Subject Index
account books
20–21, 108–110, 154
accounting
54, 66, 108–110, 112–113, 124, 153–154, 186
acquisition: in Jewish law
175–193
actiones
18, 22, 107, 119, 164, 191
adiecticiae qualitatis
17, 96n19, 127n43
communi et pro socio
122, 127, 129–130
empti et venditi
179–180, 191
ex causa
104n57
legis
16, 96–98, 105–107, 113, 115
Africa
8–9, 10, 14, 36, 52–53, 62, 65, 70
imperial estates in
31, 70, 79–91
see also Bagradas valley; Egypt
Ağa Bey Köy
31–32, 64–66, 68, 70
agency
2, 18, 38n28, 47–78, 96, 153n11, 175, 219, 234
agriculture
commercial
3
interference with
64
labourers
247
land for
4, 25, 45
law and
4–16
and markets
22, 66, 68, 236
see also coloni; fiscus; land; share-cropping; etc.
Aïn Wassel
80, 89–90
animals
11, 30, 61n49, 181n20
draft
10, 31, 65, 100
apophora
64–66
archaeology
3, 109n77, 131, 134
archiving
8, 48, 54, 63n53, 77
see also account books
artisans
7, 236, 256
Asia
8, 10, 11, 31–32, 53, 62n51–52, 64–69, 124n29, 242
see also Ağa Bey Köy; Phrygia
Aspendus
12
Athens
11, 13, 109, 111n88, 114, 142n44, 152n106
autarkic economy
5
Bagradas valley
31, 59–62, 65, 67–71, 77, 89
banking
16, 92 ff., 128, 154, 235–247
and tax collection
23, 117
see also accounting; obligations: litteris
bankruptcy
18, 19
barter
see permutatio
benefactions
23, 208, 218, 220n5, 231–234
Burgundians
15
Byzantium
240, 246n61
census
13, 52
cheating
2, 4
chirographa
18–19, 128
Christianity
13, 101, 237–240, 247
citizens, Roman
13–14, 151, 173, 202
banking and
93, 115
decurions as
43
in Greece
218–234
as landowners
9, 113
legal processes and
15, 21–22
rights of
3, 23, 48n3
second-class
238
see also fideicommissa; locatio conductio; sponsio; wills
citizenship
193, 207–211, 214
cognitio extra ordinem
2, 152, 201–206, 212–217
coloni
12–15, 31–37, 46, 55, 59n44, 60–62, 65–77, 79n1, 81–90
commercial law
24, 114n105, 217, 248–264
commissions
see mandatum
Comum
10, 220, 230
condictio
see under obligations
conductores
8, 29n7, 31, 47–79, 89–90
see also Ağa Bey Köy; Bagradas valley; lex Manciana; locatio conductio
confiscation of property
8, 20, 28, 43–45, 54, 72n75, 221, 232
Constitutio Antoniniana
3, 193, 213n114–115
contract law
Athenian
113–115
Roman
33, 93–94, 215
contracts
2, 7–8, 20, 47, 50, 124
in Athens
113–115
conditions and structures of
52, 97–105, 112, 115–116, 215, 243
conductores and
60, 67–68, 70, 76
enforcement of
92–94, 221, 223
freedom of
30, 44, 46
lease and hire
see locatio conductio
money in
115, 175–192, 245
of sale
see emptio venditio
societates
17, 117–130, 241
state
19, 26, 117, 122
see also contract law; obligations, contractual; obligations, litteris; societates
craftsmen
23, 153n11
credit
18–19, 26, 92, 125, 127, 235–247
banking and
107
market
11, 31
sales on
176
crops
7–9, 14
profits on
29–31, 37, 74n82, 91
selection of
53, 61n49, 76, 82, 84–88
custom
2, 29, 32–36, 99, 156–157, 183, 240, 254–259
debt
anonymous
19
–bondage
11, 96, 238
and business
18, 97
defaults on
40, 93, 96, 98, 187, 242–245
repayment of
2, 27, 38, 101–104, 108, 164, 242, 246
securities for
2, 30, 34, 41, 102–103
social problem of
92, 96, 204
transfer of
108, 111–112
see also condictio; fideicommissa; societates
decurions
12, 56n31
and land
12, 26, 29, 39–46
disputes, resolution of
2, 72, 111, 175
efficient
25, 102
as enforcement system
20
and goods
144, 151–161
and taxation
27, 64
and tenancy
33–36, 45–46
dogmatics
95, 113, 237, 253, 255, 258
dogs
14
dolus malus
22
donations
10, 22–23, 218–234
Egypt
bondsmen in
11, 239
distinctive legal practices in
21, 29, 53, 213, 219
land ownership in
34, 36, 42, 44, 62
transports in
142, 155
emptio venditio
22, 132n5, 153, 175–182, 190, 192
Etruria
16, 106
familia
Caesaris
47n1, 48, 56, 57n36, 76, 85n26
as economic unit
17–18, 119n8, 124n31, 204
of slaves
54
see also fideicommissa
