Index of Subjects
ʿAbbāsid period
105, 114, 117, 118, 125, 127, 200, 212
Abrogation
42, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 178, 179
absence of sexuality
101
adilla (proofs)
as adilla fiqāhatiyya
57, 64, 71, 72, 77, 79, 248, 251, 258, 288
as adilla ijtihādiyya
57, 63, 71, 72, 73, 77, 79, 251, 285, 287
as qawāʿid fiqhiyya
17, 57, 64, 80, 84, 248, 254, 285
aesthete (jamālī/ jamāl-parast)
104, 118
akhbārīgarī (Shiʿi Scripturalism)
55, 59–60, 182n60
akhbārīs (scripturalists)
60, 61
ʿālamīn
160–61
ʿmal qawm Lūṭ
115n96, 135, 195n18, 289
ʿāmm (general statement)
75, 206
amrad (beardless boy)
114, 115, 116, 118, 120, 233
anṣār
123
ʿaql
as ghayr al-mustaqillāt al-ʿaqliyya (dependent rational proofs)
231, 234, 235
as al-ḥusn wa-l-qubḥ al-ʿaqlī
230–31
as legal proof
17, 61, 63–64, 71, 73, 77, 84, 177, 226, 229, 230–31, 233, 246, 248, 257, 258, 259, 287
as mulāzama bayn ḥukm al-ʿaql wa-l-sharʿ
229
as mustaqillāt ʿaqliyya (independent rational proofs)
230–31, 234–35
as principle of mulāzama
229–31, 235, 238, 242, 245
as proof for/against homosexuality
233–46
muqaddima, dhi l-muqaddima
awāmir (commands)
75
azwājikum
155
barāʾa aṣliyya
262n31, 263, 264
Biḥār al-anwār of Muḥammad Bāqir al-Majlisī
184, 185
bisexuality
3, 6, 133, 152, 159
brotherhood. see muʾākhāt
chain(s) of transmission (isnād)
66, 67, 185, 187, 188, 212, 214, 215, 217, 225
Christianity
as religious tradition and theology
24, 239–40
as premodern Christians
6
consensual sexual relations/relationships
30, 51, 132, 133, 135, 188, 204, 277
content (matn)
of ḥadīth
190, 196, 208n43, 212, 222–3, 225
of Qurʾān
41, 44
customary/vernacular understanding (al-fahm al-ʿurfī)
69n58, 158, 176, 275
Daʿāʾm al-islām
185
dalīl (proof)
61
as definitive proof (dalīl qaṭʿī)
72, 230, 261, 262, 265
as uncertain proof (dalīl ẓannī/amāra)
72, 261, 262, 267
adilla
al-ḍarar yuzāl
80, 255
decolonising
16
divine legal rulings (aḥkām sharʿiyya)
55, 58, 60, 61, 62, 71, 72, 73
as actual divine legal rulings (al-aḥkām al-sharʿiyya al-wāqiʿiyya)
71, 72
as apparent divine legal rulings (al-aḥkām al-sharʿiyya al-ẓāhiriyya)
71, 72, 73
as apparent divine legal rulings in practice (al-aḥkām al-sharʿiyya al-ẓāhiriyya al-ʿamaliyya)
71, 72
divorce
26, 30, 31, 32, 36, 40, 44, 49–50, 280, 282
as khulʿ divorce
49
as rajʿī (revocable divorce)
32
as bāʾin (irrevocable divorce)
32
diya (financial compensation)
48
effeminacy see takhannuth
effeminate see mukhannath
egalitarian relationship(s)
32, 47, 54, 142, 207, 277
equal and non-power-based relationship
133
ethic of diversity and tolerance
as doctrines in Islamic theology
12
excessive
151, 154, 167
fāḥisha
142, 143, 147, 154, 169, 199
fāʿil (one who penetrates)
125, 203, 209
lūṭī
fatwā(s)
2, 28, 49, 52, 53, 86, 87, 206, 237, 287
fawāḥish
143
fāḥisha
female same-sex sexual behaviours. see siḥāq/saḥq
feminist scholarship
