1.1 Allan Sekula, Meditations on a Triptych, installation, 1973–78, Amsterdam, Stedelijk Museum. © Ingrid Falque 2
2.1 The Servant’s Vision of the Crucified Seraph, drawing in Henry Suso, The Exemplar, East Bavaria c.1480. Berlin, Staatsbibliothek, ms Germ. fol. 658, fol. 156r. © Berlin, Staatsbibliothek 17
2.2 The Virgin Offering a Jug of Water to the Servant, drawing in Henry Suso, The Exemplar, Konstanz, c.1455. Einsiedeln, Stiftsbibliothek, ms 710, fol. 42r. © Einsiedeln, Stiftsbibliothek 19
2.3 Eternal Wisdom Sheltering the Servant and his Disciples, drawing in Henry Suso, The Exemplar, Strasbourg, c.1370. Strasbourg, Bibliothèque universitaire, ms 2929, fol. 8v. © Bibliothèque universitaire de Strasbourg 20
2.4 Two Episodes of the Life of St. Hedwig, miniature in the Vita beatae Hedwigis, Silesia c.1353. Los Angeles, J. Paul Getty Museum, Ms. Ludwig XI 7 (83.MN.126). © J. Paul Getty Museum 21
2.5 The Servant and Eternal Wisdom, drawing in Henry Suso, The Exemplar, East Bavaria c.1480. Berlin, Staatsbibliothek Germ. fol. 658, fol. 87v. © Berlin, Staatsbibliothek 29
2.6 The Mystical Way, drawing in Henry Suso, The Exemplar, East Bavaria c.1480. Berlin, Staatsbibliothek, ms Germ. fol. 658, fol. 173r. © Berlin, Staatsbibliothek 31
2.7 The Servant’s Sufferings, drawing in Henry Suso, The Exemplar, East Bavaria c.1480. Berlin, Staatsbibliothek, ms Germ. fol. 658, fol. 147v. © Berlin, Staatsbibliothek 33
2.8 The Servant Invested with Knightly Attire and The Servant with his Gardien Angel, drawing in Henry Suso, The Exemplar, East Bavaria c.1480. Berlin, Staatsbibliothek, ms Germ. fol. 658, fol. 158r. © Berlin, Staatsbibliothek 35
2.9 The Servant Showing the Dwelling Place of God in His Soul, drawing in Henry Suso, The Exemplar, East Bavaria c.1480. Berlin, Staatsbibliothek, ms Germ. fol. 658, fol. 95v. © Berlin, Staatsbibliothek 37
3.1 Scutum Fidei, drawing in Petrus Pictaviensis, Compendium Historiae in Genealogia Christi, early 13th century. London, British Library, ms Cotton Faustina B VII, fol. 42v 50
3.2 Detail from Verbum dei, drawing in Gielis vander Hecken, Labyrinthi, first half of the 16th century. Oxford, Bodleian Library, ms Douce 373, fol. 22r 50
3.3 Arbor bis mortua, drawing in Gielis vander Hecken, Labyrinthi, first half of the 16th century. Oxford, Bodleian Library, ms Douce 373, fol. 5r 52
3.4 Leviathan (detail from Arbor, bis mortua), drawing in Gielis vander Hecken, Labyrinthi, first half of the 16th century. Oxford, Bodleian Library, ms Douce 373, fol. 5r 53
3.5 Sennacherib, blasphemy (detail from Arbor, bis mortua), drawing in Gielis vander Hecken, Labyrinthi, first half of the 16th century. Oxford, Bodleian Library, ms Douce 373, fol. 5r 53
3.6 Agag, sorcery (detail from Arbor, bis mortua), drawing in Gielis vander Hecken, Labyrinthi, first half of the 16th century. Oxford, Bodleian Library, ms Douce 373, fol. 5r 54
3.7 Eglon, violence (detail from Arbor, bis mortua), drawing in Gielis vander Hecken, Labyrinthi, first half of the 16th century. Oxford, Bodleian Library, ms Douce 373, fol. 5r 54
3.8 Charitas dei, drawing in Gielis vander Hecken, Labyrinthi, first half of the 16th century. Oxford, Bodleian Library, ms Douce 373, fol. 3r 56
