Index
Afghanistan
69
agitation
172, 252
Agitprop
264
agriculture
152
agricultural colonialism
76–77
agricultural policy
42–43, 43, 44, 45
agronomy question
231
collective productivity
169
food production and
88 (see also food requisitioning; tax in kind)
Akselrod, Pavel
38
Alash Orda government
76
alienation
217–222
Allen, Barbara C.
7–8, 16, 24, 25, 117–118, 123n74, 128, 130n121, 133n139, 134, 247–248n19, 271
All-Russian Central Executive Committee (VTsIK)
224, 226–227, 231–232, 240
All-Russian Conference of Artillery Factories
205n36
All-Russian Council of Trade Unions (VTsSPS)
24, 50, 99–100, 112–113, 112n2, 115–119, 119n45, 123, 203–204, 272
Presidium of
121, 129, 131–132, 133
Southern Bureau in Ukraine
197
Tomsky and
130–131, 132–133, 134–135
trade-union debate and
125–126
‘tred-iunionist conservatism’ of
125
Trotsky supporters and
130n120
All-Russian Metalworkers’ Union
194. See also Metalworkers’ Union
alternative regimes
164–167
alternativists
164–167, 169
Amsterdam International
28, 32
anarchism/anarchists
20, 91, 97, 147, 165, 168–169, 174, 186, 196–197, 208, 273
Andreev, Andrei
26, 123, 124n75, 126n89, 132, 134, 135n156, 196n9, 201, 202, 247
anti-alternativists
164–167, 169
anti-colonial theory and practice
80
anti-factionalist resolutions
211–213
anti-Semitism
82
Antonov rebellion
261
Antonov-Ovseenko, V.A.
54
‘appointism’ (naznachenstvo)
126n93
archival records, availability of
270
Armavir Metalworkers’ Union
199
Armenia
63–64, 74
Artem, Fedor
124n75, 132, 202, 245, 257
Artem, Sergei
134n149
artillery industry
205
Auditing Commission
173
Austria
69
authoritarianism
181, 208, 218, 273
autonomous republics, non-Russian nationalities and
59
Avanesov, Varlam
221
Avrich, Paul
53, 95n35
Azerbaijan
63–64, 69, 74
‘backwardness,’ problem of
47, 48, 61, 71–75
Baku, petroleum reserves in
45, 46, 47, 49
Baltic Fleet
208
Baltic region
54, 60
Bashkirs
75, 76–77
Bauman district
200
Bauman group
196
Bazhanov, Boris
249
Belarus
69, 74
Belgium
46
Beregovoi district
199
Berkman, Alexander
145, 146, 147, 150, 151, 155, 164, 165, 168
Bessarabia
60n3
Black, Clayton
7, 41, 271
Black Hundreds
82, 92
Bogdanov, Aleksandr
37, 55, 198
Bogdanov, B.O.
37
Bogorodsky silk company
263
Bolshevik elite, betrayal of revolution
126
Bolshevik leftists
247n17
Bolshevik mismanagement, vs. revolutionary crisis
160–161
Bolshevik Russia, outside observers on
143–170
Bolsheviks
1, 21, 22–23, 30, 31, 37, 38, 39, 50, 55, 70, 176
1918 trade-union congress and
22
alleged hallucinatory beliefs of
144–145, 148, 160–163, 168
authoritarian and militaristic culture within the party
172
‘Bolsheviks only policy’
41
change in attitude toward peasants
43, 44, 48, 54, 56, 156–159
Constituent Assembly and
41
critiques of
147
Democratic Centralists and
117n33
failure to take unions seriously
28
federal state structure and
64–65
ignorance of countryside
43
illusions of
160–163
Kamenev and
37, 38, 39, 45
Kronstadt revolt and
7, 53
lack of knowledge about countryside
42
‘middle peasantry’ and
156–159
monopoly of power
2, 53, 56
mounting hostility toward
273
move from war communism to NEP
143
nationality policy and
73–74
observers’ attitudes towards
164–167, 169
opposition to monopoly on new regime
49
outlook in 1920 and 1921
143–170
party-state relations debate and
222
placation of peasants by
2, 6
policy zigzags of
145–152, 154
power sharing and
50, 52, 55–56
power structure of
56
pragmatism of
168
‘pumice-stone of experience’ and
145–152, 154, 168
radicalism and
36
realism and
148–150, 152, 159, 160–163
realizations of after Civil War
143–144
socialist parties and
38
speeches at Eighth Congress of Soviets
162
Tomsky and
135–136
trade-union debate and
17–18, 113–114
triumph of
172
Trotsky and
89
turn towards peasantry
42, 156–159, 169
unofficial meetings and
256
victory of
38
war communism and
162, 168, 168n51, 169, 172
wrested control of trade unions from Mensheviks
196
zigzags prior to NEP
145–152, 160–163, 168
Bolshevism
36, 37, 181
vs. communism
150, 155
decay of
207
pre-NEP
143–170
Tenth Party Congress as pivotal moment for
143
Boris Godunov
251
Borotbists (Social Revolutionaries)
196. See also Social Revolutionaries (SR s)
‘bourgeois democratic nationalism’
83
bourgeois multinational states
62–63, 64
‘bourgeois specialists’
117
Brest-Litovsk
38, 45, 49, 151, 183, 184
Brichkina, Sophia
132
Bubnov, Andrei
95
Bukeikhanov, Alikhan
76, 77
Bukhara
69
Bukharin, Nikolai
48n58, 115n19, 156, 177n14, 184n31, 196n9, 202–204, 205n36, 223, 246, 253
calls for buffer group between Trotsky and Lenin
123
on Central Committee
247
on Civil War
185–186
critique of Kautsky
68
Economics of the Transition Period
160, 183
inhibiting future organised criticism within party
211
Kamenev and
49–52, 56
Kronstadt revolt and
127
at Moscow Gubernia Party Conference
248
NEP and
183–184
on party building
259–260
on Red Army and military issues
249
speaks for Trotsky and his platform
248
Stalin and
59, 66–67, 66n24
‘Theses on Party Construction’
223
trade-union debate and
246
Trotsky-Bukharin group
248
Trotsky-Bukharin resolution
100–101, 104–105, 104n66, 248
Workers’ Opposition and
209–210, 213
Zinoviev and
24–25
‘bureacratic centralism’
221
bureaucracy
211
bureaucratisation
163, 180, 181–182, 194, 217–222, 228, 272–273
reducing
207–208
threat of
221–222
‘calico Moscow’
43
capitalism
60, 61, 152, 153, 159, 204, 217
failure to complete development in Russia
73
flexibility of
67
industrial
74
persistence of
67–68
‘rights of nations to self-determination’ and
66–67, 66n25
‘capitalist encirclement’
48, 70, 172
capitalist states
concessions to
48, 49, 52n76
conflict with
64
formation of bloc with
44–45
capitalists
concessions to
46–48, 49, 52n76, 272
need for oil
46–47
tribute to
47
‘careerism’
182, 210
Carr, E.H.