fideicommissa
22, 194–217, 230
figs
9, 61
financiers
3, 240–242, 245
see also banking
fiscus
232–233
as beneficiary
23
claims by
34, 41, 64, 67
and coloni
60, 76
and conductores
8, 60, 67–69
confiscation
43–45
interests of
28, 31, 66, 84, 88–89
liens and
26, 37, 39
patterns of operation
32, 58, 67, 76
payment of
9, 65, 75
properties of
63
flax
5
floods
10
food supply
5, 9, 12
formulary procedures
2, 20, 108, 159n3, 201–203
frame-analysis
20, 158–174
Franks
15
freedmen
17–18, 56–58, 65, 85, 88, 222n14
frumentationes
6
functionum gravamen (see also taxes)
27–28
Gaul
15, 161
Goths
15
governors
discretionary powers
3, 21
disputes before
154, 201
edicts
231
expectations from
213
legal knowledge
15
petitions to
38, 39, 65
tasks of
43
grain
4–6, 68
greed
12, 173
guilds
18, 23, 242–245
harvests
6–12, 61, 75
Herculaneum
20, 135n27
hunger
5
Illyricum
11
incomes, stable
7, 13, 22, 38, 218
inequality, social
13
information costs
7, 12, 20–21, 48–49, 54, 70–73, 77, 82, 154, 215
inheritance
see fideicommissa; testaments; wills
ius civile
3, 96–100, 158, 183
procedural structures of
229–230
and succession
195–197
see also locatio conductio; obligatio litteris; Twelve Tables
ius colonatus
12
ius honorarium
3, 17, 158
Jewish law
2–3, 21–22, 175–193, 241
kolletiones
64
land
abandoned
10, 12, 30–32, 43, 61n49, 68, 72, 237
public
9–10, 29n7, 220
uncultivated
9, 29–30
vacant
9, 69, 81–82, 91
landowners, absentee
7–8, 35–36, 47, 56–57, 67
Latium
16, 54, 136n32
leaseholds, perpetual
8, 10, 31, 60–61, 65, 74, 76, 237
leases, direct
62–66
see also locatio conductio
legacies
2, 41, 71n71, 194–217, 229n41
legis actiones
16, 96–98, 105–107, 113, 115
Lella Drebblia
74 nn80–81, 75, 80, 86–91
lessees
see conductores
lex Aebutia
17, 97
lex Claudia
17
lex Hadriana
9, 73–77, 79–91, 152n106, 224n19, 229n41
lex Silia
16, 107, 113, 142n46
loans
11, 40, 44, 93, 105, 112–114, 222–223, 235–247
prohibited
11, 30
repayment of
2, 109
see also banking
locatio conductio operis/operarum
75, 131–157, 238
locatio mercium vehendarum (vs. operarum)
134–135, 150, 154, 156
magistrates
3, 20, 40–42, 96n17, 98–99, 118n2, 150n102, 168, 173–174, 195
local
12, 152
mancipium, mancipatio
see under obligations
mandatum
7, 17, 116, 153n114, 175
markets
authorities
152
and chirographa
18
credit
11, 31
economic significance of
6–7
grain
5, 68
investment in
13
and knowledge
48, 68
land
27–30, 31, 38–39, 45
local
66, 69, 215
manipulation of
12
and money
216
and prices
239–240
stock
19, 127–128
unintegrated
215–216
urban
3, 5n6, 12
volatility of
22, 215
merchants
1, 6–7, 12, 17, 21, 150, 152–153, 156, 239, 241, 256, 259, 262
merx
176, 178–182, 189–192
see also pretium
middlemen
31, 47–78
see also conductores
military
frumentarii
64
in general
8, 22, 65–66, 68
Greek
179
and taxes
236, 241
mines
4, 19, 53n21, 72n74, 149
misappropriation
219–221, 233
missio in possessionem
20, 161, 173–174
money
banking and lending of
17, 93–116, 128, 239–240, 241–245
donations of
22–23, 218–234
familiarity with
16
investment of
19
in Jewish law
175–193
markets and
217
paid to fiscus
60, 64, 66, 69
public
40–41
as resource
4, 6
sales and
21–22, 175–193
slavery and
59
societates and
120–124, 128
substitutes for
19
tutors and
38
mutui dato
see under obligations
New Institutional Economics (NIE)
3–4, 47–50, 53, 67
non-citizens
see peregrines
obligatio litteris
16, 108–113, 115
obligations
concept of
97–99
condictio
103, 105–108, 111
and donations
234
and fideicommissa
197, 205, 216
and guilds
23
mancipium, mutui dato, et sponsio
99–105
result vs payment
22, 40–41, 134–135, 145–150
suits regarding
16
taxes as
27–28, 31, 68
types of
99–113, 115–116
officials, imperial
8–16, 31, 45, 48, 65, 68, 89, 222, 224, 228, 237, 241
see also magistrates
olives
62
oil
31, 55, 69, 133n12
