58
,
68
,
77
,
83n50
,
84
,
240
,
242
,
273n90
,
289
N’Djolé
165
nemo dat quod non habet, principle of
11
,
81
,
257
nemo plus iuris transferre potest quam
ipse habet
see
nemo dat quod non habet, principle of
Netherlands
6n16
,
21n71
,
52n4
,
70n3
,
236n75
,
247
,
255n29
New Imperialism
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
,
7
,
8
,
9
,
11
,
12
,
14
,
15
,
16
,
20
,
23
,
24
,
25
,
26
,
27
,
31
,
32
,
34
,
48
,
50
,
58
,
59
,
68
,
78
,
92
,
95
,
107
,
229
,
234
,
237
,
238
,
251
,
263n51
,
270
,
277
,
279
,
282
,
283
,
284
,
285
,
286
,
289
,
290
New Zealand
274
nicht-eingeborenen Land
189
,
190
Niécoma
157
Niger Coast Protectorate
103
,
104
Niger Delta
66
,
95
,
97
,
98
,
101
,
103
,
119
,
128
,
129
non-compliance
26
,
245
,
275
non-governmental organization
277
non-identity/identification
260
,
262
,
264n54
,
273
non-intervention
clause
113
,
119
,
147
,
151
,
159
,
160
,
195
,
199
non-retroactivity
248n7
,
249
,
250
Northern Africa
140
Nquiliso
112
Nützlichkeit
205
Obako
119
occupation
3
,
4
,
6
,
7
,
20n68
,
28
,
46
,
49
,
54
,
55n13
,
76
,
77
,
87n71
,
98
,
100
,
103
,
104
,
106n38
, 08,
113
,
122
,
139
,
142n17
,
145
,
146
,
147
,
160n60
,
167
,
168
,
172
,
178
,
185
,
189
,
191
,
202
,
203
,
207
,
212
,
213
,
217
,
220
,
226
,
229n48
,
233
,
247
Ogooué
151
,
153
,
155
,
167n85
,
168n88
,
233n68
Oil Rivers
96
,
97
,
98
,
102
,
112
,
228
Okrika
127
Old Calabar
102
,
254
,
255
,
256
,
257
,
280
opinio iuris sive necessitates
236
Opobo
102
,
113
,
119
,
218
Order in Council
124
,
125
Ordinance
125
,
126
,
127
,
132
,
175n2
original rights
266
Ottoman Empire
10
,
283
Oubanghi
143
,
163n72
Ouesso
165
ownership
rights
35
,
37
pacta sunt servanda
74
,
77
,
81
,
82
,
83
,
84
,
85
,
86
,
87
,
94
,
229
,
236
,
237
,
238
,
240
,
255
,
277
,
289
pacta tertiis nec nocent nec prosunt
221
paper protectorate
102
,
104
paramountcy
47
partition
1
,
4
,
5
,
15
,
16
,
18
,
19
,
27
,
32
,
34
,
50
,
52
,
58
,
59
,
77n27
,
79
,
91n89
,
93
,
96
,
97n4
,
104
,
129n82
,
143n21
,
154n50
,
215
,
227
,
228
,
234
,
241
,
244
,
250
,
251
,
259
,
260
,
268
,
269
,
270
,
271
,
277
,
279
,
280
,
281
,
282
,
283
,
285
,
286
,
287
,
290
,
291
,
292
Passa
153
Passivlegitimation
77n22
,
186
Pauliat Report
162n68
,
164
peasant society
65
Permanent Court of International Justice
86
Perrinjaquet. Jean
222
,
226n39
Persia
10
,
283
Peters, Carl
144
Philippines
247
Pinet-Laprade, M.E.
