Introduction
1.1 Russiae, Moscoviae et Tartariae descriptio [The description of Russia, Muscovy, and Tartary], from a manuscript by Anthony Jenkinson, 1562, reproduced in Abraham Ortelius, Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, English edition The Theatre of the Whole World (London: John Norton, 1606). Oxford, Bodleian Library, BOD: Douce O subt. 15, https://digital.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/objects/87fa90cb-e789-4325-9578-41312ffb0acd/. Creative Commons Public Domain Mark CC BY NC 4.0. IMAGE COURTESY OF BODLEIAN LIBRARIES, UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD.
1.2 Russiae, Moscoviae et Tartariae descriptio, 1562, detail. IMAGE COURTESY OF BODLEIAN LIBRARIES, UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD.
1.3 Ivan IV sends Osip Nepeia to England, Nikon Chronicle, 16th century, reproduced in Vologda v minuvshem tysiacheletii: Ocherki istorii goroda (Vologda: Drevnosti Severa, 2004), 48. IMAGE WIKIMEDIA / CREATIVE COMMONS PUBLIC DOMAIN MARK 1.0.
1.4 Charles Cameron, Design for a Staircase in the Cold Baths at Tsarskoe Selo, early 1780s, pen, brush, indian ink, and watercolour on paper, 62 × 45 cm, State Hermitage Museum, St Petersburg. © THE STATE HERMITAGE MUSEUM / PHOTO LEONARD KHEIFETS, ALEKSEY PAKHOMOV, SVETLANA SUETOVA, VLADIMIR TEREBENIN.
Part I: Art and Diplomacy
Hardiman
2.1 Isaac Beckett, after Sir Godfrey Kneller, A Self-portrait of Sir Godfrey Kneller, 1895, mezzotint, 36.6 × 27.8 cm (sheet), Royal Collection Trust, London. ROYAL COLLECTION TRUST / © HER MAJESTY QUEEN ELIZABETH II 2021.
2.2 Godfrey Kneller, Portrait of Petr Potemkin, 1682, oil on canvas, 135 × 103.5 cm, State Hermitage Museum, St Petersburg. © THE STATE HERMITAGE MUSEUM / PHOTO LEONARD KHEIFETS, ALEKSEY PAKHOMOV, SVETLANA SUETOVA, VLADIMIR TEREBENIN.
2.3 Juan Carreño de Miranda, Pyotr Ivanovich Potyomkin, c. 1681, oil on canvas, 207.2 × 122.8 cm, Museo Nacional del Prado, Madrid. © MUSEO NACIONAL DEL PRADO, MADRID.
2.4 Godfrey Kneller, Jan Wyck, The Moroccan Ambassador, Kaid Mohammed ben Hadu, 1684, oil on canvas, 313 × 231 cm, Chiswick House, London. © HISTORIC ENGLAND ARCHIVE.
2.5 Godfrey Kneller, Peter the Great, Tsar of Russia, 1698, oil on canvas, 241.7 × 145.6 cm, The Queen’s Gallery, Kensington Palace, London. ROYAL COLLECTION TRUST / © HER MAJESTY QUEEN ELIZABETH II 2021.
2.6 Godfrey Kneller, Peter the Great, Tsar of Russia, 1698, detail, oil on canvas, 241.7 × 145.6 cm, The Queen’s Gallery, Kensington Palace, London. ROYAL COLLECTION TRUST / © HER MAJESTY QUEEN ELIZABETH II 2021.
2.7 Robert White, after Sir Godfrey Kneller, His Excellency Peter John Potemkin, Ambassador Extraordinary from the Czar of Moscovy, 1682, line engraving, 38 cm × 26.8 cm (sheet), National Portrait Gallery, London. © 2019 NATIONAL PORTRAIT GALLERY.
2.8 Anonymous, Portrait of Peter I, after Godfrey Kneller, c. 1700, enamel on copperplate, painting, silver filigree frame, 10 × 8.5 cm, State Hermitage Museum, St Petersburg. © THE STATE HERMITAGE MUSEUM / PHOTO LEONARD KHEIFETS, ALEKSEY PAKHOMOV, SVETLANA SUETOVA, VLADIMIR TEREBENIN.