2, 6, 22, 143, 144, 145, 269
Caucasus
49, 253
censorship
273
Central Asian nationalist movements
76, 77
Central Board of Artillery Factories
205
Central Committee
3, 114, 130, 131n127, 209–210, 220, 247–248
assigns national question to Stalin
61
calls for reform and
220–221, 227, 232, 234, 235
calls for tightening of party discipline
217
composition of
257–258
criticised at Eighth Party Congress
253
dissent and
128
economic policy and
262
elections and
173, 256–257, 258–259
as governing body
121n30
increase in number of members
228
Kamenev and
38, 45, 48, 50, 52
Kronstadt revolt and
94, 95
Lenin presents Resolution on the Tasks of the Trade Unions and the Methods of Their Implementation
122
Lenin’s draft resolution and
254–255
Maksimovksy and
223, 224
members of
257
opening day and
252
oppositionists and
257–258
Osinsky and
265
‘Platform of the Ten’ and
125–126
plenary session of
244
Plenum of
91, 121, 134n149, 203, 245, 246–247, 247n17, 249–250, 252
Politburo (see Politburo)
political report at Twelfth Party Congress
237–238
pre-congress discussion and
250
report of
172
Resolution on Party Unity and
128
resolutions authored by
227–228
seeks to define limits of the debate
250
seeks to project party congress as free debating forum
249–250
Shliapnikov and
118n36, 135n155, 213, 258
Stalin and
59, 70
‘Thesis on Industry’
233
Third Trade-Union Congress and
120n50
Tomsky and
114n8, 118–120, 119–120, 130–136
trade-union debate and
103, 104, 120–123, 125–126, 202, 246–247
Trotsky and
88, 99–100, 105, 109, 115n17, 233–234
unofficial meetings and
256, 257–258
victory of Lenin’s group in
243–244
Zinoviev and
15, 24–26, 250, 258
Central Control Commission (CCC)
172, 173, 202
elections for
258–259
Central Council of Trade Unions
14, 15
Central Purge Commission
213
Central Timber Board
107
centralisation
7, 21, 61, 64–65, 65n20, 186–187, 217–222, 254, 272–273
case for
61–65
of debate
250
as necessary evil
222
Stalin and
61–65
Chamberlin, William Henry
171
‘Changing Signposts’ (smenovekhite) movement
238, 238n53
Chase, William
116n22
Chechens
75
Cheka
82, 91, 96, 115, 182, 182n26, 187, 197, 208
Chernov-Grechnev, Andrei
199
Chicherin, Georgii
45–46, 46n51, 65–71, 84, 92
Chief Administration for Political Education
172
Civil War
7, 36, 48, 63, 171, 182, 197, 229, 261, 274
aftermath of
237–238, 263
Bolsheviks’ realizations after
143–144
Bukharin on
185–186
bureaucratisation and
223
changes to party organisation and
227–228
class equilibrium of
185
crises of
220
deterioration of revolutionary character of Communist Party during
194
end of
5, 28, 32, 36, 39, 55, 56, 60, 73, 182, 185
excesses of
79
imperialist powers’ intervention in
64
Lenin declares premature victory in
173
‘middle peasantry’ and
159
Politburo’s dominance arising from
237, 241
predicted by Kamenev
38–39
railroad ruined during
120–121
rebuilding after
217
‘shock (udarnye) methods’ necessitated by
229
signs of colonialist or imperialist attitudes during
82
trade unions and
114
transportation system damaged in
48
Trotsky’s proposal to abandon grain requisitioning and
105
Trotsky’s reputation acquired during
44
unifying effect of
174
class composition, ‘improvement’ of
222
class consciousness
182n26
Cohen, Stephen F.
1, 270
Cold War ideology
172
collective management
116–117
collegiality
221–222
colonialism
61, 66, 75–80, 82–83. See also decolonisation; imperialism
Commissariat for Transport (Narkomput)
120–121
Commissariat of Foreign affairs
69
Commissariat of Labour
115
Commissariat of Nationalities
4
Commissariat of Transport (Glavpolitput’)
103
Commissariat of War
50, 115
Commission for Improving the Condition of the Baltic Fleet
54
Committee for Political Education (Glavpolitprosvet),
252
Committee for the Defence of Moscow
91
Committee for the Defence of Petrograd
91, 94, 95
Committees of the Peasant Poor (kombedy)
151, 157
communism
Bolsheviks’ overt lack of loyalty to
148
vs. Bolshevism
150, 155
establishment of
187
Communist International (Comintern)
14, 23, 25, 31–33, 33, 69, 70, 173, 250n32, 251, 271
Communist Manifesto
24
communist parties, local
199–201. See also specific parties
Communist Party of Russia
27, 33, 45, 69, 176, 179, 207
banning of dissent within
206
bureaucratisation of
217–242, 272–273
changes to structure of
2
crisis within
210
‘democratic left’ of
217
factionalism in
36
first systematic “purge” of
42
foundations of
2–3
guiding role of
20
historical consensus regarding
2–4
inhibiting future organised criticism within
211
intra-party struggle
8
‘kulaks’ and
78
national vs. local
200–201
opposition to national party
200–201
Organisation Bureau
15
outnumbered by union membership
30–31
platform, Point Five
113–114
predicament confronting
273–274
problems of party organisation
172
report of representative in Comintern
173
report of representatives in International Trade Union Council
173
rules to curb dissent in
55
seeks to project party congress as free debating forum
274
small numbers of
30
state and
217–242
trade unions and
19–20, 22, 30–32, 50, 119, 126–127, 129, 194–195, 199–201, 205, 213, 273
vulnerability of
273
Workers’ Opposition and
193, 204
Communist Party of Ukraine
193, 196, 197, 197n14
compromise, need for
45, 48, 52, 54–55
‘comrade courts’
201
concentration camps
115
concession, policies of
39–40, 44–45, 48, 52n76, 54, 56, 59, 70, 155–156, 172, 186
conformity
7, 229
Congress of the Miners’ Union
201
conspiracy theories
179–180
Constituent Assembly
38, 41, 50–51, 52n76
Control Commissions
182, 182n26
Cossack settlers
75
Council of Defence
197
Council of Labour and Defence (STO)
235, 239
Council of People’s Commissars. See Sovnarkom
counterrevolutionaries
91, 92, 95, 118, 179, 208
crises of 1919–1920
160, 168, 183, 201–202, 220, 241
criticism, right of
229. See also dissent
cultural figures, deportation of
187
Czech Legion
173
Dallin, David
161, 163
Dan, Fedor
5, 146, 147, 151–152, 154, 160, 161–162, 164, 165
Daniels, Robert V.
3, 6, 15, 36, 121, 269
debate. See also specific debates
centralisation of
250
tolerance for dissent
270
‘Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia’
73
decolonisation
61, 75–80, 84
democracy
117n33, 186, 218–219, 220–221, 273
abandonment of promises of mass participation
217–218
constriction of
221–222
‘democratic’ methods of administration
222
early principles of Soviet
231
efficiency and
219
ideal of
274
intra-party
217, 228
‘proletarian democracy’
219
workers’ democracy
229, 241
Democratic Centralists
117n33, 175, 204, 210, 217–224, 236, 248, 253–254, 257
draft resolution for
226–228
‘Immediate Tasks of the Party’
226–228
Kronstadt revolt and
127
Democratic State Conference
37
‘democratisation,’ calls for
218
demonstrations
126–127
Denikin, Anton
63, 165, 260
Denmark
46n51
deportations
187
Deutscher, Isaac
110, 114, 116, 269
development projects
45, 48, 73, 155–156
deviationists, witch-hunts for
83
dictatorship. See also authoritarianism
‘dictatorship of the proletariat’
183, 218, 274
one-man dictatorship
270
diplomacy
48, 49, 53
dissent
55
decline in tolerance for
274
fear of
274
retraction of right of criticism
229
rules to curb
55
suppression of
206, 273, 274
dissidents
deportation of
187
trade-union
7–8
district party committees
200
domestic crisis
126–127
domestic market, formation of
1
domestic policy
44, 51. See also specific policies and sectors
the Don
106
the Donbas, Russia
194, 196
Douds, Lara
7, 272
Duma
28
Dzerzhinsky, Feliks
82, 97, 123, 132, 133, 196n9, 202, 247, 261
economic councils (sovnarkhozy)
23
economic crisis
241
economic development
71
economic policy
47–48, 55, 201–202, 264, 274. See also New Economic Policy (NEP)
Kamenev and
254
Lenin and
48, 254
Trotsky and
104–107
Eighth Congress of Soviets
27, 161–163, 224, 246
Eighth Party Congress
40, 59, 81–82, 113, 114n8, 182, 218, 230, 253, 253n45, 256
criticism of bureaucracy at
220–221
oppositionists at
220–221
party rule adopted at
249n26
Point Five resolution at
129n113
‘turn towards middle peasant’ announced at
157, 169
Workers’ Opposition and
193–194
Ekaterinoslav, Ukraine
198, 199
Ekonomicheskaia zhizn’ (Economic Life)
116–117
electrification
48
Eleventh Party Congress
2, 8, 232, 233, 239–240
Emelianov, V.
