Figures
1 Metalworking tools discovered on the territory of Romania 21
2 Tools from Morești (1), Moțca (2), Olteni (3), Onești (4), Poieniţa (5), Răcoasa (6). Drawings of Silviu Saftu, after Horedt, Morești (1), Teodor, “Tipare” (2, 4–5), Teodor, Meșteșugurile (3), Szmoniewski, “Production” (6) 38
3 Clay casting ladle from Bratei 2. Drawings by Silviu Saftu, after Zaharia, “La station nº 2 de Bratei” 40
4 Clay casting tools from Lazuri. Drawings by Silviu Saftu, after Tănase, Prelucrarea (1) and Stanciu, “Așezarea” (2–14) 41
5 Molds from Cristuru Secuiesc (5), Corund (2), Cacica (3), Coroteni (4), Cucuteni (5). Drawings by Silviu Saftu, after Teodor, Meșteșugurile (1), Garam, Funde (2.1–2), Andronic, “Evoluția” (3), Teodor, “Tipare” (4), Boghian, “Un moule” (5) 42
6 Clay casting tools from Rădeni (1), Sânmiclăuș (2), Soveja (3), Sărata Monteoru (4), Șirna (5). Drawings by Silviu Saftu, after Teodor, “Tipare” (1, 3), Dănilă, “Considerații” (2), Nestor et al., “Șantierul Sărata-Monteoru” (4), Olteanu, Grigore, Nicolae, Comunitatea sătească (5.1–4) 44
7 Tools from Giurcani (1), Izvorul Dulce (2), Gropșani (3), Izvoare Bahna (4). Drawings by Silviu Saftu, after Terteci, “Despre cultura Ipotești-Cândești” (1), Două milenii (2), Eugen Marius Constantinescu, Memoria pământului dintre Carpați și Dunăre. Nord-estul Munteniei și sud-vestul Moldovei în veacurile IV–XI d. Hr [The memory of the land between the Carpathians and Danube. Northeast of Muntenia and southwest of Moldavia in the 4th–11th centuries AD] (Bucharest: Editura Fiat Lux, 1999) (3), Popilian, Nica, Gropșani (4), Mitrea, Așezarea din secolele VI–IX (5) 45
8 Tools from Budureasca 4. Drawings by Silviu Saftu, after A. Măgureanu, B. Ciupercă 2007 (1), Tănase 2010 (2–5, 9–14), V. Teodorescu, M. Peneș 1984 (6–8) 48
9 Stone molds from Budureasca 4. Drawings by Silviu Saftu, after Măgureanu, Ciupercă, “The 6th–8th Centuries Metallurgical Activity” 49
10 Tools from Budureasca 5 (1) and Budureasca 9 (2). Drawings by Silviu Saftu, after Măgureanu, Ciupercă, “The 6th–8th Centuries Metallurgical Activity” (1.1), Tănase, Prelucrarea (1.2, 2.1–2) 50
11 Tools from Budureasca 3 (1), Bucharest-Tei (2). Drawings by Silviu Saftu, after Miclea, Florescu, Strămoșii românilor (1.1), Măgureanu, Ciupercă, “The 6th–8th Centuries Metallurgical Activity” (1.2–4), Rosetti, Din preistoria Bucureștilor I, Civilizația tip București (2.1), Comșa, “Socio-economic organization” (2.2), Teodorescu, “Centre meșteșugărești” (2.3) 51
12 Tools from Băleni (1), Botoșana (2, 3). Drawings by Silviu Saftu, after Miclea, Florescu, Strămoșii românilor (1.1–3), Muscă, Muscă, “Săpăturile arheologice de la Băleni-Români” (1.4–7), Teodor, Civilizația romanică (2–4) 53
13 Tools from Bucharest-Băneasa (1), Bucharest-Casa (2), Bucharest-Dămăroaia (3), Bucharest-Străulești-Lunca (4), Bucharest-Străulești-