2.9 John Smith, after Sir Godfrey Kneller, Bt., Peter I (Peter the Great), 1698, mezzotint, 40.7 × 28.1 cm (plate), Royal Collection Trust, London. ROYAL COLLECTION TRUST / © HER MAJESTY QUEEN ELIZABETH II 2021.
2.10 After Sir Godfrey Kneller, Bt., “Peter I. Czar of Russia,” engraving, reproduced in British Autography (London: J. Thane, 1819). Royal Collection Trust, London. ROYAL COLLECTION TRUST / © HER MAJESTY QUEEN ELIZABETH II 2021.
2.11 Fedor Solntsev, “Odezhda boiar v XVI i XVII stoletii. Polevoe plat’e Godunova. Portret Afanasiia Vlas’eva. Portret stol’nika Petra Potemkina,” chromolithograph F. Dreger, New York Public Library Digital Collections, https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47de-1371-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99. PHOTOGRAPH KYLE R. TRIPLETT.
Cross
3.1 Etienne Claude Voysard, after Vigilius Eriksen, Catherina II, Empress of Russia, engraving, Royal Collection Trust, London. ROYAL COLLECTION TRUST / © HER MAJESTY QUEEN ELIZABETH II 2021.
3.2 Sir Joshua Reynolds, Portrait of Charles, 9th Lord Cathcart (1761), oil on canvas, 124 × 99 cm, Manchester Art Gallery, Manchester. CREATIVE COMMONS CC BY SA 4.0 / IMAGE COURTESY OF MANCHESTER ART GALLERY.
3.3 James Macardell and Richard Houston, after Sir Joshua Reynolds, Jane Cathcart (née Hamilton), Lady Cathcart, mezzotint, published 1770, 345 × 250 mm (paper), National Portrait Gallery, London. © 2019 NATIONAL PORTRAIT GALLERY.
3.4 Francesco Bartolozzi, after Marie-Anne Collot, Jane Hamilton, Lady Cathcart, 17th century, etching and stipple engraving, 27.5 × 21.5 cm, Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève, Paris. ARCHIVE.ORG / CREATIVE COMMONS PUBLIC DOMAIN MARK 1.0.
3.5 James Walker, after Dmitrii Levitskii, Sir Samuel Greig, mezzotint, published November 1, 1788, 410 × 294 mm (paper), National Portrait Gallery, London. © 2021 NATIONAL PORTRAIT GALLERY.
3.6 Censer vase, 1770s, Matthew Boulton, fluorspar (Blue John), gilt-bronze, 31 cm, State Hermitage Museum, St Petersburg. © THE STATE HERMITAGE MUSEUM / PHOTO LEONARD KHEIFETS, ALEKSEY PAKHOMOV, SVETLANA SUETOVA, VLADIMIR TEREBENIN.
3.7 Plate from the “Frog” Service, 1773, Josiah Wedgwood and Sons, creamware (Queen’s Ware), painted in enamels, State Hermitage Museum, St Petersburg. © THE STATE HERMITAGE MUSEUM / PHOTO LEONARD KHEIFETS, ALEKSEY PAKHOMOV, SVETLANA SUETOVA, VLADIMIR TEREBENIN.
Renne
4.1 Sir Joshua Reynolds, The Infant Hercules Strangling Serpents, 1786, oil on canvas, 303 × 297 cm, State Hermitage Museum, St Petersburg. © THE STATE HERMITAGE MUSEUM / PHOTO LEONARD KHEIFETS, ALEKSEY PAKHOMOV, SVETLANA SUETOVA, VLADIMIR TEREBENIN.
4.2 James Walker, after Johann Baptist von Lampi the Elder, Portrait of Prince G. A. Potemkin-Tauride, 1792, mezzotint, third state, 42.3 × 31.8 cm, State Hermitage Museum, St Petersburg. © THE STATE HERMITAGE MUSEUM / PHOTO LEONARD KHEIFETS, ALEKSEY PAKHOMOV, SVETLANA SUETOVA, VLADIMIR TEREBENIN.
4.3 John Raphael Smith, after Sir Joshua Reynolds, A Snake in the Grass, stipple engraving printed in brown on paper (sepia), 34.2 × 27 cm, State Hermitage Museum, St Petersburg. © THE STATE HERMITAGE MUSEUM / PHOTO LEONARD KHEIFETS, ALEKSEY PAKHOMOV, SVETLANA SUETOVA, VLADIMIR TEREBENIN.