4
Engels, Friedrich
207–208
engineers
205. See also specialists
England
61, 62
Entente
45, 64, 176
Enukidze, Avel’
245
Estonia
60n3, 69
Estonians
73
ethnic hierarchy
71–75
ethnic republics, restrictions on autonomy of
64–65. See also non-Russian nationalities
ethnic rights
73
ethnic territories
71, 73. See also non-Russian nationalities
Extraordinary Council of Workers’ and Peasants’ Defence for the Supply of the Army and Navy
230
extremism
83
factions/factionalism
119, 180, 183, 193, 201, 211–213, 222, 229, 259, 274
factory owners
21
Farbman, Michael
6
February revolution
160, 165
federalism
66
feudalism
61, 62
Fifteenth Party Congress
5
Fifth Trade-Union Conference
25–27, 121–122
Figes, Orlando
171
finance capital
66, 66n24, 66n25
Finland
22, 32, 45, 60n3, 69, 93, 208
First All-Russian Congress of Trade Unions
21, 25, 112
First World War
62, 67, 76, 171
Fitzpatrick, Sheila
171
food requisitioning
1, 42, 54–55, 88, 104–107, 153, 175, 185, 208, 254, 262
food supply
172, 249, 254, 254n51, 275
foreign ‘concessionaires’
145, 155–156, 168
foreign investment
45, 48, 155–156
foreign policy
59, 69, 70–71
foreign concession policies
44–45, 59, 70, 145, 155–156, 168
Kamenev and
44–45, 46–48, 51, 56
Fourteenth Party Congress
5
Fourth Donetsk Gubernia CP(b)U conference
204–205
Fourth Trade-Union Congress
134
France
26, 30, 32, 45, 46, 46n51, 49, 61, 62
free-trade-ism
105
Frumkin, Boris
154
Frunze, Mikhail
132, 132n138, 253, 254
fuel crises
172, 275
Georgia, conflict with
60, 64, 65
‘Georgian affair’
65
German Social Democrats
20–21, 67–68, 160
Germans
38
Germany
45, 62
German war economy
184
reparations and
46, 48
Gill, Graeme
3–4, 6
Ginzberg, Abram
132
glavki
182, 204
global capitalist elite
66
Goldman, Emma
146, 147, 150–151, 154, 155, 164, 165
Goltsman, Abram
24
Goltsman, Adam
126n89, 135n156
Gordon, Manya
114
Gorodskoi district
199
Gosplan
239
Got’e, Iury
264
government, ‘proletarianisation’ of
218–219
Great Britain
45, 46–47, 46n51, 49, 53, 69
Great Powerism
83
Great Purges
83
Great Russian chauvinism
80, 81–83
Great Russians
73–74
‘great-power chauvinism’
61, 81–83
Grozny, Russia, petroleum reserves in
45
gubernia committees
263–264
Gurevich, Aleksandr
205n36
hierarchy of nations
71–75
Hilferding, Rudolf
66
historical interpretation, issues of
143–170, 171–190, 274–275
Holquist, Peter
171
Iakovleva, Varvara
253
Iaroslavsky, Emelian
127, 202, 248, 253
Ignatov, Efim
196, 200, 210, 220, 260
Imperial Army
160
imperialism
62–63, 64, 66–67, 71, 80–82
imperialists
92, 95
India
64
indigenisation (korenizatsiia)
72
industrialisation
48, 48n58, 49, 74, 214
industrialists
24
industry
48
foreign investment in
45
‘nationalised’
154
one-man management (edinonachalie) in
221–222
specialists in
118n38
inefficiency
222
Ingush
75
international communist revolution, hope for
32
International Council of Trade Unions (Mezhsovprof)
26
international financial cartels
66
International Trade Union Council
173
international trade-union movement
22
intra-party democracy, tightening of
217
Ireland
64
isolation
48
Istpart (the Commission on the History of the October Revolution and the Russian Communist Party)
251, 252
Italy
26, 30, 32, 61, 62
Iudenich, Nikolai
165, 260
Ivanov, Andrei
197
Ivanovo-Voznesensk gubernia
198
Japan
46–47
Jews
73, 194, 196
Joint Central Transport Committee (Tsektran)
100, 103–104, 121, 124, 125, 196n9
Kadets
238n53
Kalinin, Mikhail
88, 124n75, 158, 202
Kamenev, Lev
6–7, 36–58, 97–98n49, 124n75, 202, 253–254, 260, 262, 274
accused of betrayal of former allies
49–50
address on ‘capitalist encirclement’
70
agricultural policy and
42–43
arrested by White Guards at Finnish border
45, 51
becomes Lenin’s literary executor
39
in buffer group
123
Central Committee report
45
Commission for Improving the Condition of the Baltic Fleet and
54
concession policies and
39–40, 46–48
conciliatory approach of
42–43, 52, 54–55
diplomatic career of
45, 49
duties at Tenth Party Congress
52–53
economic policy and
47–48, 55
elected as Bolshevik delegate to Constituent Assembly
41
expelled by British
45
expulsion from party
5
foreign policy and
44–48
as former ‘right Bolshevik’
43
as head of Moscow soviet
38–39, 42, 43, 51, 55, 56
Kronstadt revolt and
53–54, 94
leadership role of
39
Lenin and
36–46, 48, 49, 51–52, 54
at Moscow Gubernia Party Conference
248
NEP and
42–44, 51, 55, 56, 271
opponents of
48–53
party-state relations debate and
235, 237
‘Platform of the Ten’ and
15, 23, 27, 33, 40–42, 50–52, 50n69, 101–102, 204, 246, 248
in Politburo
39, 42, 43, 51, 54, 55, 70
as possible successor to Lenin
39
power sharing and
274
predicts new world war
46–47
proposes corrections to Trotsky’s 1923 thesis
233–234
protests path to one-party government
181
as reluctant Bolshevik
36–39
resignation from Central Committee
38, 52
Shliapnikov and
41–42, 52n76
Stalin and
56
Tomsky and
118
trade-union debate and
40–41, 51, 52, 55
Trotsky and
50, 50n69, 101–102
Kamenev, S.S.
97
Kapchenko, N.I.
3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Karelia
261
Karelia Party conference
264
Kautsky, Karl
18, 66, 67, 68
Kazakh rebellion of 1916
76
Kazakhs
75–78
Keep, John L.H.
171
Kharkiv, Russia
194, 196
Kharkiv, Ukraine
197–198
Khorezm
69
Kiev, Ukraine
198
Kiselev, Aleksei
115n19, 132, 132n138, 193, 204, 248
Kolchak, Alexander
63, 165, 260
kollegii
222, 227
Kollontai, Aleksandra
193, 206–207, 206n38, 208, 209, 212, 225
Rabochaia oppozitsiaa
206–207
Workers’ Opposition and
193, 206–207, 206n38, 208, 209, 212, 225, 246
Komsomol
94, 263
Kornilov, Lavr
37
Kosior, Stanislav
126n89, 135n156, 197n14
Kotkin, Stephen
4, 5, 6, 44
Krasin, Leonid
46, 53, 167, 238, 239–240
Krasnodar, Russia
196
Krasnodar oblast
198, 199
Kremlin
257
Krestinsky, Nikolai
24–25, 118, 123, 124n75, 153, 196n9, 202, 247
Kronstadt naval base
1
Kronstadt revolt
1, 4, 7, 32, 55–56, 59, 128, 175, 184n31, 222, 244, 273
as breaking point
150
disruption of Tenth Party Congress
259, 260–262
as ‘end of the revolution’
171
Kamenev and
44, 46, 46n51, 53–54
Lenin’s analysis of
178–180
liquidation of
39–40, 53
prompt action required by
260
Red Army and
126–127, 260–261
suppression of
130
Trotsky and
89, 90–98, 90n7, 94n29, 95n32, 95n35, 97–98n49, 107, 109, 255, 260–261, 272
as wake-up call
143
Workers’ Opposition and
208–210, 213
Krupskaia, Nadezhda
37
Kudzhiev, V.M.