as critical epistemology
12
of Muslim feminists
21, 22, 25, 26, 30, 34, 36, 54, 278
of post-revolutionary Iranian feminists
22–29
Fiqh al-riḍā
184
furūʿ al-fiqh (substantive law)
25, 197–98n20
fussāq (libertines)
115
futuwwat/jawānmardī
124
gang-rape (of) strangers
168, 169
gender
as gender (in)equality
22, 24, 26, 25, 34, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 40, 41, 45, 46, 288
as gender norm
23, 34, 35, 101, 107, 111, 128, 133
gender confirmation surgery (GCS)
27, 57, 80, 82, 257, 284
GCS fatwās
57, 80–85, 283, 284, 287
ghayba (Occultation)
59, 284
Gulistān of Saʿdī Shīrāzī
121
ḥadd (divinely ordained punishment)
137, 199
of death penalty
96, 136, 194, 201, 205
definition of
136n163
in ḥadīth compilations
189n11, 192–93, 291–92
of 100 lashes
136
ḥadīth (aḥādīth)/khabar (akhbār)
42, 46, 48, 51, 56, 59, 61, 63, 65, 66–68, 74, 85, 105, 107, 108, 109, 110, 112, 113, 114, 125, 126, 128, 129, 130, 135, 143, 146, 147, 161, 164, 165–66, 167, 182, frequently in Chapter Five, 233, 235, 237, 256, 260, 262, 264, 265, 285, 287, 289–92
as ḍaʿīf
67, 188, 215
as ḥasan
67, 188
as marfūʿ
220, 221
as mursal
214, 219
as mutawātir
66, 72, 74, 171, 175, 187
as muwaththaq
67, 188, 222
as ṣaḥīḥ
67, 188, 222
Typology of
66, 187
Typology of (concerning same-sex sexual behaviours)
190–95, 224, 289–92
as wāḥid
61, 66, 67, 72, 73, 174, 175, 187
ʿilm al-rijāl, ʿilm al-fihrist, ʿilm al-dirāya
Ḥanafī jurists
136
ḥaqīqī (real meaning)
74, 75
hazl (bawdy genre)
105, 119
heterosexuality
3, 93, 101, 103, 133
hijāb (veil)
24
al-Ḥikma al-mutaʿāliyya fī l-asfār al-arbaʿa of Ṣadr al-Dīn al-Shīrāzī
119
HIV-AIDS
247, 269
homosexual communities
98
homosexual marriage
30, 244, 275, 276, 278, 280
homosexual Muslims
9, 11, 86, 142, 238, 246, 281, 282
homosexuality
definition of
3, 4–7, 88, 98, 103, 104
discursive spaces on
1, 2, 15, 87, 224
as homosexual people
13, 27, 29, 98, 148, 149, 245, 247, 268, 270
as homosexual relationships
30, 98, 132, 259, 260, 261, 263, 264, 266, 267, 268, 269, 271, 272, 273, 275
as identity
89, 90, 93, 97, 98, 100, 104, 125, 268
as lifestyle
29, 97, 98, 148, 148n16, 149
as orientation
3, 5, 100, 117
as same-sex sexual desire
141, 142, 159, 268
as socially constructed versus essential disposition/inborn
8–11
liwāṭ, siḥāq/saḥq, takhannuth, tarajjul, ubna, ʿishq al-ghilmān, muʾākhāt
homosexuality and Islam
13, 30, 150
ḥudūd
136, 192
ḥadd
ḥujjiyya/ḥujja (probativity/probative force)
58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 73, 74, 173, 185, 227, 229, 230, 231, 232
taḥṣīl al-ḥujja ʿalā
60, 62
ḥukm sharʿī. see divine legal rulings (aḥkām sharʿiyya)
ḥukm taklīfī (Islamic defining ruling)
58n4, 136, 194, 257
ḥukm waḍʿī (Islamic declaratory ruling)
58n4, 136, 194
ḥurma (forbiddenness)
75
prohibition
al-iḍṭirār
80, 255
iḥtiyāṭ (caution/the cautious course of action)
28, 137
ijmāʿ
of ahl al-ḥall wa-l-ʿaqd
