1. Granott, Agrarian Reform and the Record of Israel, 28 (1965). 2. 4 Laws of the State of Israel (hereinafter As 1) at 68. Throughout this article Hebrew dates are omitted.

3. The state of emergency, declared in Israel shortly after its establishment, is still valid. 4. An Israel government source estimated that the "village properties" of absentee Arabs "which was appropriated by the Custodian of Absentees' Property" in- cluded the land of some "350 completely abandoned or semi-abandoned [Arab] villages, the aggregate area of which was about three-quarters of a million du- nums... Among the agricultural properties were 80,000 dunums of abandoned groves... [and] more than 200,000 dunums of plantations were taken over by the custodian". It was estimated that "the urban properties...include 25,416 buildings in which there are 57,497 dwellings and 10,727 business and trade premises" -Israel Government Yearbook, 1958, at 235. The Custodian himself declared, at a press conference he held at the beginning of 1949, that he had taken possession of 223,000 dunums of land planted with productive trees, including 85,000 dunums of citrus fruit, 80,000 dunums of olives, 15,000 dunums of grapevines, 14,000 dunums of fig orchards and smaller areas of apricot, almond...and banana orchards" -Haaretz, January 6, 1949.

5. 4 LSI, at 151. 6. Israeli Government Yearbook, 1954, at 113. 7. For the basic documents of and laws relating to this institution, see the Special Report, at 193.

8. Granott, at 107-111. 9. Art.3.4(b). 10. 5 LSI, at 45. 11. Israel Government Yearbook, 1962/63, at 107.

12. Peretz, Israel and the Palestine Arabs, 152, (1958). 13. Text in The Official Gazette (Palestine), No. 1442, Supp. 2, September 27, 1945, at 1058. For text of Regulation 125, see note 4, infra, at 131.

14. Among the villages in Israel whose land has been confiscated after action under this Article have been: Amqa, Faradiya, Kafr Inan, Saffuriya, al-Majdal, Kafr Bir'im, al-Mansura, Mi'ar, Kuwaikat, al-Birwa, al-Damun, al-Ruwais and al-Ghabisiya See, e.g. Haaretz, July 28, 1971. See the cases of Ikrit, infra at 119-133. 15. See text of Regulations in the Schedule to Emergency Regulations (Security Zones) (Extension of Validity) (No. 2) Law, 1949, in 3 LSI, at 56.

16. Weitz, Yumani Weagrutai Lebanim (My Diary and Letters to the Children), , Vol. 3, at 373-74, (Tel-Aviv: Massada 1965) (in Hebrew). 17. 2 LSI, at 70. 18. Minutes of the Provisional Council of State, January 6, 1949 at 8 (in Hebrew). 19. Id.

20. In the way the Regulations were utilized, for example, to expropriate part of the land of Shefa Amr. The total area expropriated under them was about 25,000 dunums, part of which was owned by Israeli Jews who had neglected to cultivate it. -Report of the State Controller for the Financial Year 1963/64, No. 15 ( 1965), at 287 7 (in Hebrew). 21. 4 LSI, at 3. 22. 6 LSI, at 103. 23. 7 LSI, at 43.

24. The Knesset Debates (Hebrew), June 3, 1952, at 2202. 25. Reshumot (The Israeli Official Gazette), Yalkut Ha-Pirsumim (Collected Proclama- tions), from No. 228 (1953) to No. 355 (1954) (in Hebrew).

26. 21 LSI, at 105. Jiryis Recent Knesset Legislation and the Arabs in Israel, Journal of Palestine Studies Vol. 1 (Winter 1971 ) at 53. See also the specimen copy of the Lease Contract that is used by the Keren Kayemeth in leasing land to Jewish settlers, infra at 221. Also see the text accompaning note 44 infra. 27. The Official Gazette (Palestine), No. 1305, Supp. No. 1, December 10, 1943, at 44-53. 28. 34 LSI, at 190.

29. 12 LSI, at 129. 30. 19 LSI, at 102.

31. Israel Government Yearbook, 1963/64, at 208; and 1964/65, at 214. 32. Jiryis, The Arabs in Israel, at 111-118, (1976). 33. Id. 34. 1 Laws of Palestine, at 506 (Drayton, ed., 1934) 35. 7 LSI, at 29.

36. 23 LSI, at 283. 37. 14 LSI, at 48. For the text of this Law, see infra, at 217. 38. Id., at 49. For the text of this Law, see infra, at 218.

39. Id, at 50. For the text of this Law, see infra, at 219. 40. 5 LSI, at 45.

41. See infra, at 194 and passim. 42. Text in Reshumot (Official Gazette), Yalkut Ha-Pirsumim, No. 1456, June 7, 1968, at 1597-1598 (Hebrew). For the English text, see infra at 214. 43. Id., at 1597.

44. See supra note 26 .

45. Hatzoa Hok (Draft Laws) No. 1484, 12.10.1980, at 16-19. (in Hebrew).

46. For example, see Military Order No. 58 of July 23, 1967 which deals with the "absentees" property which in many respects similar to the Absentees Property Law, 1950; Military Order No. 273 of August 12, 1968; and Military Order No. 283 of January 22, 1969, both deal with the absentees' property; Military Orders Nos. 60-63 of August 1, 1967 which deal with "closed areas" for army training; Military Order No. 216 of February 5, 1968 dealing with the authority of persons represent- ing the Government of Israel to sign transactions (basically of lands and rights related thereto) in the West Bank; and Military Order No. 364 of December 29, 1969 concerning the Government properties.