Index of Subjects
1QIsaa
17, 116–17, 124, 140, 160, 162, 164–65, 167, 191, 193, 202, 216, 252, 256–57, 269–70, 273, 275, 280, 283, 292, 302–303, 306–307, 313, 315, 320, 341
4QIsab
273
4QIsaf
167, 215, 269
Adiabene
129
Antiochian Christianity
129, 348
Aquila
27
Aramaic
dialect
130
influence on versions
xxiii, 19–20, 70, 131, 194, 220, 224–30, 249, 255, 271–75, 282, 287, 292, 294, 296–98, 305, 314, 332, 340, 342–43, 346–47
inscriptions
126, 129–30, 348
language
28, 134, 139, 152, 164, 187, 190, 194, 196, 198, 202, 204, 217, 220, 224–31, 255, 258, 262, 271–75, 282, 287, 289, 292, 294, 296–98, 305, 314, 332, 340, 342–43, 346–47
script
129–30, 133, 348
Persian School
136–37
Targum
xxi, xxiii, 9–10, 13–17, 29, 70, 127, 205, 224–30, 342–43
translation traditions
17, 205, 341
Vetus Syra
10, 13, 15–17, 44
Bardaisan
124–25, 133
Bible translation
xxi, xxiii, xxiv, 22, 41, 48, 54, 62–63, 65, 68, 73–75, 79, 85, 91, 93–94, 97–98, 100–101, 107, 114, 139, 141, 251, 344, 349
bilingualism
37, 55–56, 83, 119–120, 129, 133–39, 190, 255, 264, 325, 328, 341, 343, 345–50
BL Add. 12144
11
Books of the Laws of Countries
133
calques
154, 324–25, 341, 347
CATSS database
286, 288, 309, 328
Chronicle of Edessa
124, 126
codeswitching/tagging
134–35
Collection of Simeon
11
colophons
104
Commentary of the Monk Severus
10–12
coupled pairs
83, 144
Dead Sea Scrolls
17, 20, 100, 283, 298, 300, 313
Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS)
xxiii, 21, 27, 45, 47–48, 52, 67, 83, 91, 97, 100, 144–45
divine epithets
165–66, 170–71, 190, 208, 212, 235, 241, 247, 283
Doctrine of Addai
126
double-translation/rendering
44, 66, 112, 217–18, 227, 232, 261, 269, 273, 279, 288, 305, 310, 313, 317, 322–23, 332, 335
Edessa/Osrhoene/East Syria
bilingual context
83, 120, 124–25, 129, 133–39, 264, 325, 328, 341, 343, 345–50
city
30–31, 37, 124–30, 133–39, 345–50
education context
37, 83, 126, 133–39, 345–50
epigraphic evidence
inscriptions (Greek/Aramaic/Syriac)
126, 129–30, 133, 348
parchments
133, 136
history of
124–30, 137–38, 345–50
literary conventions
124–25, 133–39
Jewish presence
126–30, 138–39, 345–50
role of Greek language and culture
82–83, 124–30, 133–39, 345–50
status of Syriac
133–39, 348–49
Syriac Christianity
37, 124–29, 136–37, 345–50
etymological translation (Syriac)
23, 25, 152, 194, 220, 222, 256, 277, 284, 313, 323, 342
genetic criticism
76
Greek versions
Aquila
27
hexaplaric
108, 131, 295, 317–18, 327
Lucianic
131
Symmachus
311
Theodotion
18, 30, 131, 328
Uncials (S A B)
18
Harclean version
101
indirect translation (ITr)
autonomy
53, 272, 342–43
definitions/terminology
xxiii, 58–60, 65–73
globalization
55, 61–62, 64, 78, 90, 345
hidden dynamics
55–57, 100, 122
historical trends
62–63, 100
“indirect ITr”
73–74, 342, 347
“indirect mixed ITr”
114
indirectness
53, 55–57, 68–73, 81, 91, 100, 113, 116, 122, 132–33, 139
intolerance
55–57
l’horizon du traducteur
81, 124
mediating text/language (MT/L)
53, 55–56, 58–60, 62–73, 75–76, 79–84, 89–90, 97, 101, 121
mediation(s)
53–56, 70, 73, 75, 83, 90, 97, 99, 101, 107, 112–20, 140, 152, 281, 343, 350
methodological process
formulation of hypotheses
77, 89–91, 141, 145, 345–50
epitextual analysis
75, 77, 81–83, 116, 118, 123–39, 350
peritextual analysis
76–81, 90, 98, 103–107, 120
textual analysis (macro-/micro-)
76–81, 83–86, 91, 101, 107, 123, 139–41, 145, 251–344
mixed ITr
69–70, 114, 122, 138–39
multicultural transfer
59
negative views of
60–61
