Figures
2.1 Job vacancies grouped by industry 30
2.2 Changes in the ratio of job vacancies to job seekers in the human resources market 32
2.3 Changes in demand and the number of job seekers in the human resources market 33
2.4 Changes in the proportions of job seekers at different ages in the human resources market 35
2.5 Changes in the proportions of the newly grown population of unemployed people, college, and university graduates of the current year seeking jobs 36
2.6 Changes in the ratio of job vacancies to job seekers with respect to the labor forces at different ages in the human resources market 38
2.7 Changes in the proportion of job vacancies with skill demand and the proportion of skilled talents in the human resources market 39
3.1 Gini coefficient of the income of Chinese residents from 2003 to 2013 54
3.2 Income gap between urban and rural residents 54
3.3 Variable coefficient concerning per capita disposable income of urban households in 31 provinces (regions, municipalities) from 2000 to 2013 55
3.4 Variable coefficient concerning per capita net income of rural households in 31 provinces (regions, municipalities) from 2000 to 2013 55
4.1 Changes in China’s overall Gini coefficient from 2003 to 2013 66
4.2 The Oshima Index concerning the income of urban residents and the ratio of per capita income of high-income households to that of low-income households 67
4.3 The Oshima Index concerning the income of the rural residents and the ratio of per capita income of rural high-income households to that of rural low-income households 71
4.4 Agricultural products producer price index 74
4.5 Urban-rural income ratio and growth rates of urban and rural per capita income from 2000 to 2013 75
4.6 Rates of contributions from consumption, investment and net export to GDP growth from 2005 to 2013 76
5.1 Health expenses over the years 89
7.1 Answers of the general public as to whether the current society was consistent with the standards for a “good society” 136
8.1 Distribution of the life satisfaction of urban residents in 2013–2014 146
8.2 Change trend of the capability of urban residents for bearing price fluctuation from 2000 to 2014 148
8.3 Change trend of the overall life satisfaction of urban residents from 2000 to 2014 149
8.4 Consumer confidence index of urban residents from 2001 to 2014 152
11.1 Proportion of students born in the 1990s, graduating from key senior high schools and admitted to higher education institutions at different classes 206
11.2 Proportion of university students with different types of registered permanent residence born in the 1990s and graduating from key senior high schools 207
11.3 The impact of the experience of being left-behind children and the absence of such experience on the self-evaluation of academic performance 208
11.4 Confidence of the university students born in the 1990s in employment 214
11.5 Factors affecting the job selection made by the university students born in the 1990s who have graduated 215
11.6 Views of the university graduates born in the 1990s about the relationship between housing and work 219
12.1 The objectives for obtaining a residence permit since the implementation of the new policy 224
12.2 Attitudes of those with Shanghai’s registered permanent residence and the people migrating to Shanghai regarding the points-based policy for the residence permit 226
12.3 The willingness of the people migrating to Shanghai who held a residence permit but did not apply to accumulate points and the people migrating to Shanghai who did not hold a residence permit to apply to accumulate points 227
12.4 The causes for failure of ordinary people migrating to Shanghai to apply to accumulate points relating to the residence permit 232
12.5 Analysis of education level of the people migrating to Shanghai who do not have plans to stay in Shanghai for the long term 232
12.6 The attitudes of the people migrating to Shanghai with estimated cumulative points greatly different from 120 points toward leaving or staying in Shanghai 233
12.7 The causes for staying in Shanghai where the cumulative points relating to the residence permit greatly differed from 120 points 234
12.8 The expectations of the point accumulation applicants of policy expansion 237
13.1 Types of houses where employed young people (ages 16–35) in Beijing live 247
13.2 The proportions of the young renters (ages 16–35) in Beijing who chose joint renting, lived in basements and bungalows 249
13.3 The balance between income and expenditure of employed young people (ages 16–35) in Beijing 255
14.1 Trend of daily number of posts by various microblogs 278
14.2 Daily number of microblogs by opinion leaders 279