trees
9, 52n19, 61, 74–75, 85, 90–91
Ostia
21, 57, 135–138, 144–146, 151–152
ostraka
20, 21, 133n12
Palestine
13, 187n40, 247
partes
117–130
see also societates
partnership
see societates
paterfamilias
17, 40, 108n74
patrimonium Caesaris
8, 47, 51–52, 72n75, 78
patronage
14, 17n32, 102–103, 194n1
per condictionem
16, 98
peregrini
9, 96, 101–102, 112–113, 132, 209–214, 222–234
praetor
16
permutatio
22, 178, 180–182, 190, 192
see also emptio venditio
Phrygia
53, 62n52, 64–65, 230n48
polis, Greek
218–234
Pompeii
18n35, 20, 109n77, 135–146, 155
poor people
9, 14, 125n34, 211
power, abuse of
14, 16, 64–68
praetor peregrinus
16
pretium
22, 27n4, 175–193
priests
2, 98, 105, 225
probatio
150–156
procedures, formulary
2, 20, 108, 159n3, 201–203
property, private
6, 25–46
protection, declarations of
231–233
punishments
2, 41, 96, 221
quarries
53 nn21–22, 239
rents
9, 31–33, 61, 64–67, 75, 77
retail
16
revenue
agricultural
5–6, 9–13, 25–46, 76, 117
banking and
93, 236–237
contractual
126
and donations
216, 219–230, 233–234
industrial
246–247
of partnerships
120
stability of
53, 66
rights
abstract
149
accessory
202
and Christianity
238
of citizens
3, 15
of coloni
15, 68
contractual
7, 50, 70
legal
111, 158, 163
property
4, 6, 11, 25–46, 49
of municipal class
11
over pathways and watercourses
100
tenancy
12, 26, 30–39, 60, 71–74
risk
banking and
93–94
of landlords
7–12
in litigation
20
and tenancy
7–12, 59, 67–69
and transport
216
see also locatio conductio; New Institutional Economics
ritual
see legis actiones; Twelve Tables
Samaritans
13, 238, 247
scribes
2, 105, 168
seasonal workers
7
senators
168, 231, 245
as landowners
26, 31, 47, 54–55
laws applying to
17, 118
sermo procuratorum
9, 73–77, 81–91
settlements
22, 112, 122, 204n67
sharecropping
7–8, 11, 66, 79, 81
shared mental models
3–4
shares
see partes
shipping
17, 119–120, 131–157, 241, 256
see also locatio conductio
societas
aggregation of capital
120
as contract
175
dissolution of
161
as economic cooperation
118–120
in general
17–18, 175
omnium bonorum
120, 123
publicanorum
19, 126–128
tax farming
117–118, 123–130
transfer of shares of
121–123
sponsio
see under obligations
stock market Roman
19, 127
succession
96, 194–201, 213
see also fideicommissa; legacies; testaments; wills
surpluses
5, 32, 217
tax farming
19, 117–130
taxes
army receipt of
236
collection of
51
discounts on
147
land as source of
5–6, 25–26, 46
liability
27, 28n5
officials
64
and private property
27–37
responsibility for
11–12
sources of
28
state dependence on
117–118
see also fideicommissa; tax farming; testaments; wills; also under banking; disputes; obligations
tenancy system
in general
8, 11, 56–59, 74, 77
two-tier
59–62, 67, 76–77, 82
see also Bagradas valley; coloni
testaments
194–206
donations by
227–230, 233
law, changes in
206–217
see also fideicommissa; legacies; succession; wills
textile industry
5, 246
theft
2, 6, 14, 124n31, 125n34, 162
tituli picti
21, 133n92
town councils
12, 26, 29, 39, 42
trade, long-distance
3, 7, 16, 106, 111, 144
see also locatio conductio; shipping
transaction costs
7, 48–50, 73–77
see also New Institutional Economics
treasury, public
13, 31, 223, 246–247
see also fiscus
triptychs
2
Twelve Tables
92, 95–105, 207
uncultivated land
see under land
universitas
18
urban poor
see poor people
urbanization
5, 16
vacancy, of lands
see under land
verdicts
20–21, 163
vilici
7–8, 54, 57–58, 61, 67
villa economy
7
vines
6, 9, 52n19, 61–62, 72n76, 75, 85, 90
vineyards
39, 72n76
violence
2, 14, 64, 93, 162, 172–173
war
6, 236
First Punic
94
Second Punic
16, 52, 93, 95n10
warlords
6
waste lands
see under land
wealth
5, 14, 17n31, 25–26, 37, 46, 117, 208
weather
10
wills
196–200, 207–209
see also testaments
witnesses
2, 61, 99–102, 115, 155, 161, 197
wool
5