Index
Abolitionism
9, 15, 56, 65, 67, 78
Acampora, Ralph R.
11n, 49n, 18n, 164n
Activism (for the animals)
7, 22, 69, 76
Adam’s defence of
13
and academic philosophy
8, 15
apolitical
9, 16, 54, 67
as described by Regan
12–14
grassroots
55, 78n
political
16, 79, 82, 182
see also
Animal Rights, Animal Liberation
Adams, Carol J.
9, 11, 13–14, 165
Adorno, Theodor
6, 20, 24, 40, 132, 137, 163n, 177–179
and praxis
182–185
fake quote on slaughterhouse
18, 133
on domination of nature
18–19, 132–160
on liberation from labour
176
on respect to animals
153n
on technology
166
on universal history
168
see also
Critical Theory, Frankfurt School
Aesthetic Theory
159
A.L.F. (Animal Liberation Front)
57, 66–67
Alienation
13, 38–39, 93, 173, 175
animal
18, 108–109
between humans and animals
38, 175
from nature
19, 22, 144, 148, 184
and technology
165
religious
37, 174
Althusser, Louis
15
Anarchism
16, 22, 57, 66–67, 128n
Anders, Günther
40, 133
Animal Liberation
5–6, 8, 11n, 14, 18–19, 23–24, 35–38, 54, 64, 67, 70, 82, 87, 96, 105, 111, 170, 177, 186–189
Ideology
8, 10–11, 14–17, 22, 55, 87, 100n
Movement
1, 6–12, 14–16, 29, 36n, 41, 54–58, 62, 67n, 68, 71, 76–77, 79–81, 88, 106, 108–109, 130, 138, 165, 177, 180–182
and veganism
81
see also
Activism, Animal Rights
Animal Liberation (book)
8, 40–41, 88
Animal Rights
3–4, 6, 11n, 24, 35–36, 39n, 46, 173, 186
and Marxism
87, 88–91, 95, 97, 99–100, 106
Movement
1, 8–18, 22, 29, 31, 32n, 40–42, 54, 55–80, 109, 128n, 133–134, 140, 165, 187
See also
Activism, Animal Liberation
Animism
44n, 48, 52, 141, 142n, 165, 174
and magic
43–44, 48–50, 52, 126–127, 129, 144–145, 148–149, 165, 179
Anti-Dühring
91, 124
Anthropopoiesis
134
Aristotle
33, 41, 47
Balluch, Martin
79n
Bataille, Georges
22n, 153, 154n
Baudrillard, Jean
40
Bell, Aaron
19n, 21n
Benjamin, Walter
135, 137
Bentham, Jeremy
8, 10–11, 58
Benton, Ted
5–6, 9, 60–61, 66, 88, 94, 96, 99
Bergson, Henri
57
Best, Steven
24, 37n, 64–66, 88, 170, 172n
Bookchin, Murray
178
‘Bottom-up’ change
55, 79–80, 128n
Blairism
165n
Brecht, Bertold
2
Bündnis Marxismus und Tierbefreiung
11n, 16n, 186
Bush, George W.
12
Calarco, Matthew
11, 40
Capital
10, 88, 100, 112–118
Cavalieri, Paola
4n, 16n, 30n, 62
Cherry, Elizabeth
56
Childe, Vere Gordon
45, 53
Classism
37
Clintonism
165n
Communism
17, 61, 89, 94, 97, 99, 102, 168, 172n, 173
as absolute becoming in the Grundrisse
173–174
and the Frankfurt School
136
primitive
100, 129, 175
see also
Marxism, Socialism
Communist Manifesto, The
110, 123n
Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy, A
167
Counterrevolution and Revolt
183
Critical Theory
6n, 19, 133–137, 151–152, 155, 178, 182–184
See also
Frankfurt School
Darwin, Charles
48, 105, 155, 189
Darwinism
89, 134, 152, 189
Neo-
9n, 94n, 164, 165n
Social
117, 189
Descartes, René
41, 47, 49, 109, 134
Derrida, Jacques
7, 11n, 171
Dialectic
65, 89–90, 98, 108, 121, 131n, 136, 165, 181n
Definition of
6–7
and materialism
5
in the theory of animality
6, 16, 21–25, 32, 41n, 53, 132–160, 163, 169–174, 189
in politics
67, 80, 101
negative
163n
of Enlightenment/Civilisation