261, 264
Kuibyshev, Valerian
130, 132
‘kulaks’
75–80, 106, 157
Kutuzov, Ivan
134n149, 193, 200
Kuznetsov, Nikolai
204, 205, 213
‘labour armies’
114–116, 115n14, 122, 151
labour conscription
114–115, 115n14, 116n24, 122, 124
land reform
77–80
landowners
30
language policy
71
Larin, Iury
41, 115n19
Latvia
60n3, 69
Latvians
73
‘leap into communism’ psychology, alleged
144–145, 148
left Bolsheviks
247n17
Left Communists
175, 183, 217
Left SR s
168–169
Lenin, Vladimir
1–2, 4, 7–8, 27, 38, 52, 66, 83, 97, 202, 213, 245, 259
‘ “Left-Wing” Childishness and the Petty-Bourgeois Mentality’
184
admission of errors by
177–178
agricultural policy and
44, 45
anti-factionalist resolutions and
212
appears before VTsSPS
115–116
April Theses of
37
attack on Kollontai’s brochure
209
awareness of party’s vulnerability
273
‘Bolsheviks only policy’ of
41
bureaucratisation and
180, 181–182, 272–273
call to replace collegial system of enterprise administration with one-man management (edinonachalie)
116, 116n22, 116n24
calls for ‘cautiousness’ in relation to non-Russian populations
78
calls for nominal autonomy for indigenous Muslim populations
76
calls for trade agreement with Britain
45
Central Committee and
243–244, 253
centralisation and
272–273
changes to structure of Community Party and
2
charisma of
201
Committee for the Defence of Petrograd and
95
concept of Bolshevism
36
concerns about central government
229–233
concessions to reality and capitalism
159
on connections between national and colonial questions
77
control of
7
death of
251n35
decree on party unity
32
defined relative to those around him
272
deteriorating health of
232–233
discourse leading up to Tenth Party Congress
176–177
dismissive view of spectacles
252
economic policy and
48
in exile with Zinoviev in Finland
33
expressions of anxiety about enemies and crises of unity
274
factionalism and
180
failure to form coalition government
50
fake news and
179–180
flexibility of
7
foreign policy and
44–45
fury of
7
Great Russian chauvinism and
81–83
grip on power
274
hiding in Finland
22
impact of party-state relations and
229–232
Imperialism as the Highest Stage of Capitalism
66n25
importance of Tenth Party Congress to
174
inhibiting future organised criticism within party
211
intervention of
247–248n19
invites oppositionists to Kremlin
247
Kamenev and
36–46, 48–49, 51–52, 54
Kautsky and
67–68
Kronstadt revolt and
90, 94, 94n29, 127, 178–180
leadership of
172
as Marxist internationalist
82
on mass participation
219
meets with peasants from Tambov
43
‘middle peasantry’ and
157–158, 159, 184
military policy and
108
nationalist threat and
80–81
nationality policy and
83, 84
on necessity of ‘dictatorship’
177
NEP and
42, 51, 151, 184, 185, 217, 249, 254, 262
on party discussions as ‘luxury’
180–181
party-state relations debate and
222, 229–232, 234, 236–237, 238n53, 240–241
‘Platform of the Ten’ and
50, 50n69, 52, 101–102, 124n75, 125–127, 197, 201, 213, 246–249, 252–259, 256n57
plays up political, social, and cultural tensions
187
policies of concession and
39–40
policy of creating autonomous republics for non-Russian nationalities
59
Politburo and
120n48
portrait in silk given to delegates
263
position against oppositionists
274
as prime mover of the congress
4
proposal on tax policy
262
recognises ‘bureaucratic ulcer’
222–223, 272
refusal to share power with other socialist parties
50
rejection of open debate
180–181
‘Report on the Political Work of the Central Committee’
222–223
Resolution on Party Unity and
128, 258, 262
Resolution on the Syndicalist and Anarchist Deviation in Our Party
258–259, 262
resolutions for Tenth Party Congress
128, 227–228, 252, 254–255, 258–259, 262
Riazanov’s amendment and
131–132
on ‘rights of nations to self-determination’
66n25
Safarov and
77, 78, 79–80
Shliapnikov and
211–213, 271
signs government statement of 2 March
92
specialists and
118
speech at Eighth Congress of Soviets
162
speech outlining necessity of changes in central government
229–231, 232
speeches at Tenth Party Congress
159, 177–178, 180–181, 253, 254, 258–259
on stage of administration
173–174
Stalin and
54, 61, 84, 257, 272
State and Revolution
240
strategem to grip onto organisational management
253
support in unions for views of
196
tables motion on economic policy at opening session
254
tactics of
201, 262, 265, 272
Testament of
5, 51–52, 104, 109
‘theses’ of
203
at Third Congress of the Water Transport Workers’ Union
118n35
tightens grip on the country
186–187
tolerance for dissent
55
Tomsky and
113, 115–120, 122, 132–135, 135n156, 136
trade-union debate and
13–14, 40–42, 89, 98–99, 114–116, 124–126, 131–132, 132n138, 175–176, 177n14, 180, 199, 202, 217, 246, 248–249
Trotsky and
40, 52, 89, 90, 100–102, 104, 109, 115–116, 121–123, 177n14, 232
Trotsky-Bukharin resolution and
101–102, 104
unscrupulousness of his regime
36
urges acceptance of foreign investment
45
view of party congresses
246
on war communism
184–185
Workers’ Opposition and
128, 193, 199–201, 208–209, 211–213, 255–256
Zinoviev and
13–16, 29, 33–34, 37, 40, 51–52, 54
Leninism
3, 172, 236–237, 238
Lepse, Ivan
203
liberals
165
Liberman, S.
49–50, 51
Lih, Lars
5, 274–275
liquidationism
17
Lithuania
60n3, 69
Lobanov, Mikhail
197
Lomov, Commissary
155
Lozovsky, A.L.,
50–51, 123, 126n89
Lozovsky, Solomon
26, 124n75
Lunacharsky, Anatoly
38, 43, 252
Lutovinov, Iury
25, 26, 117, 118, 123, 126n89, 193, 196–197, 203–204, 239
Luxemburg, Rosa
181, 186
Makhno, Nestor
97, 197
Makhno anarchist insurgency
196
Maksimovksy, Vladimir
223–225, 226, 229
Malcolm, Janet
272
Malkov, P.D.
257
Manuilsky, Dmitry
254
market formation
54, 55
Martin, Terry
59
Martov, Iulius
38
Marx, Karl
18, 207–208
Marxism/Marxists
20, 31, 42, 43, 47, 48, 66
compromises with
48
contradictions of
1
international
194
Marxist fundamentalism
187
mass festivals
250, 250n32
mass mobilisation
172
mass participation
abandonment of promises of
217–218
Lenin on impracticability of
219
May Day celebrations
250
Medvedev, Sergei
193, 209, 246, 257
Mensheviks
30, 37–38, 49–51, 55, 70, 91–92, 125–126, 161, 163, 174, 179, 184, 196, 238n53, 256
‘Menshevism’
28
Menzhinsky, Viacheslav
89
metalworkers
193, 197, 198. See also Metalworkers’ Union
Metalworkers’ Union
98, 130, 194, 199, 203
Central Committee of
130
Kharkiv regional
197
Southern Bureau in Ukraine
194, 197
‘middle peasantry’
156–159, 169, 184
Mikhailov, Vasily
129, 131n127
Mikoian, Anastas
49, 256, 257
militarisation
223
military crisis of 1919
220, 221
Military Opposition
217
militia system
107–108, 108n86, 172, 182
military policy
107–108
military reorganisation
275
Miliukov, Pavel
5, 146, 147, 149–150, 155, 157–158, 159, 164, 167, 171
Miliutin, B.P.