process vs. product/end text
58, 65–68
reasons for
63–65, 90
relay/pivot translation
58–59, 67, 99, 101
role of memory
53, 55–56, 107–20, 131, 342–43
(semi)peripheral languages
61–62, 70, 90, 123
sacred ITr
94–98, 102–103, 122, 138–40, 239, 342, 348
source text/language (ST/L)
58–60, 62–73, 75–76, 79–84, 90, 97, 121
target text/language (TT/L)
58–60, 62–73, 75–76, 79–84, 90, 97, 121
types and subtypes
69–73
inscriptions
31, 120, 124, 129, 169
Isaiah (Book of)
102–103
Jerome
120
Jewish-Christian relations
37, 101, 124–33, 138–39, 345–50
Kirk Maǧara
126, 129–30
Kuntillet ʿAjrud
169
Leiden Edition
6–7, 13, 146–49, 162
loanwords
134–35, 154, 327, 341, 347
Marquart-Baumstark-Kahle hypothesis
9–10, 13–17
Melkite 9l5
12
Nabataea
133
Nisibis
129, 137
orality
55–56, 102, 136, 239, 246
Palmyra
130, 133, 290
Peshiṭta (Books of)
S-Pentateuch
1, 10, 13
S-Genesis
110–11, 134
S-Exodus
7, 99, 134, 146, 148, 206, 292
S-Numbers
298
S-Deuteronomy
134, 198
S-Judges
134
S-Samuel
131
S-Jeremiah
34, 131, 227, 247, 305, 325
S-Ezekiel
132, 165, 228, 288
S-Dodekapropheton
131, 165
S-Hosea
44, 51, 74, 131
S-Amos
109, 131
S-Zechariah
20, 131, 296, 298
S-Malachi
131, 298
S-Psalms
1, 109, 132, 199, 223
S-Job
112, 131, 182, 204, 206
S-Proverbs
75, 130, 132, 134, 197, 202
S-Ecclesiastes
130
S-Daniel
131
S-Chronicles
119
S-Matthew
134
Peshiṭta of Isaiah (S-Isa)
Aramaic influence
19–20, 29
authorship and background
27–38, 44, 65, 82–83, 98–99, 102, 112–13, 123–39, 345–50
constitutive character/profile
103, 143–44, 148, 248–50, 341–44
criteria for dependence on a version
20, 25–26, 38, 46–47, 51–52, 65, 74–75, 78, 98–100, 103, 107–20, 141–42, 145, 147, 152–53, 251
epitextual analysis
113, 116, 118, 123–39
Greek influence
71, 133–39, 294–98, 324–25, 341, 345–50
influence from traditions
14–15, 17, 20, 29–32, 35–37, 44, 56, 65, 98–100, 102–103, 107–20, 189, 199, 204–205, 209, 212, 215, 223, 229, 233, 236, 239–41, 246, 259–60, 262–63, 268, 275, 279–80, 283, 294–98, 304, 311, 321, 323, 326–27, 334–35, 341, 343–50
inner Syriac corruption
35, 99, 117, 157, 162, 217, 227, 306, 317–18
inventory of non-literal translation shifts/strategies
143–250
classification/typology
143–52
syntactic strategies
G1: Literal translation
153
G2: Loan, calque
154
G3: Transposition
G3.1—Participle 
adjective
155
adjective
155
G3.2—Participle noun
155–56
noun
155–56
G3.3—Adjective noun; noun adjective
156
noun; noun adjective
156
G3.4—Noun infinitive
157
infinitive
157
G3.5—Verb verbal participle (with or without enclitic)
157–58
verbal participle (with or without enclitic)
157–58
G3.6—Infinitive verb
158–59
verb
158–59
G4: Unit Shift
159–60
G5: Phrase structure change
G5.1—Genitive relation
160–61
G5.2—Number
161
G5.2.1—Plural singular (including collectives)
162
singular (including collectives)
162
G5.2.2—Singular plural (including collective nouns)
162–66
plural (including collective nouns)
162–66
G5.3—Person
166–67
G5.4—Tense
167–69
G5.5—Changes to the construct or appositional phrase
169–70
G5.6—Addition/omission of pronominal suffix
170–71
G5.7—Addition of a participle
171
G5.8—Addition of an enclitic
171
G5.9—Addition of indirect object (ܠ + suffix)
171
G5.10—Preposition change
172
G6: Clause structure change
G6.1—Case change
172
G6.2—Voice changes
G6.2.1—Passive active (intransitive transitive)
173–74
active (intransitive transitive)
173–74
G6.2.2—Active passive
174
passive
174
G6.3—Transpositions
174—75
G6.4—Temporal Infinitival Clause temporal clause beginning with ܟܕ