4.4 Sir Joshua Reynolds, Cupid Untying the Zone of Venus, 1788, oil on canvas, 127.5 × 101 cm, State Hermitage Museum, St Petersburg. © THE STATE HERMITAGE MUSEUM / PHOTO LEONARD KHEIFETS, ALEKSEY PAKHOMOV, SVETLANA SUETOVA, VLADIMIR TEREBENIN.
4.5 Sir Joshua Reynolds, The Continence of Scipio, 1789, oil on canvas, 239.5 × 165.5 cm, State Hermitage Museum, St Petersburg. © THE STATE HERMITAGE MUSEUM / PHOTO LEONARD KHEIFETS, ALEKSEY PAKHOMOV, SVETLANA SUETOVA, VLADIMIR TEREBENIN.
Part II: The Agency of Gifts
Heath
5.1 Charles Turner, after Sir Thomas Lawrence, Charles Whitworth, 1st Earl Whitworth, published by Colnaghi & Co., mezzotint, published December 1, 1814, 561 × 406 mm (plate), 607 × 444 mm (paper), National Portrait Gallery, London. © 2019 NATIONAL PORTRAIT GALLERY.
5.2 The Herschel telescope given to Catherine II in the Pulkovo observatory, 1930s, photograph, reproduced in Istoriko-astronomicheskie issledovaniia, Issue IV, ed. P. Kulikovskii (Moscow: Izdatel’stvo Fiziko-Matematicheskoi literatury, 1958), 279.
5.3 Benjamin Smith, after William Beechey, His most gracious Majesty King George the third … Painted by Sr. Wm. Beechey R.A., 1804, etching and stipple, Wellcome Library, London. WELLCOME COLLECTION / CREATIVE COMMONS CC BY 4.0.
5.4 George Moutard Woodward, The Windsor astronomers, making observations and calculations respecting the conjunction of the English and Russian comets, 1791, published by William Holland, hand-coloured etching, 448 × 342 mm, The British Museum, London. © TRUSTEES OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM, LONDON.
5.5 The Female Philosopher, smelling out the Comet, 1790, hand-coloured etching, published by R. Hawkins, The British Museum, London. © TRUSTEES OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM, LONDON.
5.6 Boris Sukhodolskii, Astronomy, c. 1754, oil on canvas, 210 × 100 cm, State Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow. ALBUM / ALAMY STOCK PHOTO.
5.7 Johann Baptist von Lampi the Elder, Grand Duchess Maria Feodorovna, 1795, oil on canvas, 258 × 200 cm, Pavlovsk Palace Museum. IMAGE COURTESY OF MARK TEDESCHI.
5.8 Sergei Shchedrin, View of Pavlovsk, early nineteenth century, watercolour, Pavlovsk Palace Museum. IMAGE COURTESY OF MARK TEDESCHI.
5.9 James Sowerby, Strelitzia Reginae, 1787, watercolour, 30.5 × 44.1 cm, The Natural History Museum, London. © THE TRUSTEES OF THE NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM / ALAMY STOCK PHOTO.
5.10 Frederick Nodder, after Sydney Parkinson, Phormium tenax, 1789 (1769), watercolour on paper, The Natural History Museum, London. © THE TRUSTEES OF THE NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM / LICENSED UNDER THE OPEN GOVERNMENT LICENCE.
5.11 James Walker, after John Augustus Atkinson, Paul the First (Emperor of Russia), published June 1, 1797, mezzotint, 703 × 498 mm, Royal Collection Trust. ROYAL COLLECTION TRUST / © HER MAJESTY QUEEN ELIZABETH II 2021.
De Guitaut
6.1 Malachite urn, 1836, Peterhof Imperial Lapidary Works, malachite, gilt metal, marble, 180 × 140 cm, The Royal Collection, Grand Reception Room, Windsor Castle, England. ROYAL COLLECTION TRUST / © HER MAJESTY QUEEN ELIZABETH II 2021.
6.2 Carl Timoleon von Neff, The Grand Duchesses Maria and Olga, daughters of Nicholas I, Emperor of Russia, before October 15, 1840, oil on canvas, 153.3 × 117.4 cm, Royal Collection Trust, London. ROYAL COLLECTION TRUST / © HER MAJESTY QUEEN ELIZABETH II 2021.
