Figures
2.1 The Abbey of Santa María la Real de Las Huelgas in Burgos, Spain. A mural depicting the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa (1212) by Pedro Ruiz de Camargo, ca. 1600. Christian army is led by the Canon Domingo Pascual with an archiepiscopal cross, Archbishop Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada of Toledo advises the King Alfonso VIII of Castile from the second line of the battle. Two Christian banners are prominently displayed, a banner with the image of the Blessed Virgin Mary, patroness of Toledo and all of Spain, and one depicting Christ on the Cross 38
2.2a–b The Abbey of Santa María de Huerta, Spain. Murals above the tomb of Archbishop Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada of Toledo by Bartolomé Matarana (ca. 1580) depicting scenes from the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa (1212). a) field mass celebrated by Archbishop Rodrigo for the Christian army before the battle; b) the battle scene: Domingo Pascual with an archiepiscopal cross in the first line is followed by Archbishop Rodrigo and King Alfonso VIII of Castile. Toledan banner with the image of the Blessed Virgin Mary is visible in the background 39
3.1 The portable reliquary shrine of An Cathach (“The Battler”), an early medieval psalter and one of many relics traditionally associated with the sixth-century abbot and “warrior saint” Columba. This psalter is by far the most celebrated of the relic-standards known to have been used in war in the Gaelic world. National Museum of Ireland 90
3.2 The Monymusk Reliquary, an eighth-century reliquary made of wood covered in bronze and silver plates with enameled bronze mounts, possibly similar to other reliquaries carried on campaigns in the medieval Gaelic world. This reliquary was formerly identified with the Brecbennach, though there is little to substantiate the conjecture. National Museum of Scotland 92
3.3 The Cross of Cong, an Irish ornamented processional cross crafted ca. 1123 for Tairdelbach Ua Conchobair, king of Connacht (r. 1106–1156), to contain a relic of the True Cross. Front view. National Museum of Ireland 95
3.4 The Cross of Cong close up. Back view. A piece of the wood inside is believed to be a relic of the True Cross. National Museum of Ireland 96
6.1 Blessed Czesław defending Wrocław from Mongols in 1241. Copperplate print from Dominicus Frydrychowicz’s S. Hyacinthvs Odrovasivs … (Cracow: Typis Universitatis, 1688), 194 211
8.1a–b Reliquary of Tilo of Lorich, probably taken as booty by the Polish king Władysław Jagiełło after the Battle of Grunwald/Tannenberg (1410) and given to Gniezno Cathedral 273
Maps
0.1 Map of Northern Europe and the Baltic depicting major locations appearing in the volume XVI