For referencing, this volume follows the Chicago Manual of Style author-date in-text citation system.
Arabic words and names are transliterated according to the system used in Brillâs Encyclopaedia of Islam Three:
Consonants: ʾ, b, t, th, j, ḥ, kh, d, dh, r, z, s, sh, á¹£, á¸, á¹, áº, Ê¿, gh, f, q, k, l, m, n, h, w, y.
Short vowels: a, i, u.
Long vowels: Ä, Ä«, Å«.
Diphtongs: aw, ay.
TÄʾ marbÅ«á¹a: -a, -at (construct state).
While classical proper names are fully transliterated (e.g., al-GhazÄlÄ«), for modern names, i.e., since 1900, also the official or common spellings are adopted (e.g., Mohammed Ali al-Bar). The âlâ of the definite article âal-â is always retained, regardless of whether it is assimilated in pronunciation to the initial consonant of the word to which it is attached (idghÄm).
If not otherwise specified, the dates given are common era (CE) dates. If two dates are provided (e.g., 505/1111), the first one is the year according to the Islamic hijrī calendar (AH) and the second the CE date. For dates after 1900 only the CE date is provided.