6.3 Imperial Presentation Vase, c. 1844. Imperial Porcelain Manufactory, St Petersburg. Hard paste porcelain with gilt-bronze mounts, 142 × 108 × 108 cm, The Royal Collection, State Dining Room, Windsor Castle. ROYAL COLLECTION TRUST / © HER MAJESTY QUEEN ELIZABETH II 2021.
6.4 Plate (part of a dessert service), 1845, Coalport Porcelain Company, Shropshire, porcelain, polychrome painting, gilded, 2.7 × 25.5 × 25.5 cm (diameter), Royal Collection Trust, London. ROYAL COLLECTION TRUST / © HER MAJESTY QUEEN ELIZABETH II 2021.
6.5 Franz Xaver Winterhalter, Queen Victoria with the Prince of Wales, 1846, oil on canvas, 236.1 × 145.9 cm, Royal Collection Trust, London. ROYAL COLLECTION TRUST / © HER MAJESTY QUEEN ELIZABETH II 2021.
6.6 Laurits Regner Tuxen, The Family of Queen Victoria in 1887, 1887, oil on canvas, 165.7 × 226.1 cm, Royal Collection Trust, London. ROYAL COLLECTION TRUST / © HER MAJESTY QUEEN ELIZABETH II 2021.
6.7 Frame with a miniature of Maria Feodorovna, manufactured by Fabergé, Royal Collection Trust, London. ROYAL COLLECTION TRUST / © HER MAJESTY QUEEN ELIZABETH II 2021.
6.8 Vase and Pedestal, 1872, Kolyvan Lapidary Factory, Ekaterinburg, korgon porphyry (vase), green-grey porphyry (pedestal), 134.5 × 56.5 cm, Royal Collection Trust, London. ROYAL COLLECTION TRUST / © HER MAJESTY QUEEN ELIZABETH II 2021.
6.9 Laurits Regner Tuxen, The Marriage of Nicholas II, Tsar of Russia, 26th November 1894, 1895–96, oil on canvas, 169.4 × 139.9 cm, Royal Collection Trust, London. ROYAL COLLECTION TRUST / © HER MAJESTY QUEEN ELIZABETH II 2021.
6.10 Diamond Jubilee Brooch, 1897, manufactured by Fabergé, silver, rose gold, and brilliant diamonds, sapphires, 9.8 × 3.4 × 1.8 cm, Royal Collection Trust, London. ROYAL COLLECTION TRUST / © HER MAJESTY QUEEN ELIZABETH II 2021.
Sobolev
7.1 George Frederic Watts, Alfred, Lord Tennyson, 1903, bronze, Lincoln Cathedral. WIKIMEDIA / PHOTOGRAPH TANYA DEDYUKINA / CREATIVE COMMONS CC BY 3.0.
7.2 “Celebrities of the Day—Lord Tennyson, Poet Laureate,” reproduced in The Graphic, March 22, 1884.
7.3 “The Royal Banquet in the Saloon of the ‘Pembroke Castle’ at Copenhagen,” reproduced in The Graphic, September 29, 1883.
7.4 Vassilka, 1907, Fabergé workshops, silver, aventurine quartz, 13.4 × 21.1 × 9 cm, Royal Collection Trust, London. ROYAL COLLECTION TRUST / © HER MAJESTY QUEEN ELIZABETH II 2021.
7.5 Alexandra, Princess of Wales, and her Borzoi Alex, c. 1890, photograph by Thomas Fall, gelatin silver print, 11.9 × 18.1 cm, Royal Collection Trust, London. ROYAL COLLECTION TRUST / © HER MAJESTY QUEEN ELIZABETH II 2021.
7.6 Briton Rivière, Portrait of Audrey, Lady Tennyson with the wolfhound Karenina, 1899, oil on canvas, 150 × 122.4 cm, National Library of Australia. PUBLIC DOMAIN / PHOTO NATIONAL LIBRARY OF AUSTRALIA.
7.7 Tennyson’s Study at Farringford, by W. Biscombe Gardner, reproduced in The English Illustrated Magazine 10 (1892), 149.
Coleman Sparke
8.1 Kovsh presented by Nicholas II to Victor Albert Spencer, Lord Churchill (front view, with original holly wood fitted case), 1896, Fabergé, gold-mounted ruby, diamond, and agate. IMAGE COURTESY OF BONHAMS.