38, 41
Milonov, Iury
198, 258, 259
Miners’ Union
132n138, 201
Mitin, Flor
197, 204
moderates
41–42
moderation
54–55
modernisation
48
Molotov, Viacheslav
97, 129, 131n127, 134
Monastyrskaia, Raia
194n5
Mongols
48n58
Moscow, Russia
43–44, 196, 198, 199, 253
population decline in
114
strikes in
91
unrest in
91, 126–127, 252
Workers’ Opposition in
247–248n19
Moscow city committee, Department of Agitation and Propaganda (Agitprop)
251–252
Moscow Committee
247, 247n17
Moscow Communist Party
199–200
Moscow Gubernia Party Conference
200, 204, 209, 248
Moscow party organization
247, 247n17
Moscow Pravda
154, 159
Moscow trade-union council
117–118
Moscow soviet (Mossovet)
38–39, 42, 43, 51, 55, 56
multinational states
62–63
Muslims
76–79
Narkomindel
45–46
national minorities
71–75. See also non-Russian nationalities
national party leaders, opposition to
200–201
national question, triumphalist history of
61–65
‘national self-determination’
60, 78–79, 81
nationalism/nationalist movements
Central Asian
76, 77
dangers of
80–84
Great Power vs. of the oppressed
83
Russian
81–83
threat of
80–84
nationalist threat, Stalin’s reformulation of
80–84
nationality. See also non-Russian nationalities
colonialism and
77
nationality debate
84 (see also nationality policy)
nationality policy
4, 46, 59–87, 172
nationality programme
59–87
nation-building
72
The NEP Era journal
269
‘new bourgeoisie’
152, 153
New Economic Policy (NEP)
1, 3, 5–8, 36, 39, 43, 51, 54–56, 67, 84, 104–107, 143, 206, 217, 262, 264–265
Bukharin and
183–184
concession policies and
155–159, 186
end of
48n58
era of
187, 269–271
as final link in zigzag chain, not turning point
152
foreign ‘concessionaires’ and
155–156
foreign observers of
274
hundredth anniversary of
269
as intensification of revolutionary process
183–184
introduction of
274
Kamenev and
43–44, 47–48, 271
Lenin and
184, 185, 217, 249, 254
permission of trade and
154
as policy of reconciliation with peasantry
44
‘Safarov affair’ and
79
scholarly debates about significance of
143–145, 150–151, 167, 169, 186, 275
trade-union debate and
130, 213
transfer to
230–231
Trotsky and
44, 88–89, 104–107
turn towards peasantry and
156–159
Newton, Scott
144n2
Ninth Party Conference
229
Ninth Party Congress
24, 25, 99, 101, 103, 105, 117–118, 120, 182, 202, 221, 227, 253n45
Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
194, 196, 199
Nogin, Victor
38, 40–41, 49, 50–51, 53, 56, 255
non-Bolsheviks, sharing power with
52
non-Russian nationalities
70. See also specific group
autonomous republics and
59, 64–65, 70
‘backwardness’ of
61, 71–72, 73–75, 78, 84
Eighth Party Congress call for sensitivity to national sentiments among
81–82
elevation to leadership positions
81
hierarchy of nations and
71–75
nationalism and
61, 80–84
promise of local national autonomy and
81
Novyi kurs
106
Obolensky, Valerian
218. See also Osinsky, Nikolai
October revolution
21–22, 38–39, 159, 171–172, 181, 218, 250–251, 250n32, 274
Octobrists
238n53
Odessa, Ukraine
196
oil reserves
45, 46, 47, 49
Old Bolsheviks
202, 238, 255, 258
Olminsky, Mikhail
252
Olonetsk
261
Omsk, Russia
196
one-man dictatorship
270
one-man management (edinonachalie)
3, 7, 116, 116n22, 116n24, 120, 154–155, 221–222
one-party government
181, 187
oppositionists
7–8, 42, 55, 91, 211–213, 226–227, 260, 273. See also factions/factionalism; specific groups and individuals
banning of
274
Central Committee and
257–258
at Eighth Party Congress
220–221
equated to ‘petty-bourgeois deviation’
229
expulsion of
3
invited to Kremlin by Lenin
247
Lenin’s speech criticising
253
at Moscow Gubernia Party Conference
248
opposition groups
217–218, 255–256
opposition parties
161–162
reprisals against
200
selection of delegates based on platform and
247
undermined by Lenin in Moscow
201
Order No. 1042
151
Orenburg-Tugaisk region
199
Organisation Bureau (Orgburo)
119–120, 120n48, 224, 229
organisational management of congress
delegate selection
245–249
party debate at plenary session
252–256
pre-congress discussions
245–249
staging of congress
249–252
unofficial meetings
256–259
Orjonikidze, Sergo
82
Osinsky, Nikolai (Valerian Obolensky)
42, 117n33, 158–159, 218, 220
Central Committee and
265
party-state relations debate and
230–232, 234, 235, 236–237, 240
‘Revision of Leninism, or Liquidation of Illiteracy’
236–237
shares Lenin’s concerns about Politburo
232
speech at Twelfth Party congress
238–239
Ossetians
75
otzovism
17, 28
Palace of Labour, Petrograd
23
Paris Commune
218, 240, 250n32
party apparatchiki
221, 229
party centre, crisis of
223–224
party committees
220
party congresses
253. See also specific congresses
debates at
274
delegate selection
245–249
entertainment and hospitality at
250–252, 250n32, 251n35
as free debating forum
249–251, 255, 274
Lenin’s view of
246
organisational management of congress
245–259
party debate at plenary session
252–256
policy debate as main purpose of
255
pre-congress discussions
245–249
reasons for scholarly interest in
269–270
seeks to project party congress as free debating forum
274
staging of congress
249–252
unofficial meetings
256–259
‘party construction,’ resolutions on
228–229
‘party crisis’
217–242
party democracy, lip service to
229
party discipline
239, 240, 257–258
imposition of
131–132
tightening of
217
party organisation(s)
centralisation of
223
changed by Civil War
227–228
local
263–265
militarisation of
223
‘party unity’
32, 186, 228, 253, 255, 273. See also Resolution on Party Unity
consolidation of
256, 257–258
crises of
274
imperative to project
250
superficial displays of
270
party-state relations debate
217–242
aftermath of Tenth Party Congress
229–241
background of
220–222
Kamenev and
237
Krasin and
239–240
Lenin and
229–232, 238n53, 240–241
Lutovinov and
239
Osinsky and
220–222, 230–232, 234, 235, 236–237, 240
remedies proposed
229–232
Stalin and
238n53
during Tenth Party Congress
222–229
Trotsky and
233–236, 239, 240
Zinoviev and
233, 237–239
pastoralists
71, 74, 75–78, 80. See also Kazakhs
Pasvolsky, Leo
146, 147, 152, 153–154, 157–159, 160–161, 164, 165
Pavlov, A.
197, 204
peasantry
1, 30, 145, 169, 273
‘backwardness’ of
74
collectisation of
48n58
concessions to
48, 54, 187
NEP and
43, 44
placation of
2, 6
policy toward
40, 42
protests by
245–246
rebellion of
31
reconciliation with
43, 44, 56
Red Army and
79
revolts of
43, 60, 91, 126–128, 143, 175, 209–210, 217
settled
75
tribute delivered by
47–48
Trotsky’s understanding of
88
turn towards
156–159, 169
unrest of
222, 274
People’s Commissars
230, 231, 254n51
Perepechko, Ivan
197, 253
perestroika
144
‘period of toleration’
187
Perm party organisation
263
Petinsky, Ukraine
198
Petrograd, Russia
4, 14, 23, 38, 44, 54, 56, 90, 96, 97, 248
population decline in
114
strikes in
1, 59, 91, 184n31, 208, 213
theatrical events in
250–251
unrest in
1, 7, 53, 59, 91–94, 107, 126–127, 179, 184n31, 208, 213, 252, 260–261
Petrograd Communist Party
98–100, 202, 246, 271
Petrograd delegation
263
Petrograd Soviet
33
Petrograd Soviet of Workers’ and Red Army Deputies
97
Petrovsky, Grigory
124n75, 253
Piatakov, Georgy
89
‘Platform of the Ten’
52, 197–198, 201, 203, 213, 246–249, 252–259, 256n57
Kamenev and
40–42, 50, 50n69, 51, 204
Tomsky and
124–128, 124n75, 126n89
Trotksy and
101–104, 109
Trotsky-Bukharin resolution and
101–104
victory of
201, 206
Zinoviev and
15, 23, 27, 33, 202
Plath, Sylvia
272
Pogorelskin, Alexis
6, 269, 271, 274
pogroms
73
Poland
37, 60n3
Poles
73
policy debate, as main purpose of congress
255
Politburo
39, 42–44, 51, 55, 69–70, 91, 120, 121n30, 129–130, 220, 223
calls for reform and
231–235
Commission for Improving the Condition of the Baltic Fleet
54
concerns about functioning as government executive
231–233
defers discussions on food supply
254
foreign concession policies
70
interference in routine state affairs
231–233, 235, 236–239, 240, 241
Kronstadt revolt and
93
local party organisations and
263–265
sanctions expulsion of Russian settlers from Kazakh land
76, 77, 77n61, 79–80
showdown between ‘pro-state’ activists and Politburo majority
232–233
Sovnarkom and
229, 230–232, 234, 235, 236–237, 239
Tomsky and
115, 119, 121, 135
Trotsky presents thesis on party-state relations to
233–234
Trotsky’s theses on trade unions and
98
Polosatov, A.
204–205
Pomper, Philip
4
power
217–242
accumulation in hands of party bureaucrats
221
Bolsheviks’ monopoly of
56
consolidation of
7, 217–242, 273–274
Lenin maintains grip on
274
power sharing
55–56, 274
separation of powers
218, 222
turning points in
36–58
praesidium
252, 253–254, 253n45, 254, 260
Pravda
46, 61, 68, 70, 98–99, 115, 125, 203, 207, 226–227, 262
Pravdin, Aleksandr
199
pre-NEP economy
152–156
Preobrazhensky, Evgenii
124n75, 159, 196n9, 202, 247, 254
the press
217
Priestland, David
218
private enterprise, concessions to
272
prodrazverstka
151
profiteering
153
Prokopovich, Feofan
17–18
proletariat
‘dictatorship of’
30, 183, 218, 274
internationalist
65, 81, 82
‘proletarian democracy’
219
Proletkult
182
propaganda
172, 201, 251–252, 263, 264
Provisional Bureau
41
Provisional Revolutionary Committee
1
purges
83, 182, 182n26, 210, 213, 214
Putin, Vladimir
269
Rabinowitch, Alexander
38, 41, 114n9
racism
77
Radek, Karl
25, 45–46, 123, 127, 128, 208
Rafail, R.B.
