Index
Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations.
à titre de souverain 164
,
175
,
357 –359 387
,
410
,
414 –416 442
abandonment, of territory 158 –159 226 –227
Abdulhamid II, Sultan of Ottoman Empire 63
,
119
Abdullah, Morsy 409n131
,
433n228
Abu Musa
burglaries on 101, 404, 418
crime on 404
descriptions of 11 –13 322
division of 711 –712 715 –717
and Dubai, Rulers of 400
,
401 –402 405
,
420
,
428
exercise of jurisdiction over 418
flag planting on
Arab (Qawásim) 119
,
120 –123 491 –493 504
Persian 52
,
63 –64 115 –116 490
,
494 –496
and Germany 513 –514
and Hennell Line 406 –408 813 –814
historical uses of 5
identification of 83
infrastructure on 403
,
418 –419
maps of. See maps
mining concessions on
in general 12
1898 13 –15 64 –65 422
1922 525 –527
1934/5 536 –539
trade in 504 –507
Wönckhaus Affair 14
,
64
,
506 –507 510 –518
Nestorian monastery on 77
oil concessions off
in general 15
,
694
dispute over 581 –582 605
,
647 –648 717 –719
joint exploitation of 598 –599 719 –723
and Persia/Iran
administrative offices on 546 –547
conduct on 614 –620 731 –732
flag planting on 52
,
63 –64 115 –116 490
,
494 –496
occupying half of 126
,
140
ownership of
absence of protests against Qawásim claims 515 –516
claims on 369 –370 479 –481 527 –529
evidence for 90 –91
Persia/Iran’s views on 194
strategic interest in 128 –130
threats of seizing 685 –690
and Qawásim sheikhs (Lengeh branch) 401
and Qawásim sheikhs (Sharjah branch)
flag planting on 119
,
120 –123 491 –493
mining concessions granted by 1934/5 536 –539
UK’s views on ownership of 121 –122
and Qawásim sheikhs (Sharjah/Ras Al Khaimah branch)
flag planting on 504
mining concessions granted by
in general 12
1898 13 –15 64 –65 422
1922 525 –527
trade in 504 –506
ownership of
121 –122 Memorandum of Understanding
in general 408 –410
and à titre de souverain 414 –416
claims on 481 –482
conclusion 425
and control of access to 419
division between Sharjah and Ras Al Khaimah 422 –424
through effective occupation 410 –422
evidence for 399 –404
and exercise of jurisdiction 101
,
404
,
418
The Persian Gulf Pilot on 56
,
401
,
403
,
408
and private acts 414 –417
recognition of 513 –514
and sovereign acts 414 –422 504 –508 516 –517
Salim bin Sultan living on 404 –405
as seasonal base 11 –12 121
,
353
strategic importance of 5 –6
territorial sea around 717 –719
and UK 513 –514
value of 18
visits to/sightings of
by Iranian navy 547 –548
by Iranian president 618
,
623
of Persian customs launch 527 –528 Gulf islands (in general); Memorandum of Understanding
accretion, of territory 153
Achaemenid Empire 249 –252 257
,
258
acquiescence
and title to territory 179 –182
acquisition
of territory
in general 150 –151
by accretion 153
and acquisitive prescription 161 –164
by cession 153 –154
and contiguity 171
and effectiveness 172 –177
by occupation. See occupation
by subjugation/conquest 159 –161 625 –628
acquisitive prescription
definitions of 161 –163 733
elements of 163 –166
example cases for 165
in Gulf Islands dispute 200
,
469
,
491
and historical consolidation of title 167
and MOU 732 –734
two types of 163
administration, and effective occupation 156
Aegean Sea Continental Shelf (Greece v. Turkey) case 661 –662
Afshar, Amir Khosro 572
,
575
,
588 Luce/Afshar proposals
agreements. See treaties
Ahmadi, Kourosh 199
Ajman sheikhs 718 –719
Akweenda, Sakeus 762 –763
Alboquerque, Alfonso d’ 17
,
25 –26 272 –273 281
,
288 –290 294
,
296
,
297
Alboquerque, Pero d’ 281
Alexander the Great 74 –75 257
,
258
Ali Shah, Mullah 34 –35
Amerasinghe, Chittharanjan Felix 221
,
223
Amin-es-Sultan 474
,
478n56
ancient title. See historic title
Antarctic treaty 709 –710
Anvile, Monsieur d’ 797
,
799 –802 800
,
801
Arab Summit Conference 620
Arabian Gulf. See Gulf
Aram, Abbas 129
Arrian 74 –75 237
,
252 –253
Arrowsmith, John 804 –805 807
,
808
,
811
,
812
,
813
,
813
,
824
Atlante Internazionale (Touring Club Italiano) 846
,
847
Atlas International Larousse 846
Aust, Anthony 638
,
657 –658 661
,
666 –667 727
,
743
authority
of Qawásim sheikhs (Lengeh branch)
as deputy governors 362
,
385 –386
in Gulf 27 –28 35
of Qawásim sheikhs (Sharjah branch) 645 –648
al-Baharna, Husain M. 645
Bahrain
and Hormuz, Kingdom of 279 –280 281
Persia/Iran’s claim to 65
,
105
,
549 –551 560 –561
and UK 650
,
654 –655
Bandar Abbas
leasing of 22
Mullah Ali Shah, seizing of 34
Oman presence at
in general 19
expulsion from 44 –45
lease agreement with Persia/Iran 45 –47
Bandar-e Lengeh
and Persia/Iran
seizing control of 41 –42 52 –53 102
,
469 –471
sovereignty over 38 –39 42
in general 19
,
27
,
32 –35
contractual basis for 43 –44 48
,
333 –336 341
,
359 –360 383 –385
independence of 39 –41 48
livelihood of 28 –29 36 –37
motivations for 36 –38
Bani Ma’in 44 –45
Barbosa, Duarte 17
,
79
,
85
,
274 –276 281
,
282
Bastaki, Sheikh Mohammad Khan 332 –333 341
,
383
Bavand, Davoud H. 266
,
334
,
349
,
499
,
803
,
807
,
809 –810 815
Beeman, William 38
Belgian customs agents 63 –64 115 –116
Belgium 769 –771
Blum, Yehuda Zvi 182 –183
Boink, G.G.J. 8n13
Book of Duarte Barbosa 79
,
85
,
274 –276 282
Borneo 215
,
784 –786
Botswana 783 –784
Boudaen, Elias 320
Britain and the Persian Gulf. 1795–1880 (Kelly) 814
British East India Company
maps compiled by 807
,
809 –810 810
,
811 United Kingdom
British War Office map (1886) 108
,
112
,
486 –487 488
,
821
,
822
,
849 –851 852
,
854
Brownlie, Ian 763
Brownlie’s Principles of Public International Law 357
Brucks, George B. 427
,
809
burden of proof, in international litigation 221
burglaries 101
,
404
,
418
Burkina Faso 780 –781
Burnes, Alexander 811
,
812
,
813
,
813
Buttes Gas and Oil Co. v. Hammer case 647
,
654
Buttes Gas and Oil Company 15
,
581
,
598 –599 605
,
647 –648 694
,
718
,
720 –723
Cambodia 771 –774
Canton and Enderbury Islands 709n515
Carneiro, Levi 768 –769
Carré, Abbé 21 –22 33
,
79 –80 321
Carte du Golphe Persique 797, 798 –799
Case Concerning Rights of Nationals of the United States of America in Morocco 648 –649
causality, between coercive act and treaty 691 –700
cession, of territory 153 –154
Chamizal case 165
Chart of the Coast of Persia (Vingboons) 789
,
792
,
793
Chart of the Gulf of Persia (Brucks) 807
,
810
,
811
Chart of the Persian Gulf (Karlsrühe chart) 788
,
790 –791
Charte von Persien (Prag, 1811) 828
Charte von Persien (Weimar, 1804) 827
Chronicles of the Kings of Hormuz 86
clean slate rule 669 –670
Clipperton Island case. See Sovereignty over Clipperton Island case
Cochrane-Baillie, Charles, 2nd Baron Lamington 105 –106
coercion
and MOU
and causal link between threats and 691 –700
validity/invalidity of 138 –139 144 –145 603
,
606
,
636
,
678 –679 685 –700
and treaties
in general 680 –684
curing of 680
,
702 –704
invalidity of 684 –685
Colombia 703
colour coding (on maps) 795
,
801
,
803
,
807
,
813
,
818 –819 824 –825 829 –830 833
,
836
,
839 –840 844
,
846
,
849
,
852
,
854
Commentaries of Ruy Freyre de Andrada 301
Commentaries of the Great Alfonso D’Alboquerque 272 –273 290
,
294
,
296
,
297
competing claims 452 –453
Comprehensive Atlas & Geography of the World (Blackie) 818
condomini 734 –736
Conforti, Benedetto 749 –750 752
conquest, of territory 159 –161 625 –628
contiguity 170 –172 306 –307 345 –351 457 –458
continuity
and effective occupation 171 –172
and historic title 200
,
203 –211 232 –234 256 –260 263 –264 267
,
285
and sovereignty 422
Corfu Channel (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland v. Albania) case 223
,
239
,
355
,
751
Cosmopolitan World Atlas, Centennial Edition (Rand McNally) 846
counter-inferences 246 –249
Crawford, James 285
,
357
,
642
critical dates
in general 182 –183 373
determining of 183 –185 463 –465
in Gulf Islands dispute
1887/8
in general 53
,
114
,
469 –471 471 –479
for Abu Musa 479 –482
for Greater Tunb 489 –490
for Lesser Tunb 489 –490
1903/4 469 –471 480
,
502 –509
emergence of 93 –94
and termination of MOU 747
importance of 94 –95
Curzon, George Nathaniel 21
,
42 –43 76
,
646
Dambrain, Monsieur 115
,
495
Darius I 75
De Visccher, Charles 167 –168
Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation among States (1970) 626
declarations
conditional interpretative 727 –728