8.2 Fabergé kovsh presented by Nicholas II to Victor Albert Spencer, Lord Churchill (front view, detail), 1896, gold-mounted ruby, diamond, and agate. IMAGE COURTESY OF BONHAMS.
8.3 Fabergé kovsh presented by Nicholas II to Victor Albert Spencer, Lord Churchill (rear view, detail with inscription), 1896, gold-mounted ruby, diamond, and agate. IMAGE COURTESY OF BONHAMS.
8.4 Fabergé invoice showing kovsh entry with price, 1896. IMAGE COURTESY OF VALENTIN SKURLOV.
8.5 Cabinet record of imperial gifts listing a 335 rouble kovsh supplied for Lord Churchill, 1896. IMAGES COURTESY OF VALENTIN SKURLOV.
8.6 The Honourable Victor Spencer, dressed in Page of Honour full dress uniform, c. 1877, hand-coloured albumen print, 14.5 × 9.8 cm, Royal Collection Trust, London. ROYAL COLLECTION TRUST / © HER MAJESTY QUEEN ELIZABETH II 2021.
8.7 Left to right: The Duke of Marlborough, Viscount Churchill, Winston Churchill, and Major Jack Churchill in an Oxfordshire Yeomanry encampment, unknown photographer, c. 1915, reproduced in Bonhams Private Collections Auction, October 3, 2018, 109. IMAGE COURTESY OF BONHAMS.
8.8 An Imperial Russian gilt-bronze table, the top with a lapidary relief bouquet, Peterhof Imperial Lapidary Factory, 1844, hardstones, gilt-bronze, glass, 78.6 × 73.5 cm, Royal Collection Trust, London. ROYAL COLLECTION TRUST / © HER MAJESTY QUEEN ELIZABETH II 2021.
8.9 A vase and pedestal purchased by Queen Victoria and Prince Albert at the Great Exhibition of 1851, c. 1850, Demidov Lapidary Factory, St Petersburg, malachite and gilt-bronze, 220 × 100 × 79 cm, Royal Collection Trust, London. ROYAL COLLECTION TRUST / © HER MAJESTY QUEEN ELIZABETH II 2021.
8.10 A collection of hardstone animals, mainly by Fabergé, c. 1900, nephrite, jasper, obsidian, rhodonite, aventurine, chalcedony, 3.7–15.8 cm, private collection. IMAGE COURTESY OF BONHAMS.
Part III: Travels and Dialogues
Tetermazova
9.1 Gavriil Skorodumov, Self-Portrait (In the Cabinet of Engravings of the Hermitage), after 1785, watercolour, Indian ink, quill, and graphite pencil on paper, 65.5 × 46 cm, State Russian Museum, St Petersburg. © STATE RUSSIAN MUSEUM, ST PETERSBURG.
9.2 Thomas Rowlandson, A Bench of Artists, 1776, ink and graphite on paper, support: 272 × 548 mm, Tate Britain, London. © TATE IMAGES.
9.3 Gavriil Skorodumov, after Sir Joshua Reynolds, Reflections on Clarissa Harlow, 1775, stipple engraving on paper, 35.3 × 29 cm (sheet), 32.9 × 26.6 cm (plate), Royal Collection Trust, London. ROYAL COLLECTION TRUST / © HER MAJESTY QUEEN ELIZABETH II 2021.
9.4 Gavriil Skorodumov, Count Sergei Petrovich Rumiantsev, 1781, colour stipple on paper, 17.5 × 12.2 cm, State Historical Museum, Moscow. © STATE HISTORICAL MUSEUM, MOSCOW.
9.5 Odalisque, Lucknow, India, c. 1810–20, gouache on paper, CBL In 69.19, Chester Beatty Library, Dublin. © THE TRUSTEES OF THE CHESTER BEATTY LIBRARY, DUBLIN.
9.6 Gavriil Skorodumov, after Fedor Rokotov, Catherine II, 1783–84, stipple engraving and etching on silk, 44.5 × 33.5 cm, State Historical Museum, Moscow. © STATE HISTORICAL MUSEUM, MOSCOW.
9.7 Gavriil Skorodumov, Self-Portrait, late 1780s–early 1790s, ink on paper, 21.6 × 18.1 cm, Yaroslavl Art Museum, Yaroslavl. © YAROSLAVL ART MUSEUM.