14.3 Monthly frequency of retweets and comments on each kind of microblog 279
14.4 Distribution of the left, neutral, and right opinion leaders 282
14.5 Daily number of microblog posts by opinion leaders 282
14.6 Proportion of monthly updated microblogs of opinion leaders 283
14.7 Average monthly frequency of retweets and comments on the microblog posts of each type of opinion leaders 283
14.8 Monthly total frequency of retweets and comments on the microblog posts of opinion leaders with various tendencies 284
14.9 Frequency of debating on ideology-related hot keywords by opinion leaders with various tendencies (every 1,000 microblog posts) 285
14.10 Topics followed with keen interest by opinion leaders with various tendencies 285
14.11 Topics followed with keen interest by opinion leaders with various tendencies 286
14.12 Topics shared by both left and right-wing opinion leaders 286
16.1 Changes in the size of the rural population (1990–2013) 327
16.2 The population urbanization 330
17.1 Changes in the number of urban community residents’ committees across the country 342
17.2 Changes in the number of town and township governments and sub-district offices across the country 342
18.1 GDP growth since 1990 363
18.2 Rates of contributions from three key demands to GDP and their roles in fueling GDP growth 364
18.3 Regional GDP and growth rates 365
18.4 Changes in total retail sale of consumer goods 366
18.5 Consumption level of residents from 2000 to 2013 366
18.6 Changes in population age structure and dependency ratio from 1990 to 2013 367
18.7 Urban-rural structure and industrial structure of the employed population 368
18.8 Newly employed population and reemployed population in urban areas 368
18.9 Registered urban unemployed population and unemployment rate 369
18.10 Changes in the income and expenditure of urban and rural residents from 2006 to 2013 370
18.11 Composition of disposable income of urban residents and net income of rural residents from 1990 to 2013 371
18.12 Per capita consumption expenditure of urban and rural residents from 2006 to 2013 372
18.13 Per capita disposable income and consumption expenditure of urban households in 2013 373
18.14 Per capita net income and consumption expenditure of rural households in 2013 374
18.15 Some postal and telecommunications business from 1995 to 2013 375
18.16 Number of students at schools at various levels for every 100,000 from 1991 to 2013 375
18.17 R&D expenditure and its proportion in GDP in 2013 376
18.18 Total health expenditure 377
18.19 Number of outpatients and inpatients at the medical and health institutions nationwide 378
18.20 Number of social service bodies and employees from 2009 to 2013 378
18.21 Social service bodies from 2009 to 2013 379
18.22 Social assistance from 2007 to 2013 379
Tables
2.1 Proportion of migrant workers who received skill training 40
2.2 Proportion of migrant workers covered by social security 43
3.1 Income of urban and rural residents and its growth from 1978 to 2013 50
3.2 Per capita disposable income of residents nationwide and in various regions in the first three quarters of 2014 51
3.3 Changes in the income structure of urban residents from 2000 to 2013 52
3.4 Changes in the income structure of rural residents from 2000 to 2013 52
3.5 Comparison of the income between urban and rural residents in various regions in 2013 56
3.6 Consumption by urban and rural households 57
3.7 Comparison of consumption levels between urban and rural residents in various regions in 2013 58
4.1 Growth rates of per capita income for urban households grouped by five equal income brackets 68
4.2 Growth rate of per capita net income of rural households grouped by five equal income brackets from 2001 to 2013 72
4.3 Growth rates of per capita net income from different sources of rural residents and their proportions in per capita net income from 2001 to 2013 73
5.1 Number of various types of medical institutions 82
5.2 Number of personnel at various types of medical institutions from 2011 to 2013 83
5.3 Number of beds at various types of medical institutions 83
5.4 Number and proportions of beds and personnel at non-public medical institutions from 2008 to 2013 84
5.5 Provision of medical services from 2008 to 2013 86
5.6 Provision of medical services from January to July 2014 86
5.7 Utilization of sickbeds in some years 87
5.8 International comparison of health expenses in 2011 89
5.9 Service expenses at public hospitals from 2008 to 2013 90
5.10 Service expenses at grassroots medical institutions from 2008 to 2013 90
7.1 The core value concepts for a “good society” in the eyes of the general public 125
7.2 Classification of core value concepts by the degree of recognition by the general public 132