150
Plantagenbesitzer
208
plantation
175n2
,
180
,
181
,
192
,
205
,
206
,
210
plein gré
149
,
151n45
,
156
Plessen, Baron von
191
political
entity
36
,
53
,
54
,
55
,
60
,
61
,
62
,
63
,
65
,
66
,
68
,
71
,
80
,
84n54
,
118
,
200
,
219n17
,
243
,
256
,
261
,
264
,
265
organization see political entity
sphere
xn2
,
53
,
56
stability
38
,
47
polity
17
,
49
,
55
,
62
,
65
,
66
,
95
,
113
,
116
,
119
,
125
,
152
,
155
,
160
,
170
,
235
,
261
,
264
,
288
Porto Novo
110
Portugal
4
,
6n16
,
236n75
,
271n82
positive law
83
,
201
positivism
10
,
13
,
14
,
15n51
,
57
,
58
,
60
,
68
,
84
,
236n71
,
239n84
,
242
,
283
,
284
positivist see positivism
possession
ix
,
5n15
,
7
,
9
,
12
,
23n77
,
28n84
,
35
,
36
,
37
,
49
,
57
,
64
,
73
,
91
,
97
,
108
,
109
,
110
,
111
,
117n57
,
122
,
126
,
130
,
148
,
153
,
154
,
162
,
186
,
201
,
204
,
205
,
207
,
246
, nn,
258n41
Post Modern
69
,
284
pragmatic approach
58
prescription
4n10
,
55n13
,
267
presentism
28
,
259
preventive imperialism
101
principle of non-intervention see non-intervention
private
landownership
32
,
38
,
39
,
43
,
50
,
124
,
208
,
210
,
223
,
223
,
227
law
24
,
49
,
83n50
,
85n61
,
118
,
154
,
186
,
267
property
ix
,
xn2
,
20
,
33
,
38
,
40
,
49
,
51
,
88
,
95
,
116
,
117n57
,
131
,
192
,
195
,
224
,
227
,
231
,
232
,
233
property rights
20
,
40
,
41
,
88
,
116
,
124
,
131
,
132
,
134
,
169
,
193
,
195
,
223
,
224n33
,
229
,
231n55
,
234
,
285
Privatrechte
186
Privy Council
41n34
,
63n42
,
127
,
130
,
131
,
132
,
133n89
,
134n95
,
135
,
138
,
216n2
,
233n68
property limitation rules
37
property (rights)
collective
39
,
40
,
64
,
163
familial
44n42
,
45
individual
202
propriété
150
,
152
,
156
,
162n65
,
166n81
protectorat
147n33
,
149n40
,
150
,
153n47
,
154
,
155
,
156
,
157
,
159
,
170n93
,
172
,
220
protectionism
4
,
100
Protectorate of Southern Nigeria
102
,
105
,
125
,
129
,
130
protectorate treaty
73
,
78
,
89
,
91
,
99
,
101
,
116n56
,
119
,
121
,
148
,
152
,
153
,
156
,
160n62
,
161
,
166
,
171
,
172
,
198
,
214
,
216
,
217
,
222
,
226
,
228n46
,
235
,
254
,
257
,
286
,
288
Public Lands Acquisition Act
126
Public Lands Act
124
public law
xi
,
27n82
,
49
,
53n9
,
137
,
267
Pufendorf, Samuel
82
,
83n48
,
84n53
radical discontinuity
230
,
231
Rayner, Chief Justice
42
,
64
realistic approach see pragmatic approach
reflective evolutionary history solution
29
Reichstag
117n11
,
180
,
209
,
210
religion
157
remedy
83n50
,
126
,
268
,
276
reparations
21
,
23
,
246
,
250
,
260n47
,
262n51
,
264n52
,
267n65
,
290
,
291
Report on Land Tenure in West Africa
42
,
63
resistance
26
,
100
,
108
,
141n13
,
153n48
,
163
,
180
,
199
,
209
,
210
,
211
responsibility
1
,
21
,
22
,
23
,
25
,
57n20
,
26
,
28
,
33
,
45n52
,
65
,
101
,
177
,
179
,
182
,
189
,
204
,
244
,
245
,
246
,
248n12
,
250
,
251
,
252
,
258
,
258n40
,
259
,
260
,
261
,
263n52
,
264
,
264n52
,
264n54–56
,
265
,
265n57
,
266n62