18–19, 21, 127, 132–160, 174, 180n, 182n
of history
168
of nature
19n, 132–160, 166, 177
of rights
62, 64
Dialectics of Nature (book)
92, 108, 120, 124
Dialectic of Enlightenment (book)
18, 132, 135n, 137–143, 148, 150–153, 165, 177–179
domestication
32n, 45, 51, 53, 76, 101, 108, 110, 119, 121, 127–128, 138, 142
and class society
115, 118, 120, 125–126, 129
as historical necessity in Marxism
122, 130–131
of the human animal
20, 169
veganism as a critique of
140n
Domination, Dominion
17–24, 32, 34, 37, 43–47, 49–54, 99–100, 104, 108–109, 116, 118, 122–123, 126–127, 130–131, 134–135, 138–155, 158–159, 166–169, 171–172, 174–175, 177–182, 184–185, 189
history of
23, 49n, 50n, 53, 140, 147, 185
theory of
24, 138, 175, 178
of humans
34, 109, 122–123, 127, 131, 139, 143, 149
internal
139, 142–143, 146, 177–178
circularity of
37, 143, 153, 169
as ideology
54
and violence
99, 127, 140, 158, 179–180
and class
99–100, 122, 126, 139, 169, 172, 174
and speciesism
108
and technology
166
as a social phenomenon
109
in Marx & Engels
122–131
in Adorno, Horkheimer, & Marcuse
138–160
Donaldson, Sue
67n, 77n
Dunayer, Joan
32n, 44n
Durkheim, Émile
97, 136
Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844
93
Engels, Friedrich
17–18, 20–21, 48, 89, 97, 101, 104–111, 128, 130, 151–153, 174, 177
his critique of moral theory
91, 94, 106
on antivivisectionism
101, 107
on humans and animals
92, 104, 155
on natural history
117–122
on the dialectics of nature
104, 155
on the end of primitive communism
122–126, 129
on vegetarianism
103, 107–108
see also
Communism, Marx, Marxism, Socialism
Eros and Civilisation
178n
Escape from Freedom
137
Ethics
29, 37n, 40, 63, 65, 69–73, 181
critique of
6, 8, 41, 69, 74, 77–81, 101
in Adorno
18, 151, 153
in Marx & Engels
70, 71n, 88, 91, 94–95, 97, 105
in the animal kingdom
157
materialistic
154, 182n, 188
See also
Moral Philosophy, Philosophy
Extinctionism
37n
Exploitation
1, 34–36, 46, 52–54, 56, 61–63, 69, 70n, 94n, 116, 122, 125–126, 132, 140, 150, 170, 183, 187
animal
1, 5, 12, 15, 22–23, 30–31, 38, 39n, 46–47, 53, 55, 58, 63, 65, 68, 72–73, 75–76, 82, 87, 107, 111, 128, 130, 150, 170–171, 174
of nature
52, 83, 128, 131n, 133, 138, 141, 143, 155, 171, 177, 182, 184
and violence
31, 51
and speciesism
31–32, 32n, 35, 57, 77, 83
and veganism
82n
Feuerbach, Ludwig
163, 184
Filippi, Massimo
87–88
Frankfurt School
6, 18–19, 22, 39n, 132, 134–137, 139n, 151
and animal liberation
177–184
charges of irrationalism
149
as a form solidaristic materialism
154–160, 167
See also
Critical Theory
Francione, Gary L.
9–10, 11n, 30, 42, 56, 66, 69
criticized by S. Best
24, 64–65
his critique of welfarist organisations
55, 78n, 41
his critique of P. Singer
75
his theory of rights
59–60, 100–101, 187
Freud, Sigmund
136–137
Fromm, Erich
46, 135, 137–138
Gates, Bill
37
German Ideology, The
92
Gould, Stephen J.
164
Griffin, Nathan Stephens
13n, 14n, 68n, 75n, 78n, 81n, 61n
Grundmann, Reiner
111
Grundrisse
100, 130, 173
Kirchheimer, Otto
135
Kracauer, Siegfried
135
Kuhn, Thomas
136
Kurgan Hypothesis, the
49n
Kymlicka, Willy
67n, 77n
Hegel, G.W.