175
temporal clause beginning with
G6.5—Concessive clause with גם כי concessive clause with ܐܦܢ
175
concessive clause with
G6.6—Concessive conditional clause with אם standard conditional clause with ܐܢ
176
standard conditional clause with
G6.7—Addition of an enclitic
177
G7: Sentence structure change
177
G8: Cohesion change
G8.1—Addition/omission of waw-conjunctive
177–78
G8.2—Addition/omission of a preposition
G8.2.1—Additions
178–79
G8.2.2—Omissions
180
G8.3—Omission of causal conjunction
180
G8.4—Insensitivity to disjunctive waw
180–81
G8.5—Simple conjunction adverbial conjunction (ܐܦ )
181
adverbial conjunction (
G8.6—Addition of the infinitive’s prefixed ܠ
181–82
G8.7—No translation of the particle of entreaty (נא )
182
G8.8—No translation of the ל of product
182
G9: Level shift
182–83
G10: Scheme change
183–84
G11: Texts with many formal changes
184–94
semantic strategies
S1: Synonymy
194–205
S2: Antonomy
205
S3: Hyponomy
S3.1—ST superordinate TT hyponym
205
TT hyponym
205
S3.2—ST hyponym TT superordinate
206
TT superordinate
206
S4: Converses
207
S5: Abstraction change
207–209
S6: Distribution change
209
S7: Emphasis change
209–18
S8: Paraphrase
218–20
S9: Trope change
S9.1—ST stope X TT trope X
220–21
TT trope X
220–21
S9.1.1—The TT trope is semantically related but not identical
221
S9.2—ST trope X TT trope Y
223
TT trope Y
223
S9.3—ST trope X TT trope Ø
223–24
TT trope Ø
223–24
S9.4—ST trope Ø TT trope X
224
TT trope X
224
S10: Other semantic changes
S10.1—Aramaisms
224–26
S10.1.1—Probable cases of Aramaic influence
226–28
S10.1.2—Possible cases of Aramaic influence
228–30
S10.2—Syriacisms
S.10.2.1—Probable cases of Syriac influence
231
S10.3—Double-Renderings
S10.3.1—Possible case of a double-rendering
232
S10.4—Drudge/slot words
232
S10.5—Stock equivalents
232–37
S10.6—Hebraisms
237–38
pragmatic strategies
Pr1: Cultural filtering
238–39
Pr1.1—Oral traditions
239
Pr1.2—(Possible) Ideological/ exegetical renderings
239–41
Pr1.3—Assimilations
241
Pr2: Explicitness change
242–43
Pr2.1—Addition of preposition
242
Pr2.2—Addition of signs of the infinitive (prefixed–ܠ )
242–43
Pr2.3—Explicitation of predication
243
Pr2.4—Other changes in explicitness
243–45
Pr3: Information change
245
Pr4: Interpersonal change
245
Pr5: Illocutionary change
245–46
Pr6: Coherence change
246
Pr7: Partial translation
Pr7.1—Transcriptions
246–47
Pr8: Visibility change
247
Pr9: Transediting
247–48
Pr10: Other pragmatic changes
248
lectionary headings
103–106
norms of translation
52, 103, 113, 139–41, 143, 145, 183, 242, 248–51, 343–50
paratextual elements
98–99
patristic citations of
9–13
peritextual analysis
103–107
relationship to G-Isa
52, 65, 70–71, 74, 103, 107–23, 138–39, 251–350
secondary revision
28, 103–106, 108–110, 118, 146–49, 162, 190, 273, 288, 317–18
studies on S-Isa’s relation to G- and T-Isa
13–21, 30–31, 43–44, 51–52, 74, 99–100, 107–20
Syriacizing
25, 146–49, 231, 313–14
target culture
52, 98, 143, 178, 209, 239, 245, 248–50, 341, 343–44
textual analysis (macro-/micro-)
139–41, 143–250
see Table of Contents
textual criticism of
application of translation technique
107–20, 252
early collations
2–13
methods of interpreting variants
maximalist approach
26, 41–43, 110–11
minimalist approach
25–26, 41–43, 109–111
process-oriented
44–45, 119
product-oriented
44–45, 49
source-oriented
40–42, 109–110
translator-oriented
40–43
theology of
24, 27–38, 101, 345–46