7.3 Types and distribution of those with different opinions of the society among different social groups 138
7.4 Comparisons among those with different opinions of society with respect to the degree of recognition for the core value concepts that make a “good society” 141
8.1 Ten indicators with the greatest improvement in the satisfaction in 2014 compared with 2013 147
8.2 Life satisfaction levels of different income groups from 2000 to 2014 150
8.3 Confidence of urban residents in future national development and future personal development from 2006 to 2014 151
8.4 Comparisons of the (top six) social problems that are of concern to urban residents from 2000 to 2014 154
9.1 Distribution of working hours 161
9.2 Actual income of migrant workers 162
9.3 Welfare benefits for migrant workers 163
9.4 The infringement of the rights and interests of migrant workers 164
9.5 Score of degree of familiarity which migrant workers had 165
9.6 Migrant workers’ evaluation of the cities where they worked 167
9.7 Interpersonal trust (N=2017) 168
9.8 Government trust (N=2016) 169
9.9 Sense of safety and security, belonging, and happiness (N=2016) 170
9.10 Willingness to register for permanent residence in the city 172
9.11 Actions of registering for permanent residence in the city 173
9.12 Troubles caused by non-local registered permanent residence 174
9.13 Migrant workers’ understanding of the system for points-based registration of permanent residence 175
9.14 Willingness to abandon their land in their hometown 175
9.15 Expectations of migrant workers for the government 176
10.1 Wage income gap by gender 182
10.2 Analysis of gender wage gap at jobs with different human capital 184
10.3 Analysis of the income gap of the jobs at different levels of human capital between two different types of registered permanent residence 186
10.4 Regional gap in the hourly wage 189
10.5 Gaps in the hourly wage of the migrant labor forces in the manufacturing industry 192
10.6 Hourly income of the people employed under different ownership systems in the manufacturing industry 194
10.7 The impact of the migration experience on hourly wage income 196
10.8 Regional income gap in the labor forces migrating outside to work before 2000 199
10.9 Regional income gap in the labor forces working outside from 2010 to 2012 200
11.1 Views of the university students born in the 1990s about employment and business startup 211
11.2 Views of the university graduates born in the 1990s about housing 217
12.1 Basic information for those who had migrated to Shanghai and had obtained a residence permit or were in the process of accumulating points since the implementation of the new policy 225
12.2 Evaluation of the points-based policy for the residence permit by the ordinary people migrating to Shanghai 228
12.3 The type of efforts made by ordinary people migrating to Shanghai and the people who had applied to accumulate points in the cases where cumulative points greatly differed from the standard value of 120 229
13.1 Changes in permanent residence for the young population (ages 16–35) in Beijing 244
13.2 Places where the employed young people (ages 16–35) in Beijing came from 245
13.3 Conditions of houses where the employed young people (ages 16–35) in Beijing lived 248
13.4 Housing areas available for the employed young people (ages 16–35) in Beijing 251
13.5 Frequency of relocation experienced by the young renters (ages 16–35) in Beijing in the past three years 252
13.6 Income and expenditure of employed young people (ages 16–35) in Beijing 253
13.7 Top three daily expenditures of young people (ages 16–35) in Beijing 254
13.8 In general, what is of greatest difficulty for you now? 256
13.9 Differences in the social attitudes and self-evaluation of renters and homebuyers (average scores) 258
14.1 Top 20 hotspots of public opinion in 2014 268
14.2 Public opinion pressure values in different public opinion fields in 2014 270
14.3 Top 10 provinces by the public opinion pressure value in 2014 271
14.4 Distribution of the public opinion pressure among the functional departments that related to hot event sand topics in 2014 272
14.5 The public opinion pressure values of social contradictions in 2014 273
16.1 National output of main agricultural products 323
16.2 Quantities of main agricultural products imported through the customs 324
16.3 Comparison of per capita net income of farmers and per capita disposable income of urban residents 325
16.4 Composition of the net income of farmers 326
16.5 Changes in the number of migrant workers 327
16.6 Levels of use of agricultural fertilizers, agricultural films, and pesticides 328
17.1 Number of community service bodies 345