,
267
,
268
,
271
,
274n94
,
278
,
278n105–106
,
278n109
,
279
,
280
,
281
,
290
,
291
representation
53
,
62
,
63
,
261
Rezek
255
Richtersveld
273
Roman law
4n10
,
35
,
37n20
Rosebery, Lord
100
,
218
,
219n14
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques
17
,
18
,
49
,
70n1
Royal Charter
100
,
101
,
118
,
132
,
177
Royal Niger Company
100
,
101
,
102
,
103
,
104
,
105
,
107n39
,
112
,
116n56
,
117
,
118
,
125
,
129
,
130
R v. Van der Peet
273
Sagittaire
155
Saker, Alfred
183
Salomon, Charles
20n68
,
142
,
146
,
147
Samo
150
Samoo Bullom
111
sanctity of contracts
84
,
86
savage
38n25
,
227
,
277
Schlimm, Karl
180n18
,
189n39
,
190
,
205n75
,
210
,
213n97
Schmidt, Eduard
192
,
194
,
195
Schutz
177
,
197
,
198
Schutzgebiet
177
,
186
,
189
,
190
,
191
,
194
,
199
,
200n62
,
203
,
210
,
211
,
213
,
214
Schutzherrlichkeit
197
,
198
Schutz- und Freundschaftsvertrag
197
scramble for Africa
1n1
,
4
,
5n11
,
11
,
16
,
17
,
19
,
59
,
62
,
68
,
73
,
78
,
80
,
97n6
,
99
,
103n27
,
119
,
132
,
141
,
161
,
175n3
,
178
,
211
,
216
,
235
,
238
,
242
,
269
,
276
,
283
,
284 285
,
286
,
289
Seckiani
152
secular society
56
self-determination
8
,
11n39
,
55n13
,
231n53
,
272
self-preservation
36
semi-sovereign State
90
Senegal
140
settlement
2
,
5
,
49
,
104
,
114n52
,
123n71
,
155
,
158
,
159
,
183
,
194
,
253n25
,
273n90
Siam
10
,
283
signataires
149
signatory
5n15
,
6n15
,
221
signature
88n72
,
98
,
109
,
148
,
151
,
183
sixteenth century
x
,
51
,
63
,
83n50
,
140
Sobhuza ii
134n95
,
135
,
233n68
Sokoto
105
South-Africa
101
,
131
,
233n67
,
272n83
,
273
Southern Rhodesia
133
,
216n2
South-West Africa
184
souveraineté (pleine et entire)
9n34
,
149
,
150
,
151n45
,
159
Souveränitätsübertragung
211
sovereign
power
51
,
53
,
57
,
59
,
77n22
,
88
,
93
,
134
,
135
,
136
,
161
,
164
,
189
,
212
,
228
,
233
,
234
,
255
,
287
rights
11
,
34
,
50
,
51
,
57n20
,
59
,
70
,
72
,
73
,
74
,
76
,
77
,
78
,
89
,
93
,
95
,
101
,
108
,
110
,
111
,
112
,
115
,
116
,
119
,
120
,
127
,
137
,
139
,
144
,
146
,
148
,
149
,
158
,
159
,
167
,
170
,
172
,
173
,
179
,
180
,
183
,
186
,
188
,
189
,
192
,
194
,
195
,
197
,
211
,
220
,
223
,
225n35
,
228
,
229
,
230
,
234
,
235
,
238
,
241
,
243
,
245
,
251n20
,
253
,
254
,
257
,
260
,
270
,
287
,
288
State
12
,
13
,
14
,
18
,
49
,
59
,
61
,
68
,
73
,
83n50
,
90
,
167
,
168
,
187
,
190
,
211
,
223
,
242
,
283
,
284
,
286
will
13
,
57n20
,
223
,
234n69
sovereignty
external
53
,
55
,
61
,
65
,
67
,
68
,
90
,
91
,
95
,
115
,
118
,
119
,
120
,
121
,
125
,
135
,
152
,
154
,
158
,
159
,
160
,
161
,
171
,
190
,
194
,
196
,
211
,
212
,
213
,
216
,
217
,
222
,
223
,
229
,
230
,
235
,
257
,
288
imperial
56
internal
54
,
55
,
91
,
95
,
102
,
115
,
119
,
120
,
124
,
135
,
153
,
154
,
156
,
158
,
159
,
170
,
171
,
189
,
190
,
195
,
198
,
211
,
212
,
213
,
217
,
221
,
223
,
226
,
229
,
235
,
241
,
257
,
287
,
288
Spain
4
,
6n16
,