226
dukhūlī (type of)
227
based on ḥads
228n10, 229
based on ḥiss
228n10, 229
as legal proof
63–64, 71, 73, 77, 84, 226–28, 246, 248, 263
based on luṭf
228n10
manqūl (type of)
229, 232
muḥaṣṣal (type of)
229
the origin of
226–28
as proof for/against homosexuality
231–33
based on taqrīr
228n10
shuhra
ijtihād
as ijtihād bi-l-raʾy
58, 59, 230
as methodology
2, 4, 11, 14, 17, 56, 58, 84, 85, 86
modern Shiʿi paradigm of
4, 5, 11, 15, 16, 17, 46, 81, 86, 186, 229, 251, 270, 271, 287
the role of time and place in
45, 47, 85, 279, 280, 283, 286
ʿilm al-dirāya
66, 74, 186, 187
ʿilm al-fihrist
67, 74, 186, 214
ʿilm al-rijāl
66, 74, 186, 187, 214
ʿilm al-tafsīr
68
Indicators (qarāʾin, sing. qarīna)
as attached
74n72, 153, 154, 159
as contextual
44, 68, 74n72, 153, 154, 187, 204, 211
as separated
74n72, 153, 161
as textual
44, 68, 74n72, 153, 187, 204, 211
infitāḥ bāb al-ʿilm
61
insidād bāb al-ʿilm
insidād bāb al-ʿilm
61n20
infitāḥ bāb al-ʿilm
ʿishq al-ghilmān (male love of boys)
105, 106, 118
Islamic law(s)
10, 11, 14, 15, 21, 25, 27, 29, 30, 32, 36, 43, 45, 47, 48, 50, 51, 54, 59, 60, 63, 69, 81, 83, 86, 110, 130, 185, 186, 201, 224, 226, 227, 229, 235, 254, 255, 256, 259, 261, 272, 277, 278, 281, 282, 286
as Sharīʿa law
25, 26, 35
as legal ruling(s)
4, 5, 17, 28, 35, 45, 47, 49, 51, 52, 54, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 63, 64, 69, 71, 72, 73, 77, 79, 84, 85, 86, 87, 96, 105, 141, 150, 171, 172, 173, 174, 177, 178, 182, 183, 188, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 206, 213, 224, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 235, 238, 242, 251, 252, 253, 254, 256, 257, 258, 259, 261, 265, 266, 267, 268, 276, 284, 285, 286
as Shiʿi law
17, 30, 141, 223, 266, 275, 281
as Sunni law
7, 297
Islamic liberation theology
5
doctrine of
12, 13, 39
istiḥsān
230
al-Jaʿfariyyāt (al-Ashʿathiyyāt)
110, 198, 213
Jāmiʿ aḥādīth al-shīʿa
185, 190, 191
Jurist(s)
2, 4, 6, 7, 10, 14, 17, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 38, 43, 46, 49, 50, 53, 55, 56, 58, 59, 61, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 74, 77, 80, 81, 82, 83, 86, 131, 135, 136, 137, 142, 143, 149, 150, 157, 159, 169, 170, 174, 175, 181, 182, 183, 185, 188, 190, 195, 200, 206, 208, 210, 213, 214, 217, 222, 223, 224, 226, 227, 228, 229, 231, 232, 233, 237, 241, 246, 251, 254, 255, 258, 259, 260, 261, 263, 265, 266, 269, 272, 274, 275, 279, 281, 284, 285, 286, 288, 289
khabāʾith (abominations)
143, 144, 145, 146, 160, 166, 167, 168
khāṣṣ (specific statement)
75
khulafāʾ
109
khunthā
82, 157, 158
as mushkil
158
as ṭabīʿa thālitha
157
kirāha (discouraged)
49, 75, 252, 257, 259
Kitāb al-aghānī of Abū l-Faraj al-Iṣfahānī
107, 109
al-Kutub al-arbaʿa (the Four Books)
184, 216, 217, 221, 222
al-Kāfī fī ʿilm al-dīn (al-Kāfī)
61, 68, 184, 187, 189n11, 191, 216, 219