interpretative 726 –727
Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary in the Gulf of Maine Area (Canada/United States of America) 180
Della Valle, Pietro 314
Denmark 172
,
203 –206 225
,
228
,
233
,
310
deputy governors 362
,
385 –386
descriptions
of Abu Musa 11 –13 322
of Greater Tunb
in general 7 –11
by Brucks, Captain 427
in captain’s journals 8
of Nearchus 251 –253
by Seton, David 97
,
425 –426 427
,
432
by Whitelock, Lieutenant 97
,
426
of Lesser Tunb
in general 6 –7 455
by Seton, David 425 –426
discovery, and effective occupation 156 –157
Distefano, Giovanni 682n427
,
683n432
,
686 –687 701 –702
Dörr, Oliver 684
Douglas-Home, Alec 136
Draft Articles on the Law of Treaties 639
Dubai, Rulers of 400
,
401 –402 405
,
420
,
428
Dubai/Sharjah Border Arbitration (Dubai/Sharjah) case 397 –398 419
,
448 –449 646
Dutch East India Company (VOC)
captain’s journals from 8
,
80
in Gulf 26
,
80
identification of islands by 83 –84
maps compiled by 84
,
792
,
794
,
795
and Persia/Iran 325 –332
reports of
in general 71 –72
on Greater and Lesser Tunb 17
Dutch Republic. See Dutch East India Company (VOC)
Eastern Greenland case. See Legal Status of Eastern Greenland (Denmark/Norway) case
effectiveness
of occupation
in general 156 –157 172 –176 208
,
209 –211 318 –319 338 –340 395 –396 410
,
419
and contiguity 171 –172
and intertemporal law 226 –227
and regional conditions 396 –398
subsequent conduct of other States 177 –178
of terrae nullius 336 –338
and title to territory 176 –177
effectivités 173–178, 443, 553
El Salvador 458 –459
Ely, Northcutt 127
,
138 –139 592 –593 596
,
716
,
721 –722
Emirate of Sharjah. See Sharjah, Shaikhdom of
Encyclopaedia Iranica 288
Eritrea 783
Eritrea/Ethiopia Boundary Commission 175 –176
Eritrea/Yemen arbitration 218 –220 259 –260 308
,
410
,
458
,
780 –781
Erythraean Sea 250 –251
estoppel, and title to territory 179
,
181 –182
European Union (EU) 629
evidence
archaeological 240
,
241 –243
and burden of proof 221 –222
evaluation of 222
inferential
in general 212 –221
admissibility of 221 –223
of ownership of islands
direct 71
by Hormuz, Kingdom of 85 –86 274 –283
maps as. See maps
by Persia/Iran
in general 229 –232
through acts of Qawásim 362 –364 380 –389 394 –395
and continuity, lack of 256 –260 263 –264
and counter-inferences 246 –249
and Gulf as Persian lake 245 –246
inferential 88 –92 197
,
238 –254 260 –261
lack of 234 –238 254 –256 257 –258 374 –376 380
and letters of Yusuf bin Muhammad 57
,
377 –379
as part of Fars Province 340 –343
and sovereign acts 262
,
263 –264
and XIVth Satrapy 249 –254
by Qawásim
in general 399 –406
before establishment at Lengeh 353 –355
inferential 92 –93
and tax collection 54
,
57
,
112
Exclusive Agreements (1892) 50
,
62
,
104
,
114
,
126
,
602
,
641 –656
extent
of Hormuz, Kingdom of 270 –274 279 –280
of Sharjah, Shaikhdom of 643 –644
farming. See tax farming
Fars Province 332 –333 336 –337 340 –343
financial assistance agreement (in MOU) 724 –725
Fisheries case (UK v. Norway) 167 –168 181n156
Fisheries Jurisdiction (UK v. Iceland) case 681 –682
Fitzmaurice, Gerald 94
,
95
,
183 –184 205 –206 217
,
222 –223 228
,
232
,
233
,
256n197
,
262
,
263
,
264
,
339
,
346 –347 353
,
358
,
373
,
379
,
384 –385 387n59
,
412
,
414
,
415
,
418
,
451n280
,
452 –454 457
,
458
,
463 –464 465
,
468
,
483
,
502
,
503
,
649 –650
flag incident (1903/4) 63 –64 115 –123 490 –509
flags
planting of
on Abu Musa
Arab (Qawásim) 119
,
120 –123 491 –493 504
Persian 52
,
63 –64 115 –116 490
,
494 –496
on Greater Tunb
Arab (Qawásim) 119
,
120 –123 491 –493 504
,
520 –521
Persian 52
,
63 –64 115 –116 125
,
473
,
490
,
494 –496 520
on Lesser Tunb
Persian 520
,
547
on Sirri
Persian 102
,
367 –369 409
,
472
,
473
withdrawal of
from Greater Tunb
Arab (Qawásim) 539 –542
Floor, Willem 34 –35 37
,
288
,
292
,
297
,
301
,
325 –326 334
,
359n130
,
360
,
363n140
,
383
,
386
foi request 570 –571
xivth Satrapy 237
,
249 –254
and Mexico
Clipperton Island case 157 –158 208 –209 227
,
453 –454 503
and Thailand
Temple of Preah Vihear case 771 –774
and uk
Minquiers and Ecrehos case 169n96
,
184n173
,
212 –214 254
,
450n279
freedom of information (foi) request 570 –571
Frontier Dispute (Burkina Faso/Mali) case 152
,
176 –177 188
,
190
,
764
,
780 –781
full jurisdiction
definitions of 712 –714
in mou 712
,
715 –717 727
,
742
Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf, Oman and Central Arabia (Lorimer) 7
,
10
,
12 –13
General Assembly Resolution No. 3314 (1974) 626
General Atlas of the World (A. & C. Black) 839
General Treaty of Peace (1820) 30
,
32
,
391 –392 413
General Treaty with the Arab Tribes of the Persian Gulf (1820) 32
geographical doctrines 170 –172 305 –306 345 –351 457 –458
Germany
and Abu Musa 513 –514
and uk 64 –65 506 –507 510 –518
Grant, Tom 640
Great Britain. See United Kingdom
Greater Tunb
descriptions of
in general 7 –11
by Brucks, Captain 427
in captain’s journals 8
of Nearchus 251 –253
by Seton, David 97
,
425 –426 427
,
432
by Whitelock, Lieutenant 97
,
426
flag planting on
Arab (Qawásim) 119
,
120 –123 491 –493 504
,
520 –521
Persian 52
,
63 –64 115 –116 125
,
473
,
490
,
494 –496 520
flag withdrawal from
Arab (Qawásim) 539 –542
historical uses of 5
and Hormuz, Kingdom
ownership of
in general 70
,
198
Barbosa’s views on 17
,
79
,
85
evidence for 274 –283
identification of 83 –84
maps of. See maps
and Persia/Iran
administrative offices on 546 –547
claims on 52 –53
detention of Dubai dhow 528 –529
ownership of
absence of protests against Qawásim claims 484 –485
and British War Office map 486 –487 488
claims on 52 –54 56
,
369 –370 482 –484 533 –536
evidence for 91
,
388
,
484 –487
and letters of Yusuf bin Muhammad 378 –380
Persia/Iran’s views on 195 –196
Qawásim’s views on 444
and uk’s acquiescence 487 –489
and uk’s documentation 485 –486
seizure of
in general 58
,
126
,
140 –141 601
legal analysis of 625 –628
no acquiescence of 631 –633
no recognition of 628 –629
strategic interest in 128 –130
violations of uae’s sovereignty over 613 –614
visits of authorities to 533 –536
and Qawásim (in general)
ownership of
in general 54
evidence for 425 –438
Kniphausen’s view on 323
Niebuhr’s view 323 –324
in The Persian Gulf Pilot 429
voc’s views on 17
and Qawásim sheikhs (Lengeh branch)
ownership of
445 –448
contested by Ras Al Khaimah branch 430 –431 433 –438 444
and effective occupation 448 –449
native agent’s views on 434 –437 443
,
445
,
446 –448
partial 449 –451
Persia/Iran’s views on 444
uk’s views on 443 –444
and Qawásim sheikhs (Ras Al Khaimah branch)
ownership of
in general 9 –10
and competing claims 452 –453
conclusion 451 –454
contested by Lengeh branch 430 –431 432 –438 444
and effective occupation 442 –443
and exclusion other States 454
and sovereign acts 438 –442 454
and Qawásim sheikhs (Sharjah/Ras Al Khaimah branch)
ownership of
and lighthouse construction 521 –525
uk’s views on 522
as seasonal base 2
,
7
,
10
,
353
strategic importance of 5 –6
as terra nullius 277 –278 439 –440
and uk 521 –525
as unit with Lesser Tunb 455 –457 460 –461
value of 18
visits to/sightings of
in general 8 –9 80
,
319 –322 426
of Iranian authorities 533 –536
of hms Nearchus 544 –545 547
of Palang 533 –534 537 Gulf islands (in general); Lesser Tunb
Greenland 172
,
203 –206 225
,
228
,
233
,
309 Legal Status of Eastern Greenland (Denmark/Norway) case
Gulf
Dutch East India Company (voc) in 26
,
80
history of
in antiquity
in general 72 –78 240 –242
and expedition of Alexander 74 –75
during reign of Darius i 75
from 16th to 19th century 81 –82
Hormuz, Kingdom of in 269 –270 293
maps of. See maps (of Gulf)
migration culture around 313 –314
Persia/Iran in
in general 75 –77 128
destabilizing power of 131 –132
supremacy of 195 –196 199
,
245 –246
unimportance of 113
,
258 –259
Portugal in
in general 25 –26 81
arrival of 198
,
258
first explorations 281
power dynamics in 59 –63 81 –82 127 –128 248
,
257
,
471 –472
Qawásim in 27 –28 35 Bandar-e Lengeh
Russia in 62 –63 105
,
128
uk in
in general 26
,
102
concern over position in 105 –107
Persia/Iran’s effort to oust 59 –63
strategic interest in 104
withdrawal from 126
,
130 –134 556 –565
Gulf Arab rulers
and Persia/Iran
