Transliteration Tables
1 Hebrew and Aramaic
Consonants
|
l |
|
ʾ |
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|
|
m |
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b |
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|
|
n |
|
ḇ |
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|
|
s |
|
g |
|
|
|
ʿ |
|
d |
|
|
|
p |
|
h |
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|
|
f |
|
v |
|
|
|
ṣ |
|
z |
|
|
|
q |
|
ḥ |
|
|
|
r |
|
ṭ |
|
|
|
ś |
|
y |
|
|
|
sh |
|
k |
|
|
|
t |
|
kh |
|
-
The sign ʾ is omitted when initial (e.g., īsh for
אִישׁ ). -
The doubling of letters prefixed by the definite article and in biblical “vayyiqtol” forms is generally not indicated (e.g., ha-kātūḇ, not hak-kātūḇ; va-yōʾmer, not vay-yōʾmer).
Vowels
|
ā |
|
a |
|
ă |
|
|
ē |
|
e |
|
ĕ |
|
|
ī |
|
i |
|
||
|
ō |
|
o |
|
ŏ |
|
|
ū |
|
u |
|
-
The signs ī and ū are also generally used in cases of scriptio defectiva (e.g., nāḇīʾ for
נָבִא [= נָבִיא ] and qūm for קֻם [= קוּם ]). -
Quiescent
י in the suffixes ◌ַיו and ◌ָיו is not transliterated (hence, respectively: av and āv).
2 Arabic and Judaeo-Arabic
Consonants
|
q |
|
z |
|
ʾ |
|
||
|
k |
|
s |
|
b |
|
||
|
l |
|
sh |
|
t |
|
||
|
m |
|
ṣ |
|
th |
|
||
|
n |
|
ḍ |
|
j |
|
||
|
h |
|
ṭ |
|
ḥ |
|
||
|
w |
|
ẓ |
|
kh |
|
||
|
y |
|
ʿ |
|
d |
|
||
|
gh |
|
dh |
|
||||
|
a/at |
|
f |
|
r |
|
-
The sign ʾ is omitted when initial and followed by a vowel (i.e., without waṣla; thus: iqtidār for
اقتدار , yet ḥasaba ʾqtidār for حسب ٱقتدار ), as well as when final in plural verbs (i.e., when functioning as al-alif al-fāṣila; thus: yaʿmalū rather than yaʿmalūʾ). -
◌َة is represented by at when in construct or when the following word begins with alif (e.g., al-qiṣṣat al-ūlā for القصّة الأولى ).
Vowels
|
ā |
|
a |
|
|
ī |
|
i |
|
|
ū |
|
u |
|
-
Before alif al-waṣl the vowels
◌َا , ◌ِي , and ◌ُو are respectively represented by a, i, and u (thus: ʿalayhuma ʾl-salām for عليهما ٱلسلام , fi ʾl-kalām for فى ٱلكلام , and abu ʾl-kadhib for ابو ٱلكذب ). -
Tanwīn, though generally not indicated, is represented by un (for
◌ٌ ), an (for ◌ً , ◌ًا , ◌ًى , or, when denoting any of the previous, final א ), or in (for ◌ٍ or, when denoting the previous, final י ). -
The resolved diphthongs
◌َيِ (< ◌َيْ ) and ◌َوُ (< ◌َوْ ) are respectively represented by aï and aü.