al-Istibṣār fī-mā ukhtulifa min al-akhbār (al-Istibṣār)
184, 189n11, 216
Man lā yaḥḍuruhu l-faqīh (al-Faqīh)
61, 68, 184
Tahdhīb al-aḥkām (al-Tahdhīb)
184, 216
lā ḍarar wa-lā ḍirār
80, 255, 257, 269
legal duty (taklīf)
78, 252, 253, 258, 259, 260, 261, 268
legal-hermeneutical (process/repertoires/ reasoning/discourse)
2, 13, 22, 27, 190, 283
liwāṭ
as male active pederasty
6, 105, 113–18, 135, 195, 200, 201, 207
as anal or intercrural (tafkhīdh) male same-sex sexual behaviour
136, 189
amrad, mubādil, sodomy
lūṭī
114, 115, 118, 119, 127, 200, 201, 205
liwāṭ
maʿa l-shakk (doubtful situation)
72, 77, 251, 252, 256, 260, 261, 267, 275
maʾbūn
108, 125, 126, 127, 129, 202, 203, 211
ubna
mafhūm (implicated statement)
76, 77n81, 156
mafʿūl bihī (one who is penetrated)
125, 192, 209
maʾbūn
mahr (dower)
49, 50, 278, 280
majāzī (figurative meaning)
74, 75
ʿmal qawm Lūṭ (the act of the tribe of Lot)
135, 189, 211, 289
male active pederasty see liwāṭ
male love of boys see ʿishq al-ghilmān
male passivity see ubna
mannish-ness see tarajjul
manṭūq (expressed statement)
76, 156
Maqāmāt-i ḥamīdī of Qāḍī Ḥamīd al-Dīn ʿUmar b. Maḥmūd al-Balkhī
117
marriage
as mutʿa (temporary marriage)
25, 30, 238, 281, 282
as homosexual marriage
30, 244, 275, 276, 278, 280
as permanent marriage
25, 30, 282
as marriage equality
17, 46, 277, 279, 280, 281, 284
nikāḥ
Marwannīd governors
112
masʾla fiqhiyya
265
min dūn al-nisāʾ
152, 154, 155n21
malūṭ
204
maʾbūn
modern hermeneutical discourses
12
muʾājir (boy prostitute)
127
muʾākhāt (male friendship/comradeship)
105, 122–25, 128, 133
as brotherhood (barādarī)
122, 123
mubādil
106
mubayyan (clear statement)
76, 274
Mufākharat al-jawārī wa-l-ghilmān of al-Jāḥiẓ
117
muftīs
49, 86, 283
jurists
muhājirūn
123
mujmal (ambiguous statement)
76, 153, 211, 275
mujūn (profligacy/obscenity genre)
105, 118, 119, 127, 130, 131, 212
mukallaf (religiously made-responsible)
53, 136, 201, 252
mukhannath (effeminate)
6, 107–13, 126, 129, 192, 198–99, 203, 224
takhannuth
al-Muntakhab min kināyāt al-udabāʾ wa-ishārāt al-bulaghāʾ of al-Jurjānī
114
muqayyad (restricted statement)
75, 152, 201, 209, 210
(Muslim) LGBTQI+
3, 15
mutarajjil (mannish woman)
107–13, 199
tarajjul
muṭlaq (absolute statement)
75, 152, 201, 206, 210
nadb (recommendation)
75
nafaqa (financial support)
50, 51, 278
naṣṣ (evidently clear text)
72, 72n66, 74, 152, 153, 274
natural law argument
233, 241–44
naturalistic fallacy
242
naẓariyyat taʿṭīl al-ḥudūd (the theory of suspension of divinely ordained punishments)
137
(neo-)traditional scholars
1, 2, 13, 14, 15, 41, 42, 60, 246, 273, 277
jurists, ʿulamāʾ, muftīs
nikāḥ
276, 277, 281
muṭlaq, muqayyad
as ʿaqd al-nikāḥ
30, 272, 280
as al-muʿāṭāt
280n14
marriage
nushūz
36, 37, 38, 50
nuṣūs (evidently clear texts). see naṣṣ
Nuzhat al-albāb fī-mā lā yūjad fī kitāb of al-Tīfāshī
113, 114, 131
object of duty (mutaʿallaq al-taklīf or mukallaf bihi)