treaties between 59 –60 472
and uk
treaties between
in general 104 –105
Exclusive Agreements 62
,
104
,
114
,
126
,
602
,
641
Treaty of Peace (1853) 98 –99 400
,
409
,
413
,
428
,
432
,
435
Gulf Cooperation Council (gcc) 143
,
620
,
628
Gulf Islands dispute
acquisitive prescription in 200
,
469
,
491
critical dates in. See critical dates
differences between islands in 1 –2
historical circumstances 15 –17
history of
pre-1887 96 –101
1904 115 –123
between 1904–1971
123 –126
before 1945 510 –545
after 1945 545 –552
1971 126 –144
after 1971 142 –149
before icj 67 –68
before League of Nations 65 –67
legal questions about 15 –17
maps in. See maps
outside powers involvement in 2 –3
protests in. See protests
and sources on history of Gulf/Gulf islands
usefulness of 77 –78 84 –85
and uk, resolutions proposed by
in general 559 –560
Luce/Afshar proposals 135 –138 563
,
567 –570 575 –597 600 –601 696
,
700
median line proposal 134
,
549
,
559
,
569
,
570
,
572
,
582
,
600 Memorandum of Understanding
and un
in general 753
mou, non-registering of 664 –665n365
and Qawásim sheikhs (Ras Al Khaimah branch) 140 –141
before unsc
as agenda item 143
,
607 –608 755 –756
Arab States, protests lodged by 141 –142 602 –603
Iraq’s views on 603
Kuwait’s views on 603
no action taken 67
,
143
,
604 –605 753 –754
Persia/Iran’s views on 191 –193 603 –604
Somalia’s views on 754 –755
uae’s possibilities 758
uae’s views on 142
,
604
,
755
uk’s views on 142 –143
Yemen’s views on 603
views on
of eu 629
of gcc 628
of League of Arab Nations 628 under specific islands; under specific participants
Gulf islands (in general)
as archipelagic entity 315
,
333
history of
from 16th to 19th century 78 –84
from 18th and 19th century 96
in antiquity 77 –78
and Hormuz, Kingdom of. See Hormuz, Kingdom of
identification by voc 83 –84
maps of. See maps
mining concessions. See mining concessions
naming of 8
,
788 –789 792
,
797
oil concessions off. See oil concessions
ownership of. See ownership
and Persia/Iran. See Persia/Iran
and Portugal. See Portugal
and Qawásim. See Qawásim
and Qawásim sheikhs. See Qawásim sheikhs
as terrae nullius 154
,
200
,
263
,
283 –284 316 –318 336
,
374
and uk. See United Kingdom
use of 87
views on
of Teixiera, Pedro 278
of uk 92 –93
in writings of travelers 82 –83
visits to/sightings of 8 –9 80
,
319 –323 Abu Musa; Greater Tunb; Kishm; Qeshm; Sir Abu Nu’ayr; Sirri
al-Gurg, Easa Saleh 35 –36n51
Haan, Gerrit de 84
,
794
Hall, Sidney 829 –830 831
Hall, William Edward 286
,
357 –358
Hardinge, Arthur 118 –119 495 –498
Hawley, Donald 27
Hay, Rupert 645 –646
Heathcote, Sarah 702
Hennell, Samuel 406
,
813 –814
Hennell Line 406 –408 813 –814
Herodotus 237
,
249 –253
Higgins QC, Dame Rosalyn 187 –188
historic title
and continuity 200
,
203 –211 232 –234 256 –260 263 –264 267
,
285
and inferential evidence 212 –221
loss of
224 –228
consequences of 228 –229
of Persia/Iran to islands 229 –260
in general 191 –203
challenges in establishing of 199 –203
continuity in 232 –234 267
,
285
evidence for
in general 229 –232
and continuity 256 –260 263 –264
and counter-inferences 246 –249
and Gulf as Persian lake 245 –246
inferential 88 –91 197
,
238 –254 260 –261
lack of 234 –238 254 –256 257 –258
and sovereign acts 262
,
263 –264
and xivth Satrapy 249 –254
and sovereign acts 223 –224
historical consolidation, of title 166 –169
history
of Gulf
in antiquity 72 –78 240 –242
from 16th to 19th century 81 –82
of Gulf Islands dispute
pre-1887 96 –101
1904 115 –123
between 1904–1971
before 1945 510 –545
before 1971 123 –126
after 1945 545 –552
1971 126 –144
after 1971 142 –149
of Gulf islands (in general)
in antiquity 77 –78
from 16th to 19th century 78 –84
from 18th and 19th century 96
sources on. See sources
Hoare, Samuel 66
Honduras 458 –459 787
Hormuz, Kingdom of
and Bahrain 279 –280 281
extent of 270 –274 279 –280
and Greater Tunb
ownership of
in general 70
,
79
,
198
Barbosa’s views on 17
,
79
,
85
evidence for 85 –86 274 –283
in Gulf 269 –270 293
and Gulf islands (in general)
ownership of
in general 266 –267 268 –269
evidence for 274 –283
and geographical doctrines 305 –306 310 –312 314 –315
independence of 269 –271
and Persia/Iran
aborted takeover by, of 290
,
291
conquest by, of 302 –305
vassal to
in general 25 –26 197 –198 267 –268
evidence for 287 –293
and Portugal
conquest by, of
in general 25
,
86
,
267
,
278 –279 283 –285 293 –295
status of Hormuz territory after 295 –297
Persia/Iran’s cession to, of 297 –298
treaties between 278 –279 293 –294 295
,
296
vassal of 295
,
296
views on
of Barbosa, Duarte 274 –276
in Commentaries of the Great Alfonso D’Alboquerque 272 –273
of Ibn Batuta 272
of Teixiera, Pedro 271 –272
Huber, Max 95
,
157
,
174
,
180
,
186 –187 209
,
220 –221 222
,
225
,
226 –227 232
,
244 –245 264
,
275
,
299
,
306 –309 318
,
337 –339 344
,
346 –347 387
,
395 –396 412
,
419
,
421
,
422
,
454
,
457 –458 461
,
464
,
523
,
622
,
644 –645 767 –768
Hulst, Jan van der 22
,
87
Ibn Batuta 272
identification, of Gulf islands 83 –84
illegality, of conquest of territory 625 –628
India 774 –780
Indonesia 784 –787
infrastructure, on Abu Musa 403
,
418 –419
Institut Géographique National (ign) 780 –781
International Court of Justice (icj) 67 –68 under specific cases
intertemporal law 95 –96 186 –188 226 –227
Iran. See Persia/Iran
Iraq 603
Island of Palmas case 95
,
153
,
157
,
165
,
171
,
174
,
180
,
186 –187 209 –210 220 –221 222
,
225
,
226 –227 232
,
244 –245 264
,
275
,
299
,
306 –309 318
,
337 –339 344
,
346 –347 387
,
395 –396 419
,
421
,
422
,
454
,
457 –458 464
,
523
,
622
,
644 –645 767 –768
islands
unity in group of 307 –308 Gulf islands; under specific islands
Jennings, Robert Y. 163
,
172 –173 178
,
300
,
628
,
734
John Tallis Atlas 838
Johnson, D. 162
Johnston, Keith 819
,
820
,
836
,
837
,
838
Jongh, Wollebrand Geleynssen de 8n13
,
789
jurisdiction, full. See full jurisdiction
Kasikili/Sedudu Island (Botswana/Namibia) case 164
,
783 –784
Kelke, W.H.H. 286
Kellogg-Briand Pact 159
Kelly, J.B. 28
,
33
,
312
,
814
Kennet, Captain 18
Khalaf, Sulayman 50 –51
Khalid Mohammed al-Qasimi, Sheikh. See al-Qasimi, Sheikh Khalid Mohammed
Al Khalij 589 –590
Khan, Haji Ahmed 472
,
476
Kinneir, John Macdonald 802
,
804 –805
Kishm. See Qeshm
Klabbers, Jan 657 –659 660
Kniphausen, Tido Frederik van 22
,
33
,
87
,
322
,
323
,
355
Kohen, Marcelo 203n27
,
702
Kuwait 603
Lamington, Charles Chochrane-Baillie 2nd Baron 105 –106
Land, Marine and Frontier (El Salvador/ Honduras: Nicaragua intervening) case 458 –459 460 –461
Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria: Equatorial Guinea intervening) case 168 –169 649
Landsdowne, Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice 6th Marquess of 106 –107
language, of mou 662 –663
Lauterpacht, H. 655 –656 695
League of Arab States 620 –621 628
League of Nations 65 –67
lease agreements
Bani Ma’in-Persia 44 –45
Oman-Persia 45 –47
Qawásim-Persia 43 –44 48
,
333 –336 341
,
359 –360 383 –385
Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory 161n52
legal relations 656 –658
Legal Status of Eastern Greenland (Denmark/Norway) case 172
,
183n172
,
203 –206 225
,
227 –228 229
,
233
,
275
,
309 –310 318 –319 395 –396 398
,
416
,
421
,
422
,
438
,
452
Lesser Tunb
descriptions of
in general 6 –7 455
by Seton, David 425 –426
historical uses of 5
and Hormuz, Kingdom 70
,
79
,
198
identification of 84
maps of. See maps
mining concessions on 518 –519
and Persia/Iran
flag planting on 125
,
520
,
547
ownership of
in general 53 –54 56
inferential evidence for 91
seizure of
in general 58
,
126
,
140 –141 601
legal analysis of 625 –628
no acquiescence 630 –633
no recognition of 628 –629
strategic interest in 128 –130
violations of uae’s sovereignty over 613 –614
flag planting on 520 –521
ownership of
in general 455 –456
conclusion 459 –460
evidence for 455 –456
Kniphausen’s view on 323
Niebuhr’s view on 323 –324
in The Persian Gulf Pilot 429
uk’s views on 519 –520
voc’s views on 17
as seasonal base 353
strategic importance of 5 –6
as unit with Greater Tunb 455 –457 460 –461
value of 18
visits to/sightings of 80
,
321 –322 Greater Tunb; Gulf islands (in general)
lighthouses 521 –525
Ligitan 215
,