6–7, 10, 18, 22, 60, 90, 95–99, 121, 128n, 140, 142n, 149, 153, 163
Heidegger, Martin
7, 133
History and Class Consciousness
136
Hobbes, Thomas
70
Holocaust on your Plate
133n
Horkheimer, Max
6, 20, 177, 179
his critique of vegetarianism
182
and praxis
182–185
on solidarity with animals
154
on domination of nature
18–19, 132–160, 181
on reification
178
on technology
166
See also
Critical Theory, and Frankfurt School
Hubert, Henri
49
hunter-gatherers
43n, 44n, 51, 121–129, 142, 144, 149, 165, 167
Ideology
21, 31, 67n, 89, 121, 187
in Animal Liberation
8–17, 22, 55, 87, 100n
in the Frankfurt School
137, 183
Francione’s concept of
56
of civilisation
149
of hunter-gatherer societies
129
of progress
148, 150
primitivist
38
speciesism as
31, 43, 45–46, 53
spiritualistic
48
Justice
3–5, 13, 21, 36, 54, 56, 71n, 76, 77n, 94n, 98n, 130, 156–158, 180
La Mettrie, Julien Offray de
47
Labour
48, 91–93, 104, 109, 117, 125–126, 142–143
abstract
113
alienated
49, 144
and Homination in Engels
117–118
animal
105, 107, 109, 112, 114
division of
20, 37, 53, 92, 102, 106, 114, 120–121, 143, 165, 174
individual and collective
100, 119–120
liberation of
176
liberation from
176
material
20, 139
productive
92, 105, 112, 114
Smith’s concept of criticised by Luxemburg
112
spiritual/intellectual
139, 143
surplus
113
Lenin, V.I.
2, 94, 98n
Lévi-Strauss, Claude
44n, 46n, 140, 141n, 142n
Lewontin, Richard
164
Liverani, Mario
51
Löwenthal, Leo
135
Lukács, György
57, 136
Luhmann, Niklas
97
Luxemburg, Rosa
3, 112, 125, 170
Maisels, Charles K.
50, 61n
Marcuse, Herbert
5, 14, 102, 133
and praxis
182–185
his critique of vegetarianism
182
on animal abuse
153, 157
on domination of nature
18–19, 132–160, 181
see also
Critical Theory, Frankfurt School
Marx, Karl
3, 6, 9–11, 17–18, 22, 24, 39n, 66, 88, 107–108, 122–123, 130, 144, 163, 172n, 174, 177
accusations of ‘anthropocentrism’
25, 88, 90, 97, 110
and animal suffering
101–103, 109, 111
and the Frankfurt School
136–137, 151–155
charges of ‘Prometheanism’
5
criticised by Animal Rightists
88–96
his critique of ethics
70, 91, 94, 96, 105–106
his critique of property
100–101
his theory of labour and exploitation
113, 116, 118–119, 121
on human rights
58, 60–62
on pre-capitalist modes of production
100, 109, 130, 173
on the human-animal distinction
48–49, 92–93, 97, 120, 167
on universal history
168
see also
Communism, Engels, Marxism, Socialism
Marxism
5, 13–14, 17, 22–24, 61, 87, 101, 110–111, 130
and animal oppression
170–172
and ethics
88, 91–95, 105–106
and psychoanalysis
137
and the Frankfurt School
19
and the critique of reification
57
as a cold and scientific approach to reality
1–2
as a theory of revolution
67
as a theory of catastrophe
169
as historical universalism
99
as materialism
5, 89, 118, 151, 154, 163, 167–168
criticised by Ryder
63
not a general theory of society
98
not a form of economic necessitarianism
127
not a sociological ‘holism’
97, 101, 163
on the State and the economy
67
orthodox
135–136, 177
see also
Communism, Socialism
Master
1, 104, 142, 189
see also
Domination, Dominion, Slavery
Materialism
21, 47, 81, 87, 89, 97, 118, 148, 152–155, 163–165, 189
as a method
123
as a theory of culture
150
dialectical
5, 139
Feuerbach’s
163
historical
17, 97–98, 109, 114, 117, 164
in the Frankfurt School
151
sociological
163
solidaristic
5
vulgar
5, 90, 155, 165, 167, 189
Materialism and Morality
154
Mauss, Marcel
49, 179
Meat
8, 65, 74n, 75–76, 80, 118n, 165–166
extrinsic arguments against