9.8 James Walker, after Sir Joshua Reynolds, The Infant Hercules, 1792, mezzotint on paper, 66 × 58 cm, State Historical Museum, Moscow. © STATE HISTORICAL MUSEUM, MOSCOW.
9.9 James Walker, after Lemuel Francis Abbott, The Honourable Thomas Erskine, 1783, mezzotint on paper, 37.7 × 27.5 cm, The British Museum, London. © TRUSTEES OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM, LONDON.
9.10 James Walker, after Grand Duchess Maria Feodorovna of Russia, Catherine II, c. 1789, mezzotint, 12.9 × 10.7 cm, Royal Collection Trust, London. ROYAL COLLECTION TRUST / © HER MAJESTY QUEEN ELIZABETH II 2021.
9.11 James Walker, after Mikhail Shibanov, Catherine II (Empress of Russia), mezzotint, published May 1, 1789, 39.9 × 29.2 cm (sheet), 39 × 28 cm (plate), Royal Collection Trust, London. ROYAL COLLECTION TRUST / © HER MAJESTY QUEEN ELIZABETH II 2021.
Marisina
10.1 William Nicholson, Portrait of Sir William Allan (1782–1850). Artist. (In Circassian dress), 1818, oil on canvas, 91.4 × 71.4 cm, Scottish National Portrait Gallery, Edinburgh. © NATIONAL GALLERIES OF SCOTLAND.
10.2 George Henry Harlow, Portrait of Benjamin Robert Haydon, 1816, oil on panel, 53.2 × 41.6 cm, Birmingham Museum & Art Gallery. PHOTO BIRMINGHAM MUSEUMS TRUST / CREATIVE COMMONS CC0.
10.3 Nicholas Pavlovich Romanov (Grand Duke). A General. From the series “Horses and riders.” Signed and inscribed: “Edinburg” [sic], 1817, watercolour, ink, pen on paper, State Archive of the Russian Federation (“GARF”), f. 728, op. 1, d. 1107, l. 12. PHOTO STATE ARCHIVE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION.
10.4 William Allan, Bashkirs Conducting Convicts, 1814, oil on canvas, 43 × 63 cm, State Hermitage Museum, St Petersburg. © THE STATE HERMITAGE MUSEUM / PHOTO LEONARD KHEIFETS, ALEKSEY PAKHOMOV, SVETLANA SUETOVA, VLADIMIR TEREBENIN.
10.5 William Allan, Frontier Guards (Circassian Prince on Horseback Selling Two Boys), 1814, oil on canvas, 43 × 63 cm, State Hermitage Museum, St Petersburg. © THE STATE HERMITAGE MUSEUM / PHOTO LEONARD KHEIFETS, ALEKSEY PAKHOMOV, SVETLANA SUETOVA, VLADIMIR TEREBENIN.
10.6 William Allan, The Abduction of a Circassian Woman (Haslan Gheray Conducting Alkazia, Daughter of Mouradin Bey, Across the Kuban), 1815, oil on wooden panel, 88 × 70 cm, The Museum of Fine Arts, Makhachkala, Russia. © DAGHESTAN MUSEUM OF FINE ARTS NAMED AFTER P. S. GAMZATOVA.
10.7 William Allan, Portrait of Grand Duke Nicholas of Russia, December 1816, pencil on paper, 23 × 17.5 cm, private collection. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
10.8 Charles Theodosius Heath, after Frederick Mackenzie, Elgin Gallery, Views of London and its Environs, 1825, etching, published by Hurst, Robinson & Co., The British Museum, London. © THE TRUSTEES OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM, LONDON / ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
10.9 A page from John Conrath’s autograph notebook with portrait sketches of Nicholas (possibly by S. Hancock), his brother Mikhail (by Ch. Landseer), and a member of Mikhail’s entourage (by W. Bewick), 1817–18, The British Library, Department of Manuscripts, Add. MS 58207, 1815–35, ff. 29–32. © THE BRITISH LIBRARY BOARD.