248
railroad system
120–121, 155–156
Railroad Workers’ Union
120–121
railway workers
120–121, 196n9, 199
Rakovsky, Christian
48–49, 196n9, 197n14
Raleigh, Donald J.
201
Ransome, Arthur
44–45, 145, 153, 155–156, 164, 165, 166–167
rations
115
Read, Christopher
5, 273, 274
Red Army
23, 79, 121, 160, 208, 237, 253, 255
centralisation of
182
demobilisation of
114
Kronstadt revolt and
126–127, 260–261
reorganisation of
172
Trotsky and
88, 89, 96, 107–109, 249–250
Red International of Labour Unions
32
repression
36
vs. conciliation
54
failure of
54
Resolution on Party Unity
128, 135, 135n155, 211–212, 217, 250, 258, 259, 273, 274
Resolution on the Central Committee Report
240
Resolution on the Role and Tasks of the Trade Unions
134
Resolution on the Syndicalist and Anarchist Deviation in Our Party
1, 8, 128–129, 183, 193, 211–212, 258–259, 273, 274
restorative justice
78
revolutionaries, retreat abroad
48
revolutionary crisis, vs. Bolshevik mismanagement
160–161
‘revolutionary essence’ (revoliutsionnost’)
226
revolutionary process, intensification of
183–184
Riazan, Russia
196
Riazan uezd party conference
198
Riazanov, David
38, 40–41, 49–53, 56, 129–132, 131n126, 133, 134n147, 134n148, 134n149
Riga, Treaty of
69
‘right Bolsheviks’
38, 43
right socialists
33
Romania
60n3
Rosenberg, William
5, 6
Rudzutak, Ian
26, 121, 122, 124n75, 133, 202, 245
rupture, vs. continuity
274–275
Russia
breakdown in
147, 149–150, 160, 168, 183
context for development of Workers’ Opposition in
196–197
crises of 1919–1920
164, 165
Russian empire, former
60n3
Russian imperialism, slide back into
65
Russian nationalism
81–83. See also Great Russian chauvinism
Russian privilege
82
Russian revolution
6, 76
periodizations of
171
Russian Social Democratic Workers’ Party (RSDRP)
2, 17–18, 20
RSDRP congress
19
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR)
61, 65, 70, 71
non-Russian nationalities and
71–84
Russian-Polish war
69
Russification
72
Rykov, Aleksei
26, 38, 41, 115n19, 116, 122, 123, 124n75, 155–156, 162, 230
Rykunov, Mikhail
205
Ryskulov, Turar
76, 77
Safarov, Georgii
77–80, 78n63, 78n65, 82, 84
‘Safarov affair’
79–80
Sakwa, Richard
122
Samara, Russia
194, 196, 198, 261
organization in
248n22, 253–254
Workers’ Opposition representing
258
Sanborn, Joshua
171
Sapronov, Timofei
220–221, 253
Saratov, Russia
260, 261
Schafer, Daniel
4, 271–272, 273
Schapiro, Leonard
1, 2–3, 6, 15, 41, 43, 51, 56, 171, 269
secession, right to
63, 81
Second Party Congress
17–18
Second Congress of the Comintern (Communist International)
21, 23, 26, 28, 31, 77, 250n32, 251, 251n35
Secretariat
42
growth of
2
self-determination, right to
66–67, 66n25
Semirechie, Russia
76, 77, 79–80
separation of powers
218, 222
Serebriakov, Leonid
123, 196n9, 202, 247
Serge, Victor
182, 183
Sergeev, Fedor
123
Service, Robert
171
7th Army
93, 94
Shafransky, V.N.
90, 253–254
Shelestov, Dmitry
39
Shliapnikov, Alexander
7–8, 13–14, 16, 26, 32, 40, 52n76, 113, 118n36, 134n149, 253, 260
accused of violating ban on factions
135n155
in buffer group
123
call for trade union independence
27
Central Committee and
135n155, 213, 258
as chair of metalworkers’ union
27
Kamenev and
41
Lenin and
211–213
opposition to concession policy
52n76
resignation from buffer group
123, 123n74
Resolution on the Question of Relations between the Communist Party, Soviets, and Production Unions
117–118, 117n33
Tomsky and
117–118, 127–128, 130–136, 133n139
trade-union debate and
116, 117–118, 117n33, 127–128, 201–202, 203
at unofficial meeting
257
Workers’ Opposition and
117–118, 117n33, 130, 193–196, 199, 200–201, 204–212, 206n38, 246, 271
Shmidt, Vasily
126n89, 132
‘shock (udarnye) methods’
220, 229
Siberia
106, 253
Siberian delegation
263
Silver Age
187
Sixth Party Congress
22
Skliansky, E.M.
46n51
Smele, John
171
Smilga, Ivan
225
Smith, Stephen
171
Social Democrats
17–21, 32, 33, 113. See also specific national parties
socialism
19, 20, 33
socialist construction
274
socialist factions
38, 50–51, 50n69, 55
Socialist Labour Party of Internationalists
50
socialist parties
23–24, 24, 38, 50, 165
Socialist Revolutionaries (SR s)
30, 38, 45, 53, 55, 92, 125, 168–169, 174, 179, 184, 187
socialist transition
176
Sokolniki district
200–201
Sorenson, Jay
14, 135
Sormovo district
199
Sosnovsky, Lev
127
‘Sov-boors’
152, 154, 156, 168
Soviet Executive Committees
220
Soviet nationality policy
59–87
Soviet Republics
61. See also non-Russian Soviet republics; specific republics
Soviet Russia
as champion of colonised peoples
60–61, 64
Stalin’s metanarrative of
60–61
Soviet studies
2, 269–271
Soviets of Workers and Soldiers’ Deputies
22
Sovnarkom
48, 55, 220–221, 223, 229, 230–232, 234–237, 239, 240
Spain
26, 30
Spargo, John
146, 147, 148–149, 158, 164, 165, 168
specialists (spetsy)
118, 118n38, 119, 123, 145, 152–156, 168–169, 222
speculation (spekuliatsiia)
152–156, 168, 169
SR Maximalists
53
SR-ism
97
stage of administration
173–174
Stalin, Iosif
25, 36, 40, 89, 129, 131n127, 172, 202, 245, 248n20, 253
approach diverges from Lenin
84
biographies of
271–272
bureaucratisation and
181
calls for nominal autonomy for indigenous Muslim populations
76
‘The Capitalist System and National Oppression’
61–64, 70
case for centralisation and
61–65
centralisation and
273
Chicherin and
46, 65–71, 84
as Commisar of Nationality Affairs
59–60, 70, 73, 78
decolonisation and
75–80
on economic policy reversal
48n58
emergence as independent political figure
4
Gleichschaltung of unions after 1929
121
health of
248n20
hierarchy of nations and
71–75
honing of political skills and success of
4
Kamenev and
56
Kronstadt revolt and
93, 94
Lenin and
54, 61, 257, 272
mechanisms used to administer the party
7
nationality policy and
46, 59–87, 80–84
party-state relations debate and
235, 238n53
‘Platform of the Ten’ and
42, 101–102, 246
as prime beneficiary of changes to party machine
4
problem of backwardness and
71–75
reformulation of nationalist threat by
80–84
resolutions as weapons for
273
Riazanov and
132
Safarov and
78–79, 78n65, 80, 84
skills of
83, 84
success of
271
terror of 1937–38 and
214
Tomsky and
132
trade-union debate and
40
triumphalist history of national question and
60, 61–71
Trotsky and
4–5, 89, 93, 101–102
Trotsky-Bukharin resolution and
101–102
warning about unofficial meetings
257
Stalin era
censorship during
269–270
possibility of revealing secrets of
270
Stalinism
3, 270
the state, Communist Party and
217–242
state capitalism
184
Steklov, Yury
127
Stolypin, Petr
20
The Storming of the Winter Palace
250–251
strikes
22, 23, 59, 91, 126–127, 128, 184n31, 208, 213
Stuttgart Congress of the Second International
17, 19
subbotniki
151
Sultan-Galiev, Mir-Said
83
Supreme Economic Council (VSNKh, Vesenkha)
70, 116, 119, 120, 182, 195, 224, 226–227
surplus-food appropriation
172
Sverdlov, Iakov
32
Swain, Geoffrey
15
syndicalism
26, 210
‘syndicalists’
19, 20, 175, 198, 201, 208–209, 273
Syr Darya
76
Takiguchi, Junya
7, 55, 272, 274
Tambov province, Russia