252, 253, 258, 259, 260, 261
(non)patriarchal
culture
46, 124
interpretation/reading of Islam
1, 12, 15, 24, 36, 38, 224, 273
jurists
33
legal tradition/laws
26, 34
religious society
25
system/norm
14, 15, 21, 35, 276
theology/ideology
1, 35
people of Sodom
143, 145, 147, 160n30, 162, 167
Phaedrus of Plato
91
Polygamy
26, 36, 40, 44, 45, 49
pre-homosexual categories
131, 132, 133, 135, 287, 288>
premises of wisdom (muqaddimāt al-ḥikma)
76, 207, 210, 211
principle of forbidding wrong deeds (al-nahy ʿan al-munkar)
172, 175, 176
private and public morality
233, 244–46
procreation
71, 233, 234–38, 239, 240, 241, 243
prohibition (nahy)
2, 9, 63, 75, 81, 83, 136, 141, 143, 149, 171, 180, 181, 188, 189, 194, 204, 207, 208, 209, 210, 216, 222, 225, 231, 232, 235, 238, 253, 259, 260, 261, 268, 269, 276
purpose of creation
12, 233, 238–41
Qābūs-nāma of ʿUnṣur al-Maʿālī Kaykāwūs b. Wushmgīr b. Ziyār
114
qāʿidat al-ghurūr
257
qāʿidat al-ḥilliyya
258, 264–67, 275
qāʿidat al-ibāḥa
258, 261–64, 275
qāʿidat al-ṣiḥḥa
257, 271
qāʿidat al-ṭahāra
80, 255, 256, 257
qāʿidat al-taslīṭ
80, 84, 255, 257, 258
qāʿidat al-yad
257
qāʿidat nafy al-ḥaraj
257, 267, 268, 275
qawwāmūn
36, 37
qiṣāṣ (retribution)
48
qiyās (legal analogy)
7, 58, 59, 73, 148, 181, 230
Qurʾānic ethos
35, 43
Qurʾānic hermeneutics/exegesis
38, 44, 45, 46, 47
raʾy (personal opinion)
58, 59, 230
reformists
12, 13, 14, 15, 21, 36, 54, 246, 287, 288
saḥq/siḥāq
5, 7, 14, 289, 291, 193, 196, 292
as female same-sex sexual behaviour
29, 130, 135, 189n11
as a senior female same-sex sexual behaviour with her female slave or a young virgin girl
105, 130–31, 133, 205–207, 224
sayyiʾāt (sinful deeds)
143, 144, 145, 147
sexuality
as sexual orientations
8, 9, 89, 93, 97, 102, 109, 113, 117, 128, 129, 130, 132, 133, 135, 141, 142, 199, 269, 276
as sexual desire
3, 6, 25, 30, 32, 100, 104, 107, 108, 110, 113, 116, 129, 130, 131, 141, 142, 158, 159, 168, 224, 238, 240, 241, 243, 269
as sexual behaviour
3, 89, 91, 93, 95, 102, 105, 106, 115, 116, 129, 141, 154, 159, 189
as sexual object choice
3, 101, 102, 117, 141
shahwa
150, 152, 154, 168, 240
shakk fī l-mukallaf bihi
253, 259
shakk fī l-taklīf
252, 259, 260, 261
shubha ḥukmiyya
254, 257, 266
shubha mawḍūʿiyya
254, 257, 266
shuhra (widespread agreement)
50
ṣiḥḥat al-salb (the validity of negation)
158
sodomy
88, 89, 90, 94, 96, 99, 102, 117, 152
subjects of legal rulings
70, 87
as divinely created and designated subjects
70, 79
as customary subjects
70, 79
sunna
as legal proof
71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 77, 79, 84, 171, 172, 173, 174, 177, 180, 205, 227, 233, 235, 254, 257
as received revelation/scriptural text
7, 105, 137, 158, 184, 198, 204, 232
as proof for/against homosexuality
188–90
Symposium of Plato
91, 119, 122