Leigh
11.1 Grigorii Chernetsov, Perspective View of the War Gallery of 1812 in the Winter Palace, 1829, oil on canvas, 121 × 92 cm, State Hermitage Museum, St Petersburg. © THE STATE HERMITAGE MUSEUM / PHOTO LEONARD KHEIFETS, ALEKSEY PAKHOMOV, SVETLANA SUETOVA, VLADIMIR TEREBENIN.
11.2 Joseph Nash, Windsor Castle. The Waterloo Chamber, June 5, 1844, 1844, watercolour and bodycolour over pencil, 28.2 × 36.8 cm, Royal Collection Trust, London. ROYAL COLLECTION TRUST / © HER MAJESTY QUEEN ELIZABETH II 2021.
11.3 Fedor Rokotov, Portrait of Grand Duke Alexander Pavlovich as a Child, beginning of the 1780s, oil on canvas, State Historical Museum, Moscow. © STATE HISTORICAL MUSEUM, MOSCOW.
11.4 Sir Godfrey Kneller, William, Duke of Gloucester (1689–1700), 1699, oil on canvas, 76 × 64 cm, Royal Collection Trust, London. ROYAL COLLECTION TRUST / © HER MAJESTY QUEEN ELIZABETH II 2021.
11.5 Sir Thomas Lawrence, Alexander I, Emperor of Russia (1777–1825), 1814–18, oil on canvas, 273.8 × 179.5 cm, Waterloo Chamber, Windsor Castle. ROYAL COLLECTION TRUST / © HER MAJESTY QUEEN ELIZABETH II 2021.
11.6 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting in the Waterloo Chamber in Windsor Castle, Berkshire, 2018. From left to right on the wall can be seen Sir Thomas Lawrence’s portraits of Alexander I, Francis I, Emperor of Austria (1818–19), and Frederick William III, King of Prussia (1814–18). © 2018, PA IMAGES / ALAMY STOCK PHOTO / PHOTO HENRY NICHOLLS.
11.7 George Dawe, Alexander I, Emperor of Russia (1777–1825), after March 1826, oil on engraving, lined on to canvas, 61.1 × 42.5 cm, Royal Collection Trust, London. ROYAL COLLECTION TRUST / © HER MAJESTY QUEEN ELIZABETH II 2021.
11.8 George Dawe, Portrait of Emperor Alexander I, 1824, oil on canvas, 238.5 cm × 152.3 cm, State Hermitage Museum, St Petersburg. © THE STATE HERMITAGE MUSEUM / PHOTO LEONARD KHEIFETS, ALEKSEY PAKHOMOV, SVETLANA SUETOVA, VLADIMIR TEREBENIN.
11.9 The Military Gallery at the Winter Palace, State Hermitage Museum, St Petersburg. PHOTOGRAPH ALLISON LEIGH / CREATIVE COMMONS CC0.
Part IV: Dynasties and Domesticities
Patterson
12.1 Charles Bergamasco, Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh, 1874, hand-coloured albumen photographic print, 23.9 × 9.6 cm, Royal Collection Trust, London. ROYAL COLLECTION TRUST / © HER MAJESTY QUEEN ELIZABETH II 2021.
12.2 Adolphe Charlemagne, Prince Alfred driving at Oranienbaum, August 1862, 1862, pencil, pen and ink, watercolour, bodycolour heightened with gum and with scraping out, 25 × 34.5 cm, Royal Collection Trust, London. ROYAL COLLECTION TRUST / © HER MAJESTY QUEEN ELIZABETH II 2021.
12.3 Gustav Karl Ludwig Richter, Maria Alexandrovna, Grand Duchess of Russia, 1873–74, oil on canvas, 145.8 × 94.7 cm, Royal Collection Trust, London. ROYAL COLLECTION TRUST / © HER MAJESTY QUEEN ELIZABETH II 2021.
12.4 Mary Thornycroft, Grand Duchess Marie Alexandrovna, Duchess of Edinburgh, 1876, marble, 66.5 cm (height), Royal Collection Trust, London. ROYAL COLLECTION TRUST / © HER MAJESTY QUEEN ELIZABETH II 2021.
12.5 The Russian Chapel, Clarence House, photograph, Royal Collection Trust, London. ROYAL COLLECTION TRUST / © HER MAJESTY QUEEN ELIZABETH II 2021.
12.6 Nicholas Chevalier, The Marriage of Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh, 23 January 1874, 1874–75, oil on canvas, 168.4 × 138.5 cm, Royal Collection Trust, London. ROYAL COLLECTION TRUST / © HER MAJESTY QUEEN ELIZABETH II 2021.