69, 71
industry
75, 88
intrinsic arguments against
41n, 75
in Marx & Engels
103, 107–108, 118
in vitro
76, 82
methodological individualism
9n, 31, 56–57, 81, 128n, 163
implied in veganism
24, 39n, 82–83
in Singer’s interpretation of Hegel
99
in the theory of rights
58–60
metaphysical antispeciesism as a form of
32–34
moral theories based on
20, 49, 69, 72–73, 94–95, 101, 106
obfuscating the problem of justice
3
shaping the idea of social change in Animal Liberation
8–9, 11, 15–16, 58, 65, 67n, 73, 76–79, 170
Montaigne, Michel de
40
Moral
3, 4, 18, 20, 29–30, 45, 58, 70
critique of Moral Philosophy
6, 8–9, 11–13, 16, 31, 35–36, 40–49, 54, 73, 78, 94–96
in Adorno
153n
in Marx & Engels
9, 88, 91, 93–94, 97, 98n, 106–107, 126
moralism
24, 39n, 40, 56, 65, 67n, 76, 77, 81, 97
moral progress
64, 137
moral rights
60
and intrinsic arguments
67–76
and politics
66–68, 79, 189
and vegetarianism
41
see also
Ethics, Philosophy, Moral Philosophy
Nature
17–18, 37, 43, 51, 89, 101, 112, 117–121, 126, 165, 171–172, 181, 188
according to Bentham
10
according to social Darwinists
189
alienation from
22, 49, 105, 172, 184
and civilisation
38, 52, 134, 147, 167–168, 180, 182n
and spirit
21, 43, 44n, 48, 51, 127, 148, 166, 179
as a stratified concept
19n
as a relational and practical concept
19n, 38–39, 97, 163, 169–170, 174
as remembrance
156
beauty of
2
dialectic of
36, 155, 177
domination/repression of
1, 17, 20, 22, 24, 32n, 44, 50n, 53, 83, 104, 108, 122, 128, 131n
enslavement of
37, 118, 142, 171
human
20, 37–38, 47, 60, 66, 70, 93, 96, 163, 174
in Marx’ Manuscripts
90
in Neo-Darwinism and sociobiology
94n, 117, 164, 165n, 169
in the Frankfurt School
132–160, 178
liberation of
19, 156–157, 175
subjectivity of
152
Negation
75, 140, 147, 154, 159, 176
primitivism as abstract
149
communism as determined
61
of the animal
134, 169
negation of
174
real
134
symbolic
134, 158
veganism as immediate
82
Negative Dialectics
146, 153n
Neolithic
38, 45, 51, 53, 126–127, 129, 141, 145
in social anthropology
49n, 141n
Post-neolithic society
163–176
Neumann, Franz
135, 137
Nibert, David
9, 24, 32n, 131n
Nietzsche, Friedrich
94, 136, 163n
On Materialism
154
One-dimensional Man
157
Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State, The
110, 120, 122, 124
Parsons, Talcott
97
Perlo, Katherine
69
PETA (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals)
133
Phenomenology of Spirit, The
98n, 140, 153
Philosophy
7, 15, 55
academic
8, 40, 70, 73
analytic
9
Ancient
180, 183
and activism
8
as opposed to real history
33, 41
apolitical
16
continental
40
describing what the human being is (philosophical anthropology)
97
Hegelian
7, 98
of empiricism criticised by Hegel
153n
of History
23, 98, 138, 148, 169, 180
of Life (Lebensphilosophie)
57
of Nature (Naturphilosophie)
152
of the Frankfurt School
6, 136
of veganism
73
mechanical
47, 79, 121, 134, 164
moral
4, 49, 70, 73, 78, 96, 153n
nominalistic
30
political
70
Singer’s
11
See also
Ethics, Moral, Moral Philosophy
Pollock, Friedrich
135
Primitivism
22, 38–39, 44, 54, 149, 165, 167–168
Progress
18, 22, 71, 98n, 100, 107, 111, 118, 121–122, 124, 127–131, 148–150, 152, 154, 156, 166–167, 169, 174
moral
64, 137
Racism
29, 33–37, 40
Reason
12, 21, 89, 94n, 99, 149, 153, 158, 178
abstract, formal, pure
8, 95, 184
and emotions
4, 143
and history
168, 178
and nature
135, 137, 156–160, 177, 179
bourgeois
55
in animals
52, 147
in Hegel
95
instrumental
119, 128, 132–133, 144, 149, 165, 179, 182