translation technique
18–19, 21–26, 35, 44, 99, 108, 110, 121–23, 139, 147–48, 143–250, 252, 265, 281, 283, 294–98, 304, 310, 317, 320, 341–44, 346–47
transmission history
13–21, 99, 146–49
Peshiṭta New Testament
29, 134
Philoxenian version
101
poetry
125, 135, 178, 183–84
polysystem
89–90, 123, 138, 348
retranslation
62, 68, 71, 93
“Rosetta Complex”
84, 347
script
3, 37, 129–30, 133, 348
Second Temple Judaism
35–37
Septuagint/LXX
background of translators
50–51, 102
existence in East Syria
124–33
fact of target culture
47–49
interlinear model of translation
50, 98
methods of analysis
46–47
model of translation
345–50
traditions
102, 341
Severus commentary (Vat. Syr. 103)
10–12
Simeon of Ḥisn Manṣur
11
Syriac language
34, 129, 136, 146, 154, 158, 160, 168, 176, 179, 202, 224–25, 236, 248, 253, 327, 345, 347–48
Syriac manuscripts
5b1
146, 148
5ph1
6–7, 10
6h3.5
6–7, 12, 162–63
6h5mg
317
6pk4
6
7a1
3–8, 103, 147, 149, 156, 162–63, 175, 213, 317
7k11
6
7pk1
6
8a1
6–7, 317
8a1c
7
8jl
6–7
9a1fam
6–9, 12, 146, 162, 213, 317
9d1.2
6–7
9k3
6
9l2.5.6
162
10d1
7
10j2
6
11d1.2
7
11l4
162, 203
12a1
6–7, 104
12d1.2
7
17.a1.2.4
8
17a2
8
17a4
8
Bibliothèque Nationale’s Codex Syriaque 6
2
East-Syrian
3
Nestorian
3–4
Nitrian
4
West-Syrian
3–4
Syrian Church Fathers
Aphrahat
4, 9–10, 12, 30
Bar Hebraeus
2, 4, 12
Cyril
11
Dionysius bar Salibi
12
Ephrem
4, 9–12, 125
Ishoʿbar Nun
12
Ishoʿdad
12
Jacob of Edessa
11, 125
John Chrysostom
10
Theodore bar Koni
12
Theodoret of Cyrrhus
10
Syro-Hexapla
13, 15, 63, 101, 103–104
Syro-Lucian translation
13–15
Systems Theory
21, 70, 89, 91, 100, 123, 348
textual criticism see Peshiṭta of Isaiah (S-Isa)
application of translation theory
74–75, 107–120
translation
acceptability
26, 45, 47–48, 86, 90, 98, 110–11, 178, 183, 311, 343
act vs. event
88, 90
adequacy
45, 48, 62, 90, 95–97, 144, 148, 350
atomism
154, 183, 248
autonomy
1, 13, 30, 53–54, 87, 119, 252, 272, 342–43
causal model of
88, 90
constitutive character/profile
48, 87, 97–98, 140, 143, 144–45, 248–50
converse
205
direct
58, 61–62, 69
drudge/slot words
194, 215, 232–33, 248–49, 267, 272, 343, 346
eclectic
68–69, 101, 140
function
48–51, 98
interference
48, 87, 93, 101, 123, 143, 248, 343
interpretive vs. linguistic factors
39–45, 48–50, 107
isomorphic
144, 154, 180, 218–20, 239, 248, 247, 274, 344, 346
literal vs. free
98, 107, 153
methods of analysis
46–47
norms
45–49, 63, 77, 83, 86–90, 95–98, 113, 123, 139–41, 143, 145, 183, 242, 248–50, 343–50
policy
49, 97–98, 122–23, 154, 248, 251
prestige
28, 64–65, 90, 93–94, 96, 135, 138–139, 348
process-oriented
44–45, 50, 53–54, 97, 113, 119
product-oriented
44–45, 49
quantitative fidelity/representation
98, 144, 219, 248
sacred
56, 93–98, 102–103, 122–23, 138–40, 239, 342, 348
serial fidelity
97, 248, 266, 274, 278, 287, 346
shifts/strategies
45–47, 83, 86–87, 107, 119, 121–22, 140, 143–44, 145, 150–250
(
see Peshiṭta of Isaiah
)
stock equivalents
194, 200, 218, 232–33, 235, 240, 248, 256, 283, 337, 346
support
69–70, 101, 121–23, 138, 346
target culture
44–45, 47–48, 84–87, 89, 97–98, 123, 135, 143, 161, 178, 209, 238–39, 245, 248–50, 311, 341, 343–44
target-oriented
23, 47–51, 144
technique
18–19, 21–26, 38, 41–42, 44–45, 98, 107–23, 139, 142, 147–48, 143–250, 252, 281, 283, 294–98, 304, 310, 317, 320, 341–47
translator as author
41
universals
46, 241, 349
Translation History
76–77, 80–81, 94
Vulgate (Latin)
119–20, 307, 339
West Syrian lectionaries
9l2
12
9l6
12