12.7 Nicholas Chevalier, The Anglican marriage service of Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh and Maria Alexandrovna, 23 January 1874, 1874, pencil, pen and ink, coloured pencil, watercolour, 20.4 × 25 cm, Royal Collection Trust, London. ROYAL COLLECTION TRUST / © HER MAJESTY QUEEN ELIZABETH II 2021.
12.8 Nicholas Chevalier, The Orthodox marriage service of Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh and Maria Alexandrovna, 23 January 1874, 1874, pencil, pen and ink, watercolour, bodycolour, with two flaps, 20.4 × 25 cm, Royal Collection Trust, London. ROYAL COLLECTION TRUST / © HER MAJESTY QUEEN ELIZABETH II 2021.
12.9 Nicholas Chevalier, The arrival of the Duke and Duchess of Edinburgh at Windsor, 7 March 1874, 1874, pencil, pen and ink, watercolour and bodycolour, 24.4 × 29.4 cm, Royal Collection Trust, London. ROYAL COLLECTION TRUST / © HER MAJESTY QUEEN ELIZABETH II 2021.
Slater
13.1 Sergei Levitskii, Nicholas II, Emperor of Russia, Alexandra Feodorovna, Empress of Russia, and Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna, 1896, gelatin silver print, 14.5 × 10.5 cm, Royal Collection Trust, London. ROYAL COLLECTION TRUST / © HER MAJESTY QUEEN ELIZABETH II 2021.
13.2 Ernest Sandau, Nicholas II, Emperor of Russia and King George V, May 24, 1913, gelatin silver print, 22.1 × 15.5 cm, Royal Collection Trust, London. ROYAL COLLECTION TRUST / © HER MAJESTY QUEEN ELIZABETH II 2021.
13.3 Arthur William Debenham, Emperor Nicholas II of Russia (1868–1918) and George, Prince of Wales, August 4, 1909, gelatin silver print, 23.9 × 17.2 cm, Royal Collection Trust, London. ROYAL COLLECTION TRUST / © HER MAJESTY QUEEN ELIZABETH II 2021.
13.4 Boissonnas & Eggler, Grand Duchesses Maria (1899–1918), Tatiana (1897–1918), Anastasia (1901–1918), and Olga (1895–1918) of Russia, 1914, platinum print, 12.6 × 9 cm, Royal Collection Trust, London. ROYAL COLLECTION TRUST / © HER MAJESTY QUEEN ELIZABETH II 2021.
13.5 Johann Victor Aarne, Frame with a photograph of Empress Alexandra Feodorovna, before 1896, silver-gilt, guilloché enamel and four-colour gold, ivory, 11 × 6.8 × 1.5 cm (whole object), Royal Collection Trust, London. ROYAL COLLECTION TRUST / © HER MAJESTY QUEEN ELIZABETH II 2021.
13.6 Album of Queen Alexandra, State Visit to Russia, Reval, June 5–14, 1908, gelatin silver prints, 28.1 × 36.8 × 5.5 cm, Royal Collection Trust, London. ROYAL COLLECTION TRUST / © HER MAJESTY QUEEN ELIZABETH II 2021.
13.7 Boissonnas & Eggler, Nicholas II, Emperor of Russia and his family, 1913, gelatin silver print, 15.5 × 18.3 cm, Royal Collection Trust, London. ROYAL COLLECTION TRUST / © HER MAJESTY QUEEN ELIZABETH II 2021.
13.8 Nikolai Bogdanov-Belskii, Nicholas II, Emperor of Russia, 1908, oil on canvas, 232.5 × 146.8 cm, Royal Collection Trust, London. ROYAL COLLECTION TRUST / © HER MAJESTY QUEEN ELIZABETH II 2021.
13.9 Pavel Tikhomirov, Icon of Tsar Nicholas II, 1996, colour print on paper, 16 × 20 cm, author’s collection. PHOTOGRAPH © WENDY SLATER 2021.
13.10 Sergei Levitskii, Nicholas II dressed as Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich, Romanov anniversary ball, St Petersburg, 1903, photograph. IMAGE WIKIMEDIA / CREATIVE COMMONS PUBLIC DOMAIN MARK 1.0.