72n9
,
247
sphere of influence
100
,
141
springboard to annexation
225
,
230
,
287
Staatlichkeit
185
,
186
,
212
standard of civilization
277
Stanley, Henry Morton
87n67
,
144
,
153
State
centrism
19
,
69
,
82
,
187n37
,
276
,
284
,
285
succession
51n3
,
224
,
228n47
,
231
,
232n58
,
233n67
,
234n69
system
56
statehood
12
,
54
,
59
,
61
,
62n38
,
67n53
,
68
,
69
,
71
,
77n27
,
94
,
239n82
,
284
,
287
steeple-chase
99
Strupp, Karl
277
,
278
Suárez, Francisco
51
,
83
subjugation
6
,
104
subordination
4
,
139
subsistence (four stages of)
38
,
39n25
,
45
,
64
,
123
,
206
Sudan
95
,
141n13
,
145
,
273
supersession
246
,
260
,
265
,
266
,
267
,
268
,
273
,
280
,
291
supremacy
53n8
,
55
,
60
,
139
,
177n10
,
178
,
179n16
Supreme Court Ordinance
127
suzeraineté
150
,
155
suzerainty
87n67
,
155
,
160
,
195
,
196
,
199
,
219
,
220
,
255
Taubman, Sir George Goldie see Goldie, Sir
tempus regit actum
248
terra nullius
62
,
75
,
76
,
77
,
92n93
,
100n19
,
139n3
,
146
,
163
,
167
,
168
,
185
,
190
,
191
,
203
,
212
,
217n6
,
220n21
,
22230
,
231
,
232n59
,
241n87
,
273n90
territoire
20n68
,
55
,
87n71
,
142n17
,
149
,
150
,
151
,
162
,
226n38
territorium nullius
76
,
168
,
185
territorial
acquisition see acquisition of territory
exclusivity
71
expansion
2
,
3
,
4n10
,
8
,
19n66
,
24
,
41n34
,
45n48
,
49
,
56
,
58
,
60
,
71
,
72
,
76n19
,
76n20
,
77n24
,
79n31
,
97n5
,
103
,
109n45
,
114
,
132
,
139n1
,
140
,
141
,
143
,
143n20
,
143n21
,
144
,
147
,
162
,
163n70
,
164
,
174
,
175
,
176
,
177n10
,
188
,
189
,
191
,
198
,
211
,
227
,
230
,
233
,
286
realm
51
sovereignty
1
,
20
,
26
,
32
,
33
,
49
,
51
,
52
,
59
,
64n43
,
68
,
74n12
,
93
,
95
,
108
,
121
,
122
,
124
,
131
,
133
,
134
,
138
,
147
,
151
,
174
,
188
,
193
,
210
,
211
,
223
,
227
,
234
,
255
,
257
,
280
,
285
,
286
State
12
,
36
,
54
,
57n20
,
227
,
229
,
242
,
279
,
290
The Dual Mandate in Tropical Africa
103
The Map of Africa
5n14
,
98n11
,
106
title
deed
99
,
107n38
to land
45n50
,
117
,
122
,
131n84
,
132n85
to territory
5
,
9n36
,
23n77
,
52n5
,
62n38
,
70n3
,
76n20
,
87n68
,
91n90
,
92
,
95
,
100
,
103
,
107
,
112
,
119
,
121
,
148
,
153
,
185
,
189
,
213
,
226
,
248
,
251n20
,
254
,
255
,
272n84
,
286
Togoland
99
tolerating mission
93
,
240
,
269
,
283
Torschlusspanik
17
trade
centre
97
,
98
company
98
,
100
,
101
,
102
,
103
,
104
,
105
,
107n39
,
112
,
113
,
116
,
117
,
118
,
125
,
126
,
129
,
130
,
132
,
156
,
163
,
167
,
175n2
,
182
,
186n34
,
193
,
216
,
278n107
,
278n108
market
98
,
99
monopoly
98
,
101
,
104
,
209
post
5
,
183
,
194
tradesmen
31
,
32
,
96
,
101
,
195
traité
82n43
,
147n33
,
149
,
150n43
,
151n45
,
152
,
153
,
154
,
155n52
,
159n58
,
160n62
,
162n64
,
218n11
,
220n20
,
232n60
treaty
compliance
287
conclusion
80n38
,
107n40
interpretation
83
,
210
,
256
making
14n50
,
19
,
76n21
,
186n34
,
188
negotiation
76
,
113
,
185
,
188
obligation
20
,
32
,
33
,
84
,
93