31, 43, 54, 175, 184n31, 273
Tambov rebellion
31, 43, 54, 184n31, 273
Tashkent
199
tax in kind
1, 42, 54–55, 59, 88, 104–107, 172, 186, 217, 249, 252, 254, 254n51, 262, 264–265
taxation policy. See tax in kind
technicians
205. See also specialists
Tenth Congress of Soviets, Communist fraction
232
Tenth Party Conference
134, 136, 265
Tenth Party Congress
39, 157, 202, 203, 230
affirmation of party-state monolith at
229
aftermath of Tenth Party Congress
263–265
agenda for
172–173, 185, 254
anti-factionalist resolutions at
211–213
Bukharin’s speech at
223, 249
closed plenary sessions at
255
debate on party-state relations
241
debate on party-state relations at
217–242
debates about significance of
5, 6–8
decriminalisation of spekuliatsiia
169
delegate questionnaire
55
delegate selection at
244–249
division in recent literature on
5
elections at
41, 42, 99n51, 129, 258–259
as ‘end of the revolution’
171
eve of
204–205
failure to check growth in power of party centre
7
as flexible, ad hoc affair
259–262
historical significance of
143–170
‘Immediate Tasks’ at
185
key economic decisions at
182
Kronstadt revolt during
259, 260–262
lack of entertainment and hospitality at
250–252
lack of mass celebrations at
250–251
Lenin and
174, 180–181, 186, 201, 222–223, 253, 254
meetings after closure of
263
new perspectives on
6–8
opening day of
252
opening session
253, 254
organisational management of
243–268
plenary session of
244, 249, 252–256, 258, 263
postponement of
252
pre-congress discussions
56, 245–249
Presidium of
90, 94, 107
programme for
252–253
published protocols of
244–245
Resolution on Party Unity and
128, 135, 135n155, 211–212, 217, 250, 258, 259, 273, 274
Resolution on the Role and Tasks of the Trade Unions
134
Resolution on the Syndicalist and Anarchist Deviation in Our Party
1, 8, 128–129, 183, 193, 211–212, 258–259, 273, 274
resolution on trade-union debate
127–128, 131, 134
resolutions during
1–3 (see also specific resolutions)
scholarly debates about significance of
2–8, 36–58, 143–170, 171–190, 274–275
selection of delegates based on platform
246–249
stage-management of
249–252, 262, 272
task of delegates following
263–264
as transitional but not turning point
169
Trotsky-Bukharin resolution
100–101, 104–105, 104n66, 248
Trotsky’s speech at
249
uniqueness of
2
unofficial meetings at
256–259
as victory for centralisation
229
Workers’ Opposition and
193–216
Zinoviev on eve of
23–29
terror
172
terror of 1937–38
214
Thatcher, Ian
4, 25, 271–272
theatrical events
250–251
Third Comintern Congress
25, 28, 31, 32–33, 183
Ispolkom (Executive Committee) of
49
Third Congress of the Water Transport Workers’ Union
118n35
Third Duma
17, 36, 55
Third Trade-Union Congress
120–121
Thirteenth Party Congress
5, 135n155, 212, 251n35
Tolokontsev, Aleksandr
193, 199, 205
Tomsky, Mikhail
7, 14, 25–26, 79–80, 115n19, 124n75, 131n127, 202, 245, 253
Bolsheviks and
135–136
in buffer group
123
in Central Asia
135, 136
Central Committee and
118–119, 130–136
debate about labour conscription and
116n24
demotion of
133
draft resolution on trade unions
119n45
elected to Central Committee
114n8
Fifth Trade-Union Conference
121–122
First All-Russian Congress of Trade Unions and
112
found guilty of violating party discipline
133–134
as head of Trade-Union Council
271
Kamenev and
118
Kronstadt revolt and
127
Lenin and
115–119, 120, 122, 132–136, 135n156
at Ninth Party Congress
118–119
Orgburo and
119
‘Platform of the Ten’ and
124, 124–128, 126n89
Politburo and
119, 121, 135
popularity of
129
re-elected to Central Committee
119–120
removed from VTsSPS
135
Resolution on Party Unity and
128
Resolution on the Syndicalist and Anarchist Deviation in Our Party
128–129
Shliapnikov and
117–118, 127–128, 130–136, 133n139
speech at Bolshoi Theatre
125
speech to caucus
130
‘On the Tasks of the Trade Unions’
116–117
at Third Trade-Union Congress
120–121
trade-union debate and
40, 103, 112–139
Trotsky and
103, 114–123, 122n61, 125, 127–128, 130n120, 135, 135n156
VTsSPS and
112, 113, 117–118, 129, 130–135, 130n121
willingness to compromise
119n45
worker dissatisfaction and
126
Workers’ Opposition and
117–118, 117n33, 130
Zinoviev and
129, 133
totalitarianism
172
Towards the Worldwide Commune
251
trade
45, 47, 69
foreign
172
illegal
153, 154
trade concessions
275
trade unionists
119, 130
trade unions
13, 28, 51, 175. See also trade-union debate
autonomy of
7, 50, 50n69, 116–117, 129, 130–131
call to militarise
13, 15, 25, 40, 44, 89, 91, 98–104, 114–122, 124, 126, 126n89, 196n9
International of
23
‘neutrality’ and
17, 22
party and
19–20, 22, 30–32, 50, 119, 126–127, 129, 194–195, 199–201, 205, 213, 273
reduction in power of
217
reorganisation of
121
role in economic management
99, 113, 116–119, 127–128, 129n113, 172, 199, 201
role in organising working classes
13–17, 22, 30, 32, 40–41, 101–102, 118–119, 201
role in production
203
as ‘schools of communism’
13, 15, 18–19, 25, 29, 99, 101–102, 124, 201, 217
socialist parties and
23, 24
struggle for abroad
28–29
Tomsky and
112–139
trade union activists
50
as ‘transmission belts’
124
Trotsky and
13, 15, 25, 27, 30, 40, 44, 50, 89–91, 98–104, 108, 114–127, 126n89, 196n9, 201, 246, 249
Workers’ Opposition and
193–216
Zinoviev’s definition of
18–19
Trade-Union Commission
123–124
trade-union congress, 1918
22
Trade-Union Council
271
trade-union crisis
201–202
trade-union debate
4, 7, 40–42, 50–51, 206, 213, 245–246, 254, 255–256, 273–274
archival records on
16
Bukharin and
246
Central Committee and
202, 246–247
compromise in
112–139, 126n89
conclusion of
252
dissent
55
international context of
28–29, 31–32
Kamenev and
51
Lenin and
98–99, 115–116, 124–126, 131–132, 132n138, 175–176, 177n14, 180, 199, 202, 217, 246, 248–249
NEP and
130, 213–214
‘Platform of the Ten’ and
124–128
pre-congress discussions
195–205
public interest in
124–125
Shliapnikov and
127–128, 203
Tomsky and
112–139
Trotsky and
89, 90, 91, 98–104, 108, 114–122, 125, 126–127, 246, 249
Workers’ Opposition and
127–128, 208
Zinoviev and
13–35, 42, 51, 89, 202, 271
trade-union dissidents
7–8
transition period
160, 169, 182, 183, 185, 206
Transport Workers’ Union
121
transportation system
32, 48, 121, 196n9
Trotsky, Lev
26, 26–27n41, 38, 88–111, 202, 253
absent from plenary session
255
appears before VTsSPS
115–116
autobiography of
88, 89, 109–110
biographies of
109–110, 271–272
Bolsheviks and
89
Bukharin speaks for
248
bureaucratisation and
181
cabal formed against
89, 110
on Central Committee
247
as Commissar of War
114–115, 249–250
committee for defence of Moscow and
91
debate about labour conscription and
116n24
defeat of
4–5
economic policy and
88–89, 90, 104–107
elected to Congress’s Presidium
90
expulsion of
5
February 1920 economic proposals by
88–89, 106
as first Stalinist (in economic thinking)
121
forced to deliver approved version of theses at Twelfth Party Congress
235–236
as head of Commissariat for Transport (Narkomput)
120–121
as head of Red Army
88, 89, 109, 249–250
isolation of
240