3.9 Septem latices, drawing in Gielis vander Hecken, Labyrinthi, first half of the 16th century. Oxford, Bodleian Library, ms Douce 373, fol. 15r 58
3.10 Reformatio languentis anime, drawing in Gielis vander Hecken, Labyrinthi, first half of the 16th century. Oxford, Bodleian Library, ms Douce 373, fol. 1r 63
3.11 Sins of the eye (detail from Reformatio languentis anime), drawing in Gielis vander Hecken, Labyrinthi, first half of the 16th century. Oxford, Bodleian Library, ms Douce 373, fol. 1r 64
3.12 Christ’s hand touching the eye (detail from Reformatio languentis anime), drawing in Gielis vander Hecken, Labyrinthi, first half of the 16th century. Oxford, Bodleian Library, ms Douce 373, fol. 1r 65
3.13 Canon indicating sight eye (detail from Reformatio languentis anime), drawing in Gielis vander Hecken, Labyrinthi, first half of the 16th century. Oxford, Bodleian Library, ms Douce 373, fol. 1r 66
3.14 Jester illustrating sins of the eye (detail from Reformatio languentis anime), drawing in Gielis vander Hecken, Labyrinthi, first half of the 16th century. Oxford, Bodleian Library, ms Douce 373, fol. 1r 67
3.15 Parvulus euangelicus, drawing in Gielis vander Hecken, Labyrinthi, first half of the 16th century. Oxford, Bodleian Library, ms Douce 373, fol. 2r 69
3.16 First petition: Hallowed by thy name (detail from Parvulus evangelicus), drawing in Gielis vander Hecken, Labyrinthi, first half of the 16th century. Oxford, Bodleian Library, ms Douce 373, fol. 2r 71
3.17 Salutare christicolarum, drawing in Gielis vander Hecken, Labyrinthi, first half of the 16th century. Oxford, Bodleian Library, ms Douce 373, fol. 7r 72
3.18 Poem on shield hanging from monstrance (detail from Salutare christicolarum), drawing in Gielis vander Hecken, Labyrinthi, first half of the 16th century. Oxford, Bodleian Library, ms Douce 373, fol. 7r 74
4.1 Brussels, Royal Library of Belgium, ms. 20.329B, fol. 43v 84
4.2 Idem, fol. 0v 86
4.3 Idem, fol. 89v 93
4.4 Idem, fol. 72v 96
4.5 Idem, fol. 31v 99
4.6 Idem, fol. 84v 101
4.7 Idem, fol. 85v 103
4.8 Idem, fol. 99v 106
5.1 Martin Boschman, title-page, Paradisus precum selectarum quibus devota anima sese oblectari in dies poterit (Pelplin, Gdańsk, Antwerp, and/or Brussels: ca. 1610). Pen and ink in shades of brown and red, 122 × 78 mm. Print Collection, New York Public Library 114
5.2 Frontispiece, “In hoc signum vinces,” in Martin Boschman, Paradisus precum selectarum, fol. 1 recto. Engraving (pasted-in), 78 × 64 mm. Print Collection, New York Public Library 117
5.3 Hieronymus Wierix, Boy Jesus Carrying the Cross, in Martin Boschman, Paradisus precum selectarum, fol. 83 verso recto. Engraving, 83 × 62 mm. Print Collection, New York Public Library 118
5.4 Hieronymus Wierix, St. Bernard Embracing the Arma Christi, in Martin Boschman, Paradisus precum selectarum, fol. 287 recto. Engraving, 81 × 59 mm. Print Collection, New York Public Library 120
5.5 Hieronymus Wierix, Annunciation, in Martin Boschman, Paradisus precum selectarum, fol. 52 recto. Engraving, 101 × 70 mm. Print Collection, New York Public Library 122