,
135
,
136
,
161
,
212
,
215
,
222
,
229
,
235
,
241
,
243
,
244
,
245
,
251
,
260
,
270
,
274
,
280
,
286
,
288
,
290
practice
15
,
24
,
32
,
59
,
60
,
68
,
72
,
73
,
74
,
95
,
120
,
131
,
145
,
147
,
159
,
183
,
189
,
236
,
257
procedure
85n62
provision
95
,
116
,
147
,
150
,
152
,
173
,
235
,
236
,
238
,
244
,
252
,
288
text
83
,
107
,
108
,
109
,
120
,
139
,
139
,
140
,
148
,
153
,
154
,
155n52
,
158
,
159
,
174
,
195
,
196
,
197
,
213
,
227
violation
277n102
Treaty of Waitangi
274
trespassory rules
34
,
37
tribal society see tribe
tribe
3
,
36
,
43
,
62
,
64
,
66
,
79
,
81
,
87n71
,
117n58
,
125
,
153
,
180
,
219n17
,
227
,
264
tripartite relationship
78
Tunisia
140
,
147
,
222
Ubangui
144
,
145
,
165
Ulpian
35
unequal status
33
,
215
,
243
,
288
uncivilized
x
,
2
,
8
,
10
,
11
,
14
,
58
,
59
,
61
,
68
,
69
,
74
,
81
,
90
,
172
Union colonial française
143
United African Company
98
United Nations Declaration on the Rights
of Indigenous Peoples (undrip)
175
United Nations General Assembly
269
,
80
United States (of America)
x
,
10
,
52n4
,
54
,
80n38
,
86n66
,
144
,
153
,
224n33
,
232
,
236
,
247n4
,
255n29
,
283
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
(udhr)
252
Universalization
9
,
10n39
,
56
,
283
Upper Niger
103
Upper Ogowé
143
Vajesingji Joravarsingji
233
vassal relation
219
Verordnung
190
,
187
,
201
,
202
,
203
,
204n74
,
206
,
207
,
208
,
211
,
212
vice-consul see consul
Victoria
183
Vienna Convention
86
,
250n17
,
252
Violation
1
,
20
,
21
,
33
,
81n41
,
87n67
,
95
,
118
,
134
,
135
,
143
,
209
,
214
,
215
,
217n8
,
224
,
234
,
235
,
237n79
,
241
,
242
,
243
,
244
,
245
,
251
,
252
,
254
,
259
,
260
,
262n51
,
268
,
270
,
275
,
276
,
277
,
278
,
280
,
288
,
290
Völkerrecht
ixn2
,
10n39
,
11n39
,
74n15
,
76n20
,
84n54
,
86n63
,
185
,
187
,
188
,
189
,
191n45
,
195
,
196n56
,
210n91
,
239n85
voluntarism
13
Vorverständnis
29
Waldron, Jeremy
246n1
,
265
,
266
,
267
war
11n39
,
18n62
,
51n2
,
84n57
,
98
,
99
,
117n58
,
139
,
141
,
175n2
,
180
,
184
,
199
,
209
,
210
,
219n17
,
263
West Africa
42
,
44n42
,
63
,
91n87
,
96n2
,
103
,
104
,
123n69
,
129n82
,
140
,
176n5
,
181n21
,
184
,
192
,
198
,
252n22
,
270n73
,
271n77
,
272n85
West African Frontier Force 1104
105
Western Sahara
62
,
77
,
272n83
Westlake, John
9n31
,
13
,
14n47
,
17n55
,
43
,
57n19
,
89n77
,
90
,
220
,
221n23
,
233
,
256n37
Westminster
124
Wheaton, Henry
231n55
,
232
windows of communication
30
Woermann, Adolf
179
,
180
,
182
,
192
,
193
,
194
,
195
Woermann and Jantzen & Thormählen
179
,
194
,
195
World Conference Against Racism,
Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and
Related Intolerance (wcar)
21
,
262
World War I
139
,
175
,
184
wrong
29
,
30
,
57
,
245
,
260
,
267
,
270
,
274
,
279
,
280
,
281
wrongful act
22
,
28
,
33
,
245
,
246
,
258
,
260
,
261
,
262
,
276
,
277n102
,
290
,
291
Yoruba
104
Zimmerer, Eugen Ritter von
203