Tafṣīl wasāʾil al-shīʿa ilā aḥkām al-sharīʿa of Ḥasan b. al-Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī
185, 217
takhannuth (effeminacy)
105, 107–13, 114, 128, 129, 131, 133, 134, 195, 196, 197, 198–99, 203, 224, 289, 290
mukhannath
tamkīn (sexual availability)
50, 51
tarajjul (mannish-ness)
105, 107–13, 133, 134, 195, 197, 198–99, 224, 289, 290
mutarajjil
tawāṭūʾ ʿalā l-kidhb. See mutawātir under ḥadīth
taʿzīr (discretionary chastisement)
136, 137, 192, 196, 291, 292
definition of
136n164
The History of Sexuality
88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 100
The New Testament
160n30
The Old Testament
143, 162n31, 163, 168
The Qurʾān
as legal proof
9, 11, 17, 37, 50, 58, 59, 61, 64, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 81, 84, 85, 137, frequently in Chapter Four, 199, 207, 227, 235, 246, 248, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 262, 267, 272, 273, 274, 275, 285
as received revelation/scriptural text
7, 12, 24, 35, 36
as proof for/against homosexuality
142, 188
the rights of God (ḥuqūq Allāh)
10, 11
the rights of other individuals (ḥuqūq al-ʿibād)
10, 11
transgressors
154, 168, 273
ubna (male pathological passivity)
105, 108, 114, 115, 125–30, 133, 134, 192, 195, 196, 197, 201, 202–205, 211, 212, 224, 233, 289, 291
maʾbūn
ʿulamāʾ
2, 13, 15, 16, 86, 272, 283, 287, 288
(neo-)traditional scholars, jurists, muftīs
Umayyad dynasty
109, 112
unbelief (kufr)
144, 145, 146, 147
ʿuqalāʾ
253
uṣūl al-fiqh (legal theory)
17, 55, 57, 65, 71, 73, 75, 76, 152, 158, 176, 201, 210, 227, 229, 230, 231, 232, 234, 241, 242, 246, 247, 251, 254, 255, 256, 257, 261, 263, 265, 270, 274, 285, 286
uṣūl ʿamaliyya (procedural principles)
17, 64, 72, 77, 78, 80, 84, 248, 251, 252, 254, 256, 257, 258, 261, 263, 266, 270, 271, 281, 283, 285, 287
as aṣālat al-barāʾa al-sharʿiyya (the priority of divine exemption)
64, 78, 85, 251, 253, 258, 259, 260, 261, 263, 264, 265, 266, 275, 276
as aṣālat al-iḥtiyāṭ al-sharʿiyya (the priority of divine precaution)
64, 78, 251, 253, 260
as aṣālat al-takhyīr (the priority of optional choice)
64, 78, 251, 252, 253
as aṣālat al-istiṣḥāb (the priority of the presumption of continuity)
64, 79, 251, 252, 254, 285
wa-ḍribūhunna
36, 37, 38
al-Wāfī of Mullā Muḥsin al-Fayḍ al-Kāshānī
185
wilāyat al-faqīh
284
womanizers
111
wujūb (mandatoriness)
75, 231
ẓāhir (apparently clear text)
61, 74, 152, 172, 173
zakat (alms tax)
48
ẓawāhir (apparent meanings)
72, 73, 153
ẓāhir
zinā (fornication/adultery)
7, 30, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 178, 179, 180, 192, 193, 223, 266, 267
liwāṭ, siḥāq/saḥq
ẓuhūr badwī (prima facie apparent meaning)
74, 156, 158, 166
ẓāhir, ẓawāhir
ẓuhūr mustaqrr (established apparent meaning)
74, 76, 158, 167, 201, 212, 222
ẓāhir, ẓawāhir
ẓunūn/amārāt (uncertain opinions)
59, 60, 61, 62, 72, 73, 230, 256, 257, 261, 262, 263, 265, 267, 285
ẓurafāʾ (elegant boys)
119