Reformism
67, 38n
as legalism
64, 66, 68n
Regan
5–6, 9, 29, 36, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 74n, 75, 140n
and Animal Rights Activists
12–14, 41n
Reich, Wilhelm
137
Revolution
15, 41, 54, 65–67, 83, 136, 167
as a moral awakening
80
and reification
57
and the Frankfurt School
177
industrial
113
of rights
64
Neolithic
45, 49n, 141n
Socialist
130, 133, 183
Rose, Steven
164
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques
159
RSPCA (Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals)
102
Ryder, Richard Dudley
40, 63, 94
Sanbomatsu, John
6n, 9
Schopenhauer, Arthur
40, 153n
Schmidt, Alfred
152n, 153n
Sexism
33–37, 164n
Simmel, Georg
57
Singer, Peter
3, 6–11, 19n, 29–35, 40–43, 46, 53, 56, 63, 68, 71, 75, 58n, 99
and animal rights
58, 62, 64
and sociobiology
14n, 66, 94n, 134, 164, 165n, 169
his critique of Marx
61, 66, 93–94, 96, 98
Slavery
33, 37, 46, 47, 53–54, 69, 79, 130, 143, 169, 186
animal
23, 53–54, 116, 130–131, 169–170, 186
Engels & Marx on
106–110, 113–114, 116, 121
see also
Master, Domination
Smith, Adam
112
Socialism
1, 11, 47, 87, 90, 100, 106, 129, 133
antispeciesist
16
as the ‘becoming human’ of Man according to Engels
21
criticised by Ryder
63
its idea of progress
131
Russian
136, 183
scientific
103
utopian
1
see also
Communism, Marxism
Sociology
8, 14, 17, 30–31, 32n, 57, 74n, 78n, 79–80, 111, 164n
atomistic
163
criticised by Lenin
98n
Durkheim’s
136
German
135, 177
of human-animal relationships
4n
holistic
97
Sohn-Rethel, Alfred
135
Speciesism
3, 6, 8–9, 14n, 15, 17, 21–22, 29, 37, 55–56, 68–69, 79, 82n, 83, 89, 180, 186–187
and class oppression
36, 53
as a material structure
9, 22, 41, 43–45, 51–53, 57–58, 78, 142
as ideology
45–47, 53
extended definition (anthropocentrism)
29–30, 40
history of
35, 42–50
in Marx
5, 88–101, 169
metaphysical interpretation of
30, 31–33
restricted definition (moral fallacy)
29, 40–41, 56, 58, 65, 71, 122
Stzybel, David
69, 89–93, 101, 110
Technology
45, 96, 114, 129, 165–166, 187, 189
bio-
39n, 76
Timofeeva, Oxanab
22n, 44n, 47n, 171n
Timpanaro, Sebastiano
154
Totality
92, 128n, 163, 169, 173, 175
ambiguity of
128
liberation as emancipation from
175
society as
80, 83, 98, 185
Totalitarianism
152
communism as opposed to
175
in Marx
11
in Hegel
98
of the human race
20, 53, 127, 128, 158, 169, 181n
Universal History
131, 149, 166–169
Universality
31, 45–46, 47, 54, 95, 128, 163n, 180n, 181, 188
and biological reductionism
164n
and human self-consciousness
92, 99
as ‘Becoming’ in the Grundrisse
173–174
lack of in activism
128n
as driven by historical conflicts
21, 94n, 96–97, 106, 127, 130, 166
as a possibility of the human animal
22, 157, 170–172
class society as negation of
61n
concrete
174
criticised by Marx
63, 101
in Hegel
95
in moral theory
42, 71n, 94–96
in the theory of rights
60–61, 75
Uruk: The First City
51
Veganism
14n, 15, 37, 39, 56, 66, 68n, 69, 71, 83, 184
as a life-style
35, 38n, 75, 77
left-wing
12, 14n, 140n
right-wing
36
as middle-class ideology
14n, 35
moralistic
9, 24, 187
not a mode of production
81–83
not identical to antispeciesism
64–65, 72–76, 83
Vegetarianism
8–9, 13–14, 35, 41, 68, 74, 87–88, 101, 103–104, 108, 124, 133, 165–166, 182
vivisection
72, 101–103, 107–108, 147, 150
Weber, Max
4n, 15, 57, 136
Welfarism
15, 55–56, 67, 78n, 102–105, 109
Witt-Stahl, Susann
18, 133n
Wrenn, Corey Lee
9n, 68n, 78n, 128n
Zerzan, John
44, 46, 54, 149, 167
Zeitschrift für Sozialforschung
135, 137
Žižek, Slavoj
38, 58