784 –787
Lissitzyn, Oliver 650
Lockhart, L. 325
The London Atlas of Universal Geography (Arrowsmith) 824
Long, G. 830
,
832 –833 832
,
836
Lorimer, J.G. 7
,
10
,
12 –13 31
,
40
,
62
,
392
,
422 –423 456 –457
loss
of territory
in general 152
by abandonment/relinquishment 158 –159 226 –227
of title 224 –229 451n280
Louter, M.J. de 286
Luce, William 135 –138 568 –569 572
,
575
,
576 –597 601
,
687
,
694
,
729 –730 Luce/Afshar proposals
Luce/Afshar proposals 135 –138 563
,
567 –570 575 –597 600 –601 696
,
700
MacArthur, Douglas, ii 127 –128
Malaysia 174 –175 215 –217 766
,
784 –787
Malcolm, A. 13
,
504 –505
Malcolm, T.J. 13
,
504 –505 506
Mali 780 –781
Map of Arabiyah, Misr El Bahri (Touring Club Italiano) 846
,
847
Map of Asia. Persian Gulf (Constable & Stiffe) 815
,
816
Map of Central Asia Comprising Bokhara, Cabool, Persia, the River Indus and countries Eastward of it (Burnes) 811
,
812
,
813
,
813
Map of Iran, Afghanistan, and West Pakistan (in World Atlas, Moscow ) 1967 840
,
842 –843 842
Map of Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan (West) (in Atlante Internazionale) 846
,
847
Map of Persia (accompanying Aitchison’s Treaties) 856
,
857
Map of Persia, Afghanistan and Baluchistan (C.S. Hammond & Co., 1948) 843 –844 845
,
846
Map of Persia, Afghanistan and Baluchistan (Curzon) 824 –825 826
,
851 –852
Map of Persia, Afghanistan and Bellochistan (Weller; 1882) 816
,
818 –819 818
Map of Persia, Afghanistan and Beluchistan (1885) 840
,
841
Map of Persia and Afghanistan (A. & C. Black) 839
Map of Persia and Afghanistan (Johnston) 819
,
820
,
836
,
837
,
838
Map of Persia and Cabul (Arrowsmith) 824
Map of Persia and Part of the Ottoman Empire (Long) 830
,
832
Map of Persia compiled principally from original authorities (St. John) 815
,
817
Map of Persia (Hall) 829 –830 831
Map of Persia (Holdich) 823
The Map of Persia (in Thomson’s New General Atlas) 829
,
830
,
831
Map of Persia (Rapkin) 838
,
838
Map of Persia with a part of Cabul and adjacent countries (Arrowsmith) 807
,
808
Map of Persian Gulf (de Haan) 84
,
792
,
794
,
795
Map of the Countries lying between the Euphrates and Indus on the East and West, and the Oxus and Terek and Indian Ocean on the North and South (Kinneir) 802
,
804 –805
Map of the Eastern Part of the Ancient Persian Empire (Long) 832, 834 –835, 836
as evidence in general
binding nature of
outside of treaties 766
,
848
in treaties 765 –766
in case law 767 –787
classification of 762 –763
expressing will of States 765
probative value of 764 –765
technical quality of 764
of Institut Géographique National 780 –781
maps (of Gulf)
compiled by
British East India Company 807
,
810
,
811
Burnes, Alexander 811
,
812
,
813
,
813
Constable & Stiff 815
,
816
D’Anvile, Monsr. 797
,
799 –802 800
,
801
Hall, Sidney 829 –830 831
Hennell, Samuel 813 –814
Johnston, Keith 819
,
820
,
836
,
837
,
838
Kinneir, John Macdonald 802
,
804 –805
Long, G. 830
,
832 –833 832
,
834 –835 836
Mixed Boundary Commission 769 –770
Morrison, James 814
Simla Drawing Office 822 –823 823
St. John, C.B.S. 815
,
817
voc 84
,
794
Weller, Edward 816
,
818 –819 818
as evidence ownership islands
in general 324 –325 759 –762
British
19th century 108
,
112
,
486 –487 488
,
802 –825 804 –805 808
,
810
,
811
,
812
,
813
,
816
,
817
,
818
,
820
,
822
,
823
,
829 –841 830
,
831
,
832, 834 –835, 837
,
838
,
841
,
849 –857
20th century 843 –844 845
,
846
colour coding on 795
,
801
,
803
,
807
,
813
,
818 –819 824 –825 829 –830 833
,
836
,
839 –840 844
,
846
,
849
,
852
,
854
Dutch
17th and 18th century 84
,
788 –794 790 –792 793 –794
French
18th century 796 –801 798 –799
20th century 846
German
19th century 825
,
827
,
828
,
829
Italian
20th century 846
,
847
Persia/Iran’s reliance on
in general 794 –796
18th century 796 –802
20th century 840 –847
evidentiary value of 847 –860
inconsistencies in 848
,
857 –860
official 19th century 802 –823
semi-official 19th century 824 –825
unofficial 19th century 825 –840
Russian
20th century 840
,
842 –843 842
voc 84
,
792
,
794
,
795 under specific maps
naming of Gulf islands on 788 –789 792
,
797
published by
A. & C. Black 839
,
839
Arrowsmith, John 804 –805 807
,
808
,
811
,
812
,
813
,
813
,
824
C.S. Hammond & Co. 843 –844 845
,
846
Larousse 846
Rand McNally & Co. 846
Touring Club Italiano 846
,
847
un’s views on 782
Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain (Qatar v. Bahrain) case 175
,
189 –190n198 398
,
523
,
650 –651 659 –661
materiality 742 –743
Mattair, Thomas R. 353
,
430n215
Mauritania 207
McNair, Arnold, 1st Baron 287
,
416
Meanguera 459
,
461
Meanguerita 458 –459 461
median line proposal 134
,
549
,
559
,
569
,
570
,
572
,
582
,
600
Mehr, Farhang 815
,
816
,
819
,
825
,
832 –833 836
,
840
Memorandum of Understanding (mou)
663
in general 1 –2 3 –4 126 –127 138 –139 635 –636
documents related to 598 –599 720
final text of 597 –598
full jurisdiction in 712
,
715 –717 727
,
742
language of 662 –663
legal status of
and legal relations 656 –657 661 –662
validity/invalidity of
in general 612
,
663 –665
and coercion 138 –139 144 –145 603
,
606
,
636
,
678 –679 685 –700
and Exclusive Agreements 652 –656
uae’s loss of right to invoke 700 –708
and vclt 636 –639
letter exchange on 598 –599
map in 765 –766
negotiations leading to
overview 575 –597
and quid pro quo benefits 696 –700
and Persia/Iran
conduct on Abu Musa
in general 614 –620 731 –732 740 –742 743
and acquisitive prescription 732 –734
proviso letter of 712
,
725 –731
territorial regime established by 734 –737
violations of 139 –140 614 –620 622 –623 734
,
740 –744
preamble to 709 –711 716 –717
rights and obligations in 708 –725
division of Abu Musa 711 –712 715 –717
financial assistance agreement 724 –725
fishing rights 723 –724
oil exploitation 719 –723
territorial sea 717 –719
termination of
in absence of breach 737 –740
by breach of Persia/Iran 740 –744
and critical dates 747
loss of right to 744 –747
and treaty succession 666
,
667
,
672 –677
and uae
ambivalence over 144 –145 679 –680
loss of right to invoke invalidity 700 –708
protests against Persia/Iran’s violations 741 –742
violations of 139 –140
and un, non-registering at 664 –665n365
views on 603
Mendez, Manuel 9
Mexico 157 –158 208 –209 227
,
453 –454 503
,
768
migration, culture of 313 –314
mining concessions
on Abu Musa
in general 12
1898 13 –15 64 –65 422
1922 525 –527
1934/5 536 –539
trade in 504 –507
Wönckhaus Affair 14
,
64
,
506 –507 510 –518
around Gulf islands 542 –544
on Lesser Tunb 518 –519
Persia/Iran’s protests against 525 –527 536 –539
on Sir Abu Nu’ayr 536
Minquiers and Ecrehos (France/United Kingdom) case 85
,
94
,
169n96
,
175
,
184n173
,
185
,
212 –214 225
,
227
,
233 –234 254
,
260 –261 339
,
415
,
418
,
450n279
,
452 –453 464
,
469
,
768 –769
Mirfendereski, Guive 77
,
249
,
334 –335 498 –499 819
Modern Atlas of the World (C.S. Hammond & Co.) 843 –844 846
Mojtahed-Zadeh, Pirouz 520
,
687
,
796 –797 801 –802 807
,
809 –811 813 –814 815
,
822 –824 829 –830 832
,
838
,
839
,
843 –844 846
Monnox, Edward 303
Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States 643
moqarrariyeh 288
,
297
Morocco 207 –208 218
,
242
,
649
Morrison, James 814
mou. See Memorandum of Understanding
Mutual Agreement (1856) 409
Mutual Agreement (1879) 413
Nadjmabadi, Shahnaz Razieh 45
,
335
,
359 –360n131
Namibia 783 –784
naming, of Gulf islands 8
,
788 –789 792
,
797
National Archives (uk) 571
National Iranian Oil Company (nioc) 720
,
722 –723
Naus, Monsieur 116
Nearchus 74 –75 251 –253
hms Nearchus 544 –545 547
nemo plus juris transferre potest quam ipse habet principle 153
Nestorian monasteries 77
,
236
Netherlands
and Belgium
Sovereignty over Certain Frontier Land (Belgium/Netherlands) case 769 –771
and uk
Convention (1891) between 784 –787
mining concessions 542 –544
and usa
Island of Palmas case 220 –221 Dutch East India Company (VOC)
Nicaragua 703 –704 787
Nicolson, Arthur, 1st Baron Carnock 483
Niebuhr, Carsten 23
,
33
,
37
,
39
,
87 –88 314
,
322
,
323 –324 355
Norway 309
Occidental Petroleum 647 –648 718
Occidental Petroleum Corporation v. Buttes Gas & Oil Company case 647 –648
occupation
of Abu Musa
by Qawásim
through effective occupation 410 –422