5.6 Anonymous, Virgin Mary Sewing and Child Jesus Reading, in Martin Boschman, Paradisus precum selectarum, fol. 53 recto. Engraving (pasted-in), 77 × 45 mm. Print Collection, New York Public Library 123
5.7 Hieronymus Wierix, Penitent Magdalene, in Martin Boschman, Paradisus precum selectarum, fol. 56 recto. Engraving, 84 × 62 mm. Print Collection, New York Public Library 125
5.8 Hieronymus Wierix, Penitent St. Jerome in the Desert, in Martin Boschman, Paradisus precum selectarum, fol. 79 verso. Engraving, 83 × 62 mm. Print Collection, New York Public Library 126
5.9 Anonymous, Infant Jesus with the Arma Passionis, in Martin Boschman, Paradisus precum selectarum, fol. 31 recto. Engraving (pasted-in), 23 × 18 mm. Print Collection, New York Public Library 131
5.10 After Hieronymus Wierix, Virgin Mary Keeping Vigil with the Sleeping Child Jesus, in Martin Boschman, Paradisus precum selectarum, fol. 65 recto. Engraving, 92 × 63 mm. Print Collection, New York Public Library 135
5.11 Hieronymus Wierix, Mirror of Penitence, in Martin Boschman, Paradisus precum selectarum, fol. 67 verso. Engraving (bound-in), 86 × 63 mm. Print Collection, New York Public Library 136
5.12 After Hieronymus Wierix, Virgin Mary Confers the Chasuble on St. Ildephonsus, in Martin Boschman, Paradisus precum selectarum, fol. 142 recto. Engraving (pasted-in and gilt), 86 × 67 mm. Print Collection, New York Public Library 139
5.13 Hieronymus Wierix, Boy Jesus as Salvator Mundi, Asleep within the Sacred Heart, in Martin Boschman, Paradisus precum selectarum, fol. 142 recto. Engraving, 85 × 64 mm. Print Collection, New York Public Library 140
5.14 After Hieronymus Wierix, after Francesco Vanni, Ecstasy of St. Francis, in Martin Boschman, Paradisus precum selectarum, fol. 150 verso. Engraving, 95 × 62 mm. Print Collection, New York Public Library 141
5.15 Hieronymus Wierix, Boy Jesus Casts his Light upon Four Jesuits, in Martin Boschman, Paradisus precum selectarum, fol. 173 recto. Engraving, 96 × 64 mm. Print Collection, New York Public Library 148
5.16 Hieronymus Wierix, Boy Jesus Playing Stringed Instruments within Five Hearts, in Martin Boschman, Paradisus precum selectarum, fol. 171 recto. Engraving, 96 × 65 mm. Print Collection, New York Public Library 151
5.17 Anonymous, Christ the Man of Sorrows Kneeling upon the Wood of the Cross, in Martin Boschman, Paradisus precum selectarum, fol. 33 recto. Engraving (pasted-in), 63 × 43 mm. Print Collection, New York Public Library 153
5.18 Hieronymus Wierix, Christ the Man of Sorrows Standing at the Foot of the Cross and Holding a Whip and a Scourge, in Martin Boschman, Paradisus precum selectarum, fol. 48 recto. Engraving, 80 × 58 mm. Print Collection, New York Public Library 156
5.19 Hieronymus Wierix, Ecce Homo, in Martin Boschman, Paradisus precum selectarum, fol. 50 recto. Engraving, 89 × 60 mm. Print Collection, New York Public Library 158
5.20 Carel de Mallery, Raising of Lazarus, in Martin Boschman, Paradisus precum selectarum, fol. 54 recto. Engraving, 108 × 68 mm. Print Collection, New York Public Library 159
6.1 Rogier van der Weyden, St. John Triptych (c.1453–1454). Oil on panel, 77 × 48 cm. Berlin, Staatliche Museen. Image © Art Resource, New York, NY 166