Joint Central Transport Committee (Tsektran) and
100, 103–104, 121
Kamenev and
50, 50n69
Kronstadt revolt and
89, 90–98, 90n7, 94n29, 107, 109, 126–127, 126n89, 127n95, 260–261, 272
Lenin and
40, 52, 89–90, 100, 104, 109, 115–116, 121–123, 177n14, 232
‘middle peasantry’ and
157–158
militarisation of labour and
13, 15, 25, 40, 44, 89, 91, 98–104, 114–122, 124, 126, 126n89, 196n9, 202
military affairs and
88–89, 90, 107–108
negative reputation of
44
NEP and
44, 88–89, 104–107
‘non-Bolshevism’ of
52
oratorical skills of
114n9
party-state relations debate and
222, 233–235, 236, 239, 240
platform of
134
‘Platform of the Ten’ and
50, 50n69, 101–104, 109
Politburo and
93, 232
presents thesis to Politburo and Central Committee, March 1923
233–234
as propagandist
91–93, 109
proposal to abandon grain requisitioning
88
railroad system and
120–121
receives Order of the Red Banner for role in suppressing Kronstadt revolt
96
signs government statement of 2 March
92
speech at Eighth Congress of Soviets
162
speech at Third Trade-Union Congress
120–121
speech at victory parade in Petrograd
96
speech on Red Army and military issues at Tenth Party Congress
249
speech to Ukrainian Communists
235–236
Stalin and
4–5, 89, 93
Tenth Party Congress as pivotal moment for
109
Tomsky and
114–123, 122n61, 125, 127–128, 130n120, 135, 135n156
trade unions and
13, 15, 25, 27, 30, 40, 50, 89–91, 98–104, 108, 114–123, 125, 126–127, 201, 246, 249
trade-union debate and
13, 40, 50, 89–91, 98–104, 108, 114–123, 125, 126–127, 246, 249
Trotsky-Bukharin resolution and
100–101, 104–105, 104n66
at Twelfth Party Congress
233
unrest in Petrograd and
91–94
Workers’ Opposition and
197, 198, 199, 201, 203, 204
Zinoviev and
13–15, 27–28, 29, 32, 34, 51, 96, 104–105, 271
Trotsky-Bukharin group, platform of
248
Trotsky-Bukharin resolution
100–101, 104–105, 104n66, 248
Trotskyists
135n156, 196, 203, 205, 253, 257
tsarism
60, 72, 73, 82, 160
tsarist reactionaries
92
Tsiurupa, Alexander
42, 230, 262
Tsuji, Yoshimasa
127
Tsyperovich, Grigory
126n89
Tucker, Robert
52
Tukhachevsky, Mikhail
93, 97, 108, 108n86
Tula, Russia
204
Turkestan
76–77, 78, 79–80, 82
Turkestan Commission
79
Turkey
60n3, 69
Tver party organization
263
Twelfth Party Congress
8, 59, 72, 232–233, 236–240
Ukraine
64n18, 69, 74, 106, 194, 253
brief independence of
48–49
context for development of Workers’ Opposition in
196–197
grain commandeered from
38–39
Workers’ Opposition in
193, 194, 194n5, 197–198
Ukrainian Central Committee
100
Ukrainian Communists
235–236
Ukrainians
194, 196
ultra-imperialism (sverkhimperializm)
67–68, 67n26
Union of Transportation Workers
100
‘union treaties’
65, 69
Unions of Koshchi
79
United States
47
universities, autonomy of
187
Urals
96, 105, 253
Uralsk Metalworkers’ Union
199
Uralskii rabochii
199
urban-rural exchange
274
USSR, formation of in 1922
65, 70
Ustrialov, Nikolai
238n53
Validov, Ahmet Zaki
76, 77
Vareikis, I.M.
255
Vedeniapin, G.V.
261
Versailles, Treaty of
46
‘village poverty’ (derevenskaia bednota)
157–159
Vitebsk, Belarus
255
Vladimir, Russia
196
Vladimirov, M.F.
254n51
Voitikov, Sergei
15–16
Volkogonov, Dmitry
37, 39
Volodicheva, M.A.
51–52
Voroshilov, Kliment
40, 89, 95, 253
vote-counting commission
259
Wade, Rex
171
wage claims
135, 175
war communism
89, 156, 169, 172, 182–186, 206, 217
economic methods of
106
‘euphoria’ and
168n51
historical accounts of
143–144, 143n1
myth of
160, 161–162
psychosis of
162, 168
Wells, H.G.
146, 147, 149–150, 153, 164, 165, 166, 167
West Siberia
175
Western Europe
33, 44, 47, 48. See also specific countries
Wheeler-Bennett, John W.
45
White Army
45, 63, 77, 92, 93, 95, 127, 165–166, 172, 174–175, 178–180, 186, 237
Williams, Beryl
171
women
193, 194, 194n5, 206–209, 206n38, 212, 225
Women’s Department (Zhenotdel)
207
Worker-Peasant Inspectorate (Rabkrin)
29, 182n26, 241
workers
‘collective psychology’ of
219
demands of
135
protests by
245–246
unrest among
204
worker dissatisfaction
126, 175, 204, 247–248n19
worker organization
13–17
worker unrest
126n93, 128
workers’ councils
217
workers’ democracy
221–222, 229, 241
Workers’ Opposition
7–8, 40–41, 73, 90, 132, 217, 220, 246, 257, 260
branded by Lenin as ‘syndicalist’
175
Bukharin, Nikolai and
209–210
censuring of
211–213
Communist Party and
204
Communist Party of Ukraine and
193, 194, 194n5, 197–198
context for development of
196–197
documentation of
271
gloomy prospects of
204
Kollontai and
193, 206–207, 206n38, 208, 209, 212, 225, 246
Kronstadt revolt and
127
Lenin and
128, 193, 199, 200–201, 208–209, 211–213, 255–256, 258–259
meeting on eve of congress
206n38
in Moscow
247–248n19
platform of
126n89, 246, 248, 248n22
‘Platform of the Ten’ and
52
plenary session and
253–254
during pre-congress trade-union discussion
195–205
programme of
193–196, 198–199, 203, 208–209, 211–214, 225–226
proposals of
203
resolution condemning membership in
128–129, 129n113, 183, 193, 258–259, 273, 274
in Russian Communist Party
193
Shliapnikov and
117–118, 193–194, 195–196, 199, 200–201, 204, 205, 206–212, 246, 271
syndicalism charge against
210
at Tenth Party Congress
193–216
Tomsky and
113–114, 117–118, 117n33, 130, 132–133, 132n138, 135n156
trade-union debate and
125–126, 127–128, 195–205, 208
Trotsky and
101–104, 197, 198, 199, 201, 203–204
Trotsky-Bukharin resolution and
101–104
in Ukraine
194, 194n5, 196–97
at unofficial meeting
257
Zinoviev and
13, 16, 25, 27–28, 31–32, 197
Wrangel, Petr
165
Wynn, Charters
7, 40, 206, 271
Zatonsky, Vladimir
65n20, 95
Zelensky, I.A.
247n17
Zetkin, Klara
252
Zinoviev, Grigory
4, 38, 44, 52, 56, 69, 124n75, 129, 131n127, 245, 250, 260
ambivalent views of
17–18
in buffer group
123, 123n71
Central Committee and
250, 258
as chair of Comintern
33, 70
as chair of Petrograd soviet
33
as chair of Third International
31
as Comintern chair
271
Comintern report
32, 70
committee for defence of Petrograd and
91
delivers Central Committee’s ‘Thesis on Industry’
233
on eve of Tenth Party Congress
23–29
in exile with Lenin in Finland
33
expulsion of
5
hiding in Finland
22
Kronstadt revolt and
94, 94n29, 96
Lenin and
7, 13–16, 22, 29, 33–34, 37, 40, 41, 51–52, 54
manipulation of delegate elections in Petrograd
248
party-state relations debate and
233, 235, 237–239
‘Platform of the Ten’ and
101–102, 125–126, 201, 202, 246
in Politburo
70
political report at Twelfth Party Congress
237–239
on praesidium
253
proposes selection of delegates based on platform
41, 246–247
protests path to one-party government
181
Safarov and
77
speech at Eighth Congress of Soviets
162–163
speech to German Social Democrats
160
speech to trade unions at Tenth Party Congress
29
on struggle for trade unions abroad
28–29
at Tenth Party Congress
29–33
Tomsky and
129, 133
trade-union debate and
13–23, 28–29, 32–34, 40, 42, 51, 89, 202, 271
Trotsky and
13–15, 27–28, 29, 32, 34, 51, 96, 101–102, 104–105, 271
Trotsky-Bukharin resolution and
101–102, 104–105
unrest in Petrograd and
91, 92
Workers’ Opposition and
197, 213
‘Zubatov’ unions
18