of Gulf islands
in general 154 –159
by Persia/Iran
direct 380
indirect 351 –352 356
,
359 –365 380 –389 394 –395
by Qawásim 395
of territory
effectiveness of
in general 156 –157 172 –176 208
,
209 –211 318 –319 338 –340 395 –396 410
,
419
and contiguity 171 –172
and intertemporal law 226 –227
and regional conditions 396 –398
subsequent conduct of other states 177 –178
of terrae nullius 336 –338
and title 176 –177
Official Map of Persia 822 –823 823
oil concessions
off Abu Musa
in general 15
,
694
dispute over 581 –582 605
,
647 –648 718 –719
joint exploitation of 598 –599 719 –723
Oman
at Bandar Abbas
in general 19
expulsion from 44 –45
lease agreement with Persia/Iran 45 –47
at Kishm island 46 –47
Onley, James 50 –51
Oppenheim’s International Law 152
,
153
,
154
,
159
,
161 –162 286
,
419
,
650
,
651
Ottoman Empire
and Qawásim as subjects of 86
,
102
views on ownership islands 63
,
119 –120
ownership
of Abu Musa
in general
critical dates for 479 –482
dearth of references to 18
post-mou 635
pre-1887 99 –101
by Persia/Iran
claims of 369 –370 479 –481 527 –529
evidence for 90 –91
Persia/Iran’s views on 194
in The Persian Gulf Pilot 56 Memorandum of Understanding
and control of access to 419
by Qawásim sheikhs (Sharjah/Ras Al Khaimaih)
in general 408 –410
and à titre de souverain 414 –416
claims of 481 –482
conclusion 425
division between Sharjah and Ras Al Khaimah 422 –424
through effective occupation 410 –422
evidence for 399 –404
and exercise of jurisdiction 101
,
404
,
418
The Persian Gulf Pilot on 56
,
401
,
403
,
408
and private acts 414 –417
recognition of 513 –514
and sovereign acts 414 –422 504 –508 516 –517
uk’s views on 121 –122 Memorandum of Understanding
of Greater Tunb
in general
dearth of references to 18
pre-1887 97 –101
during Sasanid period 243
critical dates for 489 –490
by Hormuz, Kingdom of
in general 70
,
79
,
198
Barbosa’s views on 17
,
79
,
85
evidence for 274 –283
by Persia/Iran
absence of protests against Qawásim claims 484 –485
and British War Office map 486 –487 488
claims of 52 –54 56
,
369 –370 482 –484 533 –536
evidence for 91
,
388
,
484 –487
and letters of Yusuf bin Muhammad 378 –380
Persia/Iran’s views on 195 –196
Qawásim’s views on 444
and uk’s acquiescence 487 –489
and uk’s documentation 485 –486
by Qawásim sheikhs (in general)
in general 54
evidence for 425 –438
Kniphausen’s view on 323
Niebuhr’s view 323 –324
in The Persian Gulf Pilot 429
voc’s views on 17
by Qawásim sheikhs (Lengeh branch)
contested by Ras Al Khaimah branch 430 –431 433 –438 444
and effective occupation 448 –449
evidence for 445 –448
native agent’s views on 434 –437 443
,
445
,
446 –448
partial 449 –451
Persia/Iran’s views on 444
uk’s views on 443 –444
by Qawásim sheikhs (Ras Al Khaimah branch)
in general 9 –10
and competing claims 452 –453
conclusion 451 –454
contested by Lengeh branch 430 –431 432 –438 444
and effective occupation 442 –443
and exclusion other States 454
and sovereign acts 438 –442 454
by Qawásim sheikhs (Sharjah/Ras Al Khaimaih)
and lighthouse construction 522 –525
uk’s views on 522
of Gulf islands
in 1970/ 1
uk’s views on 130 –135 142 –143 573 –575
Claimant States 70 –71
evidence for. See evidence
by Hormuz, Kingdom of
in general 266 –267 268 –269
evidence for 274 –283
and geographical doctrines 305 –306 310 –312 314 –315
during Parthian period 243 –244
by Persia/Iran
299 –301
absence of protests against Qawásim claims 508
through acts of Qawásim 351 –352 356
,
359 –365 380 –389 394 –395
claims, challenges in establishing 199 –203
claims, theories underlying 332 –336
claims of 102 –103 545 –552 557 –564
through conquest of Hormuz 302 –305
critical dates 469 –471
through direct occupation 380
evidence for. See evidence
and geographical considerations 345 –346 348 –351
historic title to. See historic title
and incidents between 1904–1971 123 –126
through inclusion in Fars Province 332 –333 336 –337, 340–343
Persia/Iran’s views on 3
,
4
,
54
,
67 –68 108 –110
in The Persian Gulf Pilot 56
Qawásim’s views on 368 –370 372
,
566
uk’s views on 108 –109 368 –370 476 –477 560 –562 565
by Portugal
through conquest 295 –297
and geographical doctrines 305 –306 310 –312 314 –315
through occupation 299
pre-1887, overview 96 –101
by Qawásim sheikhs (Lengeh branch)
in general 51 –52 54
evidence for 88
,
92 –93
Kniphausen’s view on 323 –324
Niebuhr’s view 33
,
39
,
88
,
323 –324
through occupation 395
Qawásim’s views on 3 –4
uk’s views on 56 –57 58 –59 342
by Qawásim sheikhs (Sharjah/Ras Al Khaimah branch)
in general 54
claims of 503 –507
before establishment at Lengeh 352 –356
evidence for 475
Ottoman Empire’s views on 63
,
119 –120
Persia/Iran’s views on 368 –370 372
in The Persian Gulf Pilot 429
Persian protests/military incursions against 123 –126
Qawásim’s views on 3
,
56
,
110 –113
uae’s views on 4
,
142
uk’s views on 3
,
65 –67 92 –93 103 –104 110 –113 354
,
477 –478
of Lesser Tunb
critical dates for 489 –490
dearth of references to 18
by Hormuz, Kingdom of 70
,
79
,
198
by Persia/Iran
in general 53 –54 56
evidence for 91
by Qawásim sheikhs (in general)
in general 455 –456
conclusion 459 –460
Kniphausen’s view on 323
Niebuhr’s view on 323 –324
in The Persian Gulf Pilot 429
during Sasanid period 243
views on
of uk 519 –520
of voc 17 ownership, of Greater Tunb
of Qeshm 312
of Sirri
by Persia/Iran
claims of 53 –55 57 –58 370 –371 472 –475 548 –549
Persia/Iran’s views on 55
by Qawásim (in general)
claims of 54 –55
uk’s views on 54 –56 473 –475 possession; sovereignty; title
Pachachi, Adnan 67
Pakistan 774 –780
Palang (ship) 533 –534 537
Parthian period 243 –244
pearl fishery 37
Pelly, Lewis 36 –37 40
,
41
,
42
perpetual lease 734
Persia and the Persian Question (Curzon) 824 –825 826
,
852
and Abu Musa
administrative offices on 546 –547
flag planting on 52
,
63 –64 115 –116 490
,
494 –496
occupying half of 126
,
140
ownership of
absence of protests against Qawásim claims 515 –516
claims on 369 –370 527 –529
Persia/Iran’s views on 194
strategic interest in 128 –130
threats of seizing 685 –690
violations of uae’s sovereignty over 614 –620
and Bahrain
claims of 65
,
105
,
549 –551 560 –561
and Bandar-e Lengeh
control of 102
seizing control of 41 –42 52 –53 102
,
469 –471
sovereignty over 38 –39 42
and Bani Ma’in 44 –45
coastal areas of
control of
in general 19
,
24
,
39 –41 87 –88
recovering of 41 –42 52 –53 59 –60 102 Persian littoral
customs administration of 63 –64 115
and Greater Tunb
administrative offices on 546 –547
claims of 52 –53
detention of Dubai dhow 528 –529
flag planting on 52
,
63 –64 115 –116 125
,
473
,
490
,
494 –496 520
ownership of
absence of protests against Qawásim claims 484 –485
and British War Office map 486 –487 488
claims on 52 –54 56
,
369 –370 482 –484 533 –536
evidence for 91
,
388
,
484 –487
and letters of Yusuf bin Muhammad 378 –380
Persia/Iran’s views on 195 –196
Qawásim’s views on 444
and uk’s acquiescence 487 –489
and uk’s documentation 485 –486
seizure of
in general 58
,
126
,
140 –141 601
legal analysis of 625 –628
no acquiescence of 631 –633
no recognition of 628 –629
strategic interest in 128 –130
violations of uae’s sovereignty over 613 –614
visits of authorities to 533 –536
in Gulf
in general 75 –77 128
destabilizing power of 131 –132
supremacy of 195 –196 199
,
245 –246
unimportance of 113
,
258 –259
and Gulf Arab rulers
treaties between 59 –60 472
and Gulf islands
military incursions 552
ownership of
368 –370 372
,
566
absence of protests against Qawásim claims 508
through acts of Qawásim 351 –352 356
,
359 –365 380 –389 394 –395
through cession by Portugal 299 –301
claims, challenges in establishing 199 –203
claims, theories underlying 332 –336
claims of 557 –564
claims on 102 –103 545 –552
through conquest of Hormuz 302 –305
critical dates 469 –471
through direct occupation 380
evidence for. See evidence
and geographical considerations 345 –346 348 –351
historic title to. See historic title
and incidents between 1904–1971 123 –126
through inclusion in Fars Provence 332 –333 336 –337 340 –343
and maps. See maps
Persia/Iran’s views on 3
,
4
,
54
,
67 –68 108 –110 191 –193
in The Persian Gulf Pilot 56