6.2 Rogier van der Weyden, Crucifixion (c.1457). Oil on panel, 325 × 192 cm. Madrid, Real Monasterio de San Lorenzo, El Escorial. Image © Art Resource, New York, NY 170
6.3 Rogier van der Weyden, St. Luke Drawing the Virgin (c.1435–1436). Oil on panel, 137.7 × 110.8 cm. Boston, Museum of Fine Arts. Photograph © Museum of Fine Arts, Boston 182
6.4 Rogier van der Weyden, St. John Triptych, left panel (c.1453–1454). Oil on panel, 77 × 48 cm. Berlin, Staatliche Museen. Image © Art Resource, New York, NY 184
6.5 Rogier van der Weyden, St. John Triptych, right panel (c.1453–1454). Oil on panel, 77 × 48 cm. Berlin, Staatliche Museen. Image © Art Resource, New York, NY 185
6.6 Rogier van der Weyden, St. John Triptych, center panel (c.1453–1454). Oil on panel, 77 × 48 cm. Berlin, Staatliche Museen. Image © Art Resource, New York, NY 186
6.7 Rogier van der Weyden, Miraflores Triptych of the Virgin, (c.1442–1445). Oil on panel, left panel: 74 × 44.4 cm, center panel: 74 × 44.7 cm, right panel: 73.8 × 44.5 cm. Berlin, Staatliche Museen. Image © Art Resource, New York, NY 188
6.8 Rogier van der Weyden, St. John Triptych, right panel, detail of St. John identifying Christ (c.1453–1454). Oil on panel, 77 × 48 cm. Berlin, Staatliche Museen. Image © Art Resource, New York, NY 202
7.1 Jan Provoost, Diptych of a Franciscan Friar, 1522. Sint-Janshospitaal, Bruges, OSJ.191.1. Copyright Lukas—Art in Flanders VZW, Photo Hugo Maertens 213
7.2 Reverse of Jan Provoost, Diptych of a Franciscan Friar, 1522. Sint-Janshospitaal, Bruges, OSJ.191.1. Copyright Lukas—Art in Flanders VZW, Photo Hugo Maertens 217
7.3 Rebus de Picardie. Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France: ms. 1600, fol. 68r 246
8.1 Brueghel, Earthly Paradise with the Creation of Man, 1594, oil on copper, 26.5 × 35 cm, Rome, Trust Doria Pamphilj. Photo: Roma, Galleria Doria Pamphilj. © 2020 Amministrazione Doria Pamphilj s.r.l. 256
8.2 Jacopo or Francesco Bassano, Adam and Eve, date, technique, dimensions, and location unknown. Fototeca Zeri, Inventory number 97378. © Photo library of the Federico Zeri Foundation 258
8.3 Boillot, Nouveaux pourtraitz et figures de termes pour user en l’architecture: composez & enrichiz de diversité d’Animaulx, representez au vray, selon l’Antipathie & contrarieté naturelle de chacun d’iceulx (Langres, Jehan des Prey: 1592) (no pagination) 263
8.4 Idem 264
8.5 Marcus Gheeraerts, “t’Lammeken ende Wulf”, Etched illustration to Eduard de Dene’s De warachtighe fabulen der dieren (Bruges, Pieter de Clerck for Marcus Gheeraerts: 1568). From: Facsimile ed. W. Le Loup—M. Goetink (Roeselare: 1978) 124 266
8.6 Brueghel, Earthly Paradise with the Creation of Man, 1594, oil on copper, 26.5 × 35 cm, Rome, Doria Pamphilj Gallery (detail) 266
8.7 Jan Brueghel the Elder, Earth, or the Earthly Paradise, 1607–1608, oil on copper, 45 × 65 cm, Musée du Louvre, Paris. © Wikimedia 270
8.8 Idem (detail) 270
8.9 Jan Brueghel the Younger, Paradise with the Creation of Woman, no date, painting on copper, 48.5 × 37 cm, Musée des Beaux-Arts, Besançon. © Wikimedia 271
8.10 Idem (detail) 271