uk’s views on 108 –109 368 –370 476 –477 560 –562 565
seizure of, threats to 561 –562 564 –565
unconfirmed reports on encroachment of 551 –552
and Hormuz, Kingdom of
aborted takeover of 290
,
291
conquest of 302 –305
vassal of
in general 25 –26 197 –198 267 –268
evidence for 287 –293
and Lesser Tunb
flag planting on 125
,
520
,
547
seizure of
in general 58
,
126
,
140 –141 601
legal analysis of 625 –628
no acquiescence of 630 –633
no recognition of 628 –629
strategic interest in 128 –130
violations of uae’s sovereignty over 613 –614
and Oman 45 –47
and Portugal
cession of Hormuz to, by 297 –298
cession of islands by, to 299 –301
defeat of, by 302 –305
treaties between
in general 290
1625 267 –268 300 –301
president of 618
and Qawásim sheikhs (Lengeh branch)
administering of Gulf islands for 4
,
17
,
51 –52 54
,
108 –110 472
claiming of islands for 351 –352 356
,
359 –365 386 –389
independence of 39 –41 48
,
87
lease agreement between 43 –44 48
,
333 –336 341
,
359 –360 383 –385
ousting of 41 –42 52 –53 389
Persianization of 48 –49 54
,
109 –110
relations between 389 –390
as subjects of 48 –49 54
,
109 –110 381
and Qawásim sheikhs (Ras Al Khaimah branch)
negotiations about islands 566 –567
seizure of Tunbs 601
and Qawásim sheikhs (Sharjah branch)
flag incident (1904)
in general 116 –118 491 –496
as critical date 502 –509
mou between. See Memorandum of Understanding
negotiations about islands 566 –567
threats of seizing Abu Musa
in general 685 –689
evidence for 689 –690
illegality of 689
revolution of 1979 624
and Russia 60
,
62 –63 105
,
117
sea power of
lack of 75 –77 113
,
200
,
248
,
325 –326
and reliance on foreign powers 325 –332
and Sirri
flag planting on
in general 102
,
409
,
472
,
473
legal significance of 367 –369
ownership of
claims on 53 –55 57 –58 370 –371 472 –475 548 –549
Persia/Iran’s views on 55
succession wars in 34 –35
and uae
bilateral negotiations (1979) 624 –625
and establishment of uae 562 –563 577
,
585 –586
protests lodged by, against
circumstances of 145 –147
Persia/Iran’s replies to 147 –149
since
1971
,
142 –147
at unsc 141 –142 145
and seizure of islands by Persia/Iran
no acquiescence of 631 –633
no recognition of 628
and uk
527 –529
Anglo-Persian General Treaty 124
,
529 –531
dhow incident 528 –529
efforts to oust uk from Gulf 59 –63
and erroneous color coding of islands 850 –851 852
,
854 –855
flag incident (1904) 116 –123 494 –502
Luce/Afshar proposals 135 –138 563
,
567 –570 575 –577 580 –588 594 –597 601
protests against lighthouse 522 –525
protests against mining concessions 525 –527
status quo agreement of 1904
in general 118 –119 120
,
493
,
495 –496
correspondence about 496 –500
violations of 500 –501
status quo agreement of 1928
in general 532
violations of 533
,
536 –539
Tripartite discussions 548 –551
and voc 325 –332 Persian littoral
Persian Gulf. See Gulf
The Persian Gulf Pilot
on Abu Musa 11
on Greater Tunb 9
on Lesser Tunb 7
maps in 815
,
816
on ownership Abu Musa 56
,
401
,
403
,
408
on ownership islands 429
,
476
on Qawásim chiefs 412n145
Persian littoral
Arab settlements on
in general 19 –21
autonomy of 21 –23
Oman 19
Qawásim. See Bandar-e Lengeh
European powers in 20
,
25
,
27
Persia/Iran’s control of
in general 19
,
24
,
39 –41 87 –88
recovering of 41 –42 52 –53 59 –60 102
Persian littoral
Arab settlements on
explanation for 24
petroleum. See oil concessions
Petty-Fitzmaurice, Henry, 6th Marquess of Landsdowne 106 –107
Piacentini Fiorani, Valeria 268 –271
piracy 31 –32 36
political culture, Arabian 50 –51
Portugal
in Gulf
in general 25 –26 81
arrival of 198
,
258
first explorations 281
and Hormuz, Kingdom of
conquest of
in general 25
,
86
,
267
,
278 –279 283 –285 293 –295
status of Hormuz territory after 295 –297
Persia/Iran’s cession of 297 –298
treaties between 278 –279 293 –294 295
,
296
vassal to 295
,
296
ownership by
of Gulf islands
through conquest 295 –297
and geographical doctrines 305 –306 310 –312 314 –315
through occupation 299
and Persia/Iran
cession of Hormuz by, to 297 –298
cession of islands to, by 299 –301
defeat by, of 302 –305
treaties between
in general 290
1625 267 –268 300 –301
possession
à titre de souverain 164
and effective occupation 156
immemorial. See historic title
publicity of 164
time factor in 165 ownership
Potter, Lawrence 24
,
313 –314 389
Potts, D.T. 240 –241 242
,
244
,
249 –251 253
Price Bros. & Co. v. R case 763
private acts 357 –358 394
,
414 –417 sovereignty, acts of
protection-seeking 50 –51
Protectorate Treaties (1892) 50
,
62
,
104
,
114
,
126
,
602
,
641 –656 Exclusive Agreements (1892)
protectorates
definitions of 648 –650
and treaty succession 667 –669
protests
468
basic criteria for 466 –468 630 –631
definitions of 465 –466
in Gulf Islands dispute
in general 468 –469
absence of 484 –485 508
,
515 –516
by Persia/Iran
in general 123 –126
against lighthouse construction 522 –525
against mining concessions 525 –527 536 –539
against violation of status quo agreement 500 –501
by Qawásim 492
,
504
by uae
in 1971 142 –144
1971–80 606 –607
1980-present 606 –621
before gcc 143
,
620
Persia/Iran’s reponses to 621 –624
Persia/Iran’s responses to 147 –149
before several Arab fora 143
,
145
,
620 –621
since 1971 144 –147
against specific acts of Persia/Iran 613 –620
before unga 609 –613
before unsc 143
,
607 –608
by uk 494 –495 534 –536 548
proximity 170 –171 305 –307 457 –458
Qalhati, Mahmud 269 –270
al-Qasimi, Sheikh Khalid Mohammed
assassination of 605
coercion in signing mou 685 –699
negotiations with Luce 138
,
579
,
590 –591 593
negotiatons with Luce 567
and Persia/Iran’s proviso letter to mou 729 –731
al-Qasimi, Sheikh Sultan bin Muhammad 28 –29 31 –32
Qatar 650
Qawásim (Lengeh branch)
at Bandar-e Lengeh
in general 19
,
27
,
32 –35
contractual basis for 43 –44 48
,
333 –336 341
,
359 –360 383 –385
independence of 39 –41 48
livelihood of
in general 28 –29 36
commercial activities 36 –37
pearl fishery 37
motivations for 36 –38
and Mullah Ali Shah 34 –35
and Ottoman Empire
subjects of 86
,
102
piracy by 31 –32 36 Qawásim sheikhs (Lengeh branch)
Qawásim sheikhs (in general)
and Greater Tunb
ownership of
in general 54
evidence for 425 –438
Kniphausen’s view on 323
Niebuhr’s view 323 –324
in The Persian Gulf Pilot 429
voc’s views on 17
and Lesser Tunb
ownership of
in general 455 –456
conclusion 459 –460
Kniphausen’s view on 323
Niebuhr’s view on 323 –324
in The Persian Gulf Pilot 429
Qawásim sheikhs (Lengeh branch)
and Abu Musa 401
authority of
as deputy governors 362
,
385 –386
in Gulf 27 –28 35
and Greater Tunb
ownership of
contested by Ras Al Khaimah branch 430 –431 432 –438 444
and effective occupation 448 –449
evidence for 445 –448
native agent’s views on 434 –437 443
partial 449 –451
Persia/Iran’s views on 444
and Gulf islands
ownership of
3 –4
in general 51 –52 54
evidence for 88
,
92 –93
Kniphausen’s view on 323 –324
Niebuhr’s view 33
,
39
,
88
,
323 –324
through occupation 395
uk’s views on 56 –57 58 –59 342
tax farming on 42 –43 51
international recognition of 29
loyalties/allegiances of 48 –50 102
,
361 –362 390
and Persia/Iran
administering of Gulf islands for 4
,
17
,
51 –52 54
,
108 –110 472
claiming of ownership of islands for 351 –352 356
,
359 –365 386 –389
independence from 39 –41 48
,
87
lease agreement between 43 –44 48
,
333 –336 341
,
359 –360 383 –385
ousting by 41 –42 52 –53 389
Persianization by 48 –49 54
,
109 –110
relations between 389 –390
as subjects of 48 –49 54
,
109 –110 381
and Qawásim sheikhs (Sharjah/Ras Al Khaimah branch)
administering of Gulf islands for 111
,
113
relations between 109
,
361 –362 389
,
392 –393
and Sirri 55
and uk
confrontations between 29 –32 104
,
390 –391
treaties between
Exclusive Agreements (1892) 50
General Treaty with the Arab Tribes of the Persian Gulf (1820) 32
Treaty of Peace (1806) 29
,
40
,
361
Qawásim sheikhs (Ras Al Khaimah branch)
and Greater Tunb
flag withdrawal on 539 –542
ownership of
and competing claims 452 –453
conclusion 451 –454
contested by Lengeh branch 430 –431 432 –438 444
and effective occupation 442 –443
and sovereign acts 438 –442 454
and Persia/Iran
negotiations about islands 566 –567
seizure of Tunbs 601
reunion with Sharjah branch 522
separation from Sharjah branch 422 –423 429
,
432
,
439
and Tripartite discussions 548 –549
and uae, joining of 141
,
605
and uk
and erroneous color coding of islands 849 –851
and flag incident (1934/5) 539 –542
Luce/Afshar proposals 568 –570 576 –580 588 –590 600
and United Nations 140 –141
Qawásim sheikhs (Sharjah branch)
and Abu Musa
flag planting on, by 119
,
120 –123 491 –493
mining concessions granted by 536 –539
ownership of
uk’s views on 121 –122
and Ajman sheikhs 718 –719
authority of 645 –648
and Persia/Iran
flag incident (1904)
in general 116 –118 491 –496
as critical date 502 –509
mou between. See Memorandum of Understanding
negotiations about islands 566 –567
threats of seizing Abu Musa
in general 685 –689
evidence for 689 –690
illegality of 689
reunion with Ras Al Khaimah branch 522
separation from Ras Al Khaimah branch 422 –423 429
,
432
,
439
and Tripartite discussions 548 –549
and uae’s succession to treaties of 666
,
667
,
672 –677
and uk
and erroneous color coding of islands 849 –851
Exclusive Agreements (1892) between 641
,
642 –656
Luce/Afshar proposals 567 –570 576 –578 580 –588 590 –597
and Umm Al Qaiwain sheikhs 718 –719
Qawásim sheikhs (Sharjah/Ras Al Khaimah branch)
and Abu Musa
504
mining concessions granted by
in general 12
1898 13 –15 64 –65 422
1922 525 –527
trade in 504 –506
ownership of
in general 408 –410
and à titre de souverain 414 –416
conclusion 425
and control of access to 419
division between Sharjah and Ras Al Khaimah 422 –424
through effective occupation 410 –422
evidence for 399 –404
and exercise of jurisdiction 101
,
404
,
418
The Persian Gulf Pilot on 56
,
403
and private acts 414 –417
recognition of 405 –406
and sovereign acts 414 –422 516 –517
uk’s views on 121 –122 Memorandum of Understanding
deposing of 101
,
404 –405
and Greater Tunb
lighthouse construction on 521 –525
ownership of
and lighthouse construction 522 –525
and Gulf islands
ownership of
in general 54
claims on 503 –507
before establishment at Lengeh 352 –356
evidence for 475
Ottoman Empire’s views on 63
,
119 –120
Persia/Iran’s views on 368 –370 372
in The Persian Gulf Pilot 429
Persian protests/military incursions against 123 –126
Qawásim’s views on 3
,
56
,
110 –113
uk’s views on 3
,
65 –67 92 –93 103 –104 110 –113 354
,
477 –478
and Lesser Tunb
flag planting on 520 –521
and Persia/Iran
mou between. See Memorandum of Understanding
and Qawásim sheikhs (Lengeh branch)
administering of Gulf islands for 111
,
113
relations between 109
,
361 –362 389
,
392 –393
reunion of 522
separation of 422 –423 429
,
432
,
439
and Sirri 54 –55
and uk
confrontations between 29 –31 104
,
390 –391
treaties between
in general 413 –414
Exclusive Agreements 62
,
114
,
414
,
602
General Treaty of Peace (1820) 30
,
32
,
391 –392
General Treaty with the Arab Tribes of the Persian Gulf (1820) 32
Mutual Agreements 409
,
413 Qawásim sheikhs (Lengeh branch); Qawásim sheikhs (Ras Al Khaimah branch); Qawásim sheikhs (Sharjah); under specific rulers
Qeshm
Oman presence at 45
,
46 –47
ownership of 312
uk’s presence on 426
visits to/sightings of 320 –321
quid pro quo benefits 696 –700
Rann of Kutch arbitration 774 –780
Rapkin, J. 838
,
838
Ras Al Khaimah, Emirate of. See Qawásim sheikhs (Sharjah/Ras Al Khaimah branch)
Ras Al Khaimah (town) 30
Rawlinson, George 75
recognition
of ownership Abu Musa 513 –514
of Persia/Iran’s seizure of islands 628 –629
of Qawásim sheikhs (Lengeh branch) 29
and title to territory 178
,
181 –182
regional conditions, and effective control 396 –398
relinquishment, of territory 158 –159
“Report on the Law of Treaties” (Lauterpacht) 655 –656
reservations, to treaties 727
revolt 152
right to self-determination, and uti possidetis juris principle 190
Rogers, William 559 –560
Roobacker, Cornelis Cornelisz 8
,
80
,
320
Ross, Colonel E.C. 405 –406 476
,
479
,
483
Royal Atlas of Modern Geography 819
Rumsey, David 800
Russia
in Gulf 62 –63 105
,
128
and Persia/Iran 60
,
62 –63 105
,
117
Saleh, Nakhoda Ali-ben-Ahmed 14
Salim bin Sultan, Sheikh 101
,
404 –405 504 –505
Samaiyeh, Haji Hassan-bin-Ali 14
,
506 –507 510
Saqar bin Khalid, Sheikh 101
,
404 –405
Sasanian Empire 246
,
257
,
258
Sasanid period 243
Satrapy, xivth 237
,
249 –254
Savory, Roger M. 75 –76 246
Schmalenbach, Kirsten 684
Sebatik 784 –787
Seton, David 29
,
97
,
425 –426 427
,
432
Sharjah, Shaikhdom of
airport in 646
extent of 643 –644
status as State
in 1971 639 –641
after Exclusive Agreements (1892) 642 –652
before Exclusive Agreements (1892) 641 –642
treaty making capacity of
impact of Exclusive Agreements (1892) on 652 –656 Qawásim sheikhs (Sharjah branch); Qawásim sheikhs (Sharjah/Ras Al Khaimah branch); under specific rulers
Sharjah National Oil Corporation (snoc) 721
Shaw, Malcolm 415 –416
Siam 771 –774
sightings. See visits/sightings
Singapore 215 –217
Sipadan 215
,
784 –787
Sir Abu Nu’ayr 536
Sirri
Persian flag planting on 102
,
367 –368 409
,
472
,
473
and Qawásim sheikhs 54 –55
Six Months in Persia (Stack) 840
,
841
sources
on history of Gulf/Gulf islands
from 16th to 19th century
in general 78 –84
use in solving dispute 84 –85
18th and 19th century 96
in antiquity
in general 72 –77
use in solving dispute 77 –78
sovereignty
acts of
in general 174 –176 262
,
337 –339 357 –358
and historic title 223 –224
by Persia/Iran
lack of 262
,
263 –264 379
by Qawásim
in general 412 –422 504 –508 516 –517
actual display of 420 –421
competing acts of 419 –420
continuous display of 422
peaceful display of 419 –420
sufficient display of 412 –413 à titre de souverain; private acts
and continuity 422 ownership; title
Sovereignty over Certain Frontier Land (Belgium/Netherlands) case 769 –771
Sovereignty over Clipperton Island case 157 –158 208 –209 227
,
395
,
410
,
421
,
422
,
441 –442 453 –454 503
,
768
Sovereignty over Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan (Indonesia/Malaysia) case 174 –175 215
,
784 –787
Spain 155
,
209
,
218
,
220 –221 768
St. John, C.B.S. 815
,
817
State acts. See sovereignty, acts of
States/statehood
continuity of 665 –666
criteria for 644
,
651
definitions of 412
,
642 –643
under protection 648 –650
status of Sharjah 641 –652
and treaty succession. See treaties
status quo agreement (1904) 118 –119 120
,
493
,
495 –500
status quo agreement (1928) 532
,
533
,
536 –539
Stiffe, A.W. 815
,
816
Stimson doctrine 159
subjugation, of territory 159 –161 625 –628
subsequent acts 464 –465
succession of States
to treaties
in general 665 –667
and newly independent States
in general 669 –671
exceptions to 671 –672
and protectorates 667 –669
and uae 666
,
667
,
672 –677
Sultan bin Suggur, Sheikh 361
,
399 –401 422 –423 428
,
432
,
505 –506
suzerainty, definitions of 285 –287
Sweet, Louise 38
tax collecting 54
,
57
,
112
tax farming 42 –43 51
Tehran Oil Price Agreement (1971) 721 –722
Teixeira, Pedro 86
,
271 –272 275
,
278
,
314
Temple of Preah Vihear case 181 –182 766
,
771 –774
terrae nullius
in general 154 –158 282 –283
and à titre de souverain 357 –359
changes in law on 210 –211
effectiveness of occupation of 336 –338
and geographical doctrines 306
,
308
Gulf islands as
in general 154
,
200
,
263
,
283 –284 316 –318 336
,
374
Greater Tunb 277 –278 439 –440
Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh as 215 –217
Western Sahara as 207
Territorial and Maritime Dispute Between Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Honduras) case 185n182
,
787
Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v Colombia) case 702 –703 705
territorial disputes, critical dates in 94 –95
territorial sea 717 –719
territory
acquisition of
in general 150 –151
by accretion 153
and acquisitive prescription 161 –164
by cession 153 –154
and contiguity 171
and effectiveness 172 –177
by occupation. See occupation
by subjugation/conquest 159 –161 625 –628
loss of
in general 152
by abandonment/relinquishment 158 –159 226 –227
title to
in general 152
and acquiescence 179 –182
and effectivités 176 –177
and estoppel 179
,
181 –182
and geographical doctrines 170 –171 306 –310
historical consolidation of 166 –169
and recognition 178
,
181 –182
Thailand 771 –774
Thévenot, Jean de 8 –9 277
,
321
Thirlway, Hugh 162
Thomson’s New General Atlas 829
title
to territory
170 –171 306 –310
in general 152
and acquiescence 179 –182
and effectivités 176 –177
and estoppel 179
,
181 –182
historical consolidation of 166 –169
loss of 451n280
and recognition 178
,
181 –182 historic title; ownership; sovereignty
treaties
binding/non-binding 657 –660
breach of 740
,
742 –743
and coercion
in general 680 –684
curing of 680
,
702 –704
invalidity of 684 –685
definitions of 637
and inability to resist 695
maps in 765 –766
mou as treaty 636 –639
reservations to 727
succession of States
in general 665 –667
and newly independent States
in general 669 –671
exceptions to 671 –672
and protectorates 667 –669
of uae 666
,
667
,
672 –677
termination of 744
,
745 –746 under specific treaties
Treaties, etc. relating to India (Aitchinson) 857
Treaty of Peace (1806) 29
,
361
Treaty of Peace in Perpetuity (1853) 98 –99 400
,
409
,
413
,
428
,
432
,
435
Treaty of Protection (1892) 650
,
654 –655 Exclusive Agreements (1892), Protectorate Treaties (1892)
tribute system 50 –51 moqarrariyeh
Tripartite discussions 548 –551
Tunbs. See Greater Tunb; Lesser Tunb
Umm Al Qaiwain sheikhs 718 –719
United Arab Emirates (uae)
constitution of 602
,
674n406
establishment of 67
,
131 –132 141
,
562 –563 573
,
577
,
585 –586 602
and Gulf Islands dispute
protests in
71 –80 606 –607
in
1971
,
142 –144
1980-present 606 –621
before gcc 143
,
620
Persia/Iran’s reponses to 621 –624
Persia/Iran’s responses to 147 –149
before several Arab fora 143
,
145
,
620 –621
since
1971
,
145 –147
against specific acts of Persia/Iran 613 –620
before unga 609 –613
before unsc 143
,
607 –608
views of 142
,
604
and mou. See Memorandum of Understanding
and Persia/Iran
bilateral negotiations (1979) 624 –625
and establishment of uae 562 –563 577
,
585 –586
protests lodged against
circumstances of 145 –147
Persia/Iran’s replies 147 –149
since
1971
,
142 –147
at unsc 141 –142 145
and seizure of islands by Persia/Iran
no acquiescence of 631 –633
no recognition of 628
and Qawásim sheikhs (Ras Al Khaimah branch)
joining of 141
,
605
and Qawásim sheikhs (Sharjah branch)
succession to treaties of 666
,
667
,
672 –677
views on ownership islands 3 –4 67 –68 142
United Kingdom
774 –780
and Abu Musa 513 –514
and Bahrain 650
,
654 –655
and Germany
dispute over mining concessions 64 –65 506 –507 510 –518
and Greater Tunb
lighthouse construction on 521 –525
view’s on ownership of 522
in Gulf
59 –63
in general 26
,
102
concern over position in 105 –107
strategic interests 104
withdrawal from 126
,
130 –134 556 –565
and Gulf Arab rulers
treaties between
in general 104 –105
Exclusive Agreements 62
,
104
,
114
,
126
,
141
,
602
,
641
Treaty of Peace (1853) 98 –99 400
,
409
,
413
,
428
,
432
,
435
and Gulf Islands dispute
protests in 494 –495 534 –536 548
resolutions proposed by
in general 559 –560
Luce/Afshar proposals 135 –138 563
,
567 –570 575 –597 600 –601 696
,
700
median line proposal 134
,
549
,
559
,
569
,
570
,
572
,
582
,
600
and Lesser Tunb 519 –520
Minquiers and Ecrehos case 169n96
,
184n173
,
212 –214 469
National Archives 571
and Netherlands
Convention (1891) between 784 –787
mining concessions 542 –544
and Persia/Iran
Anglo-Persian General Treaty 124
,
529 –531
dhow incident 528 –529
efforts to oust them from Gulf 59 –63
and erroneous color coding of islands 850 –851 852
,
854 –855
flag incident (1904)
in general 116 –123 494 –502
Luce/Afshar proposals 135 –138 563
,
567 –570 575 –577 580 –588 594 –597
and mou. See Memorandum of Understanding
and Persia/Iran’s claims to Abu Musa 527 –529
protests against lighthouse 522 –525
protests against mining concessions 525 –527
sovereignty over Bandar-e Lengeh 38 –39
status quo agreement of 1904
in general 118 –119 120
,
493
,
495 –496
correspondence about 496 –500
violations of 500 –501
status quo agreement of 1928
in general 532
violations of 533
,
536 –539
Tripartite discussions 548 –551
and Qawásim sheikhs (Lengeh branch)
confrontations between 29 –32 104
,
390 –391
treaties between
Exclusive Agreements (1892) 50
General Treaty with the Arab Tribes of the Persian Gulf (1820) 32
Treaty of Peace (1806) 29
,
40
,
361
and Qawásim sheikhs (Ras Al Khaimah branch)
and erroneous color coding of islands 849 –851
and flag withdrawal (1934/5) 539 –542
Luce/Afshar proposals 136 –138 568 –570 576 –580 588 –590 600
and Qawásim sheikhs (Sharjah branch)
and erroneous color coding of islands 849 –851
Exclusive Agreements (1892) between 641
an Qawásim sheikhs (Sharjah branch)
Exclusive Agreements (1892) between 642 –656
and Qawásim sheikhs (Sharjah branch)
Exclusive Agreements (1892) between 642 –656
Luce/Afshar proposals 136 –138 567 –570 576 –578 580 –588 590 –597
and Qawásim sheikhs (Sharjah/Ras Al Khaimah branch)
confrontations between 29 –31 104
,
390 –391
relations with 61
treaties between
in general 413 –414
Exclusive Agreements (1892) 62
,
114
,
414
,
602
General Treaty of Peace (1820) 30
,
32
,
391 –392
Mutual Agreements 409
,
413
and Qeshm 426
and uae 573
views of
on ownership Abu Musa 121 –122
on ownership Greater Tunb 443 –444 487 –489
on ownership islands
in general 3
,
142 –143
in 1970/1 130 –135 142 –143 568 –569
by Persia/Iran 108 –109 368 –370 476 –477 560 –562 565
by Qawásim 56 –57 58 –59 65 –67 92 –93 103 –104 110 –113 342
,
354
,
477 –478 573
on ownership Sirri 54 –56 473 –474
on Persia/Iran’s effort to oust them from Gulf 60 –61
on Rulers of Shaikhdoms 647
United Nations Charter
article 2.4 160
,
625
,
684 –685 689 –690
article 33
,
707
,
745
,
750
,
752
,
754
,
758
article 35
,
171
,
748 –749 751
,
754
,
756
,
757 –758
article 36
,
750
,
754
,
758
Chapter vi of 135
,
141
,
143
,
560
,
750
,
754
,
755
,
757
United Nations General Assembly (unga)
Gulf Islands dispute
in general 757
uae statements before 609 –613
uae’s possibilities before 757 –758
procedures for settlement of disputes 751 –753
United Nations Security Council (unsc)
Gulf Islands dispute before
as agenda item 143
,
607 –608 755 –756
Arab States, protests lodged by 141 –142 602 –603
Iraq’s views on 603
Kuwait’s views on 603
no action taken 67
,
143
,
604 –605 753 –754
Persia/Iran’s views on 191 –193 603 –604
Somalia’s views on 754 –755
uae’s possibilities 758
uae’s views on 142
,
604
,
755
uk’s views on 142 –143
Yemen’s views on 603
procedures for settlement of disputes 748 –751
United Nations (un)
Gulf Islands dispute
in general 753
mou, non-registering of 664 –665n365
and Qawásim sheikhs (Ras Al Khaimah branch) 140 –141
views on maps of 782
United States of America 209
,
220 –221 299
,
453 –454 703
usucapio concept 163
uti possidetis juris principle
in general 188 –189
and right to self-determination 190
vassals
definitions of 285
,
287
of Persia
Hormuz as 25 –26 197 –198 267 –268 287 –293
of Portugal
Hormuz as 295
,
296
Verdross, Mr. 682n427
Vienna Convention on Succession of States in Respect of Treaties (vcssrt) 666
,
667
,
669 –670 672 –673 675 –677
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (vclt)
in general 636 –637
Article 31 765
Article 45 702
,
744
Article 51 681 –682 685 –689 701 –702
Article 52 154
,
681 –690 692 –693 695
,
696
,
705
Article 56 737 –739
Article 60 740 –742 743
,
744 –745 745
Article 65 706 –707 745
,
747
Article 66 706 –707 745
Article 69.2 706
,
708
Article 70 746
Villiger, Mark E. 701
,
707
,
740
,
742 –743
Vingboons, Johannes 793
to/of Abu Musa
547 –548
by Iranian president 618
,
623
of Persian customs launch 527 –528
to/of Greater Tunb
in general 8 –9 80
,
319 –322 426
of Iranian authorities 533 –536
of hms Nearchus 544 –545 547
of Palang 533 –534 537
to/of Gulf islands 8 –9 80
,
319 –323
to/of Lesser Tunb 80
,
321 –322
to/of Qeshm 320 –321
Vosoughi, Mohammad B. 265n2
,
268 –270 363n140
Waldock, C. Humphrey 170 –171 306
,
308
,
318
,
337 –339 357 –358 394
,
410
,
416n162
,
419
,
441 –442 454
,
458
,
668
Weller, Edward 816
,
818 –819 818
Western Sahara case 155
,
207 –208 218
,
241 –242 397
,
411
Whitelock, Lieutenant 97
,
427
Wilson, Arnold T. 27
,
75
,
246
Wilson, F.A. 92
Wönckhaus, Robert 14
,
64
,
507
,
510
Wönckhaus Affair 14
,
64
,
506 –507 510 –518
Yapp, Malcolm 28
,
31
,
81
Yemen 218 –220 259 –260 603
,
781
Yusuf bin Muhammad 57
,
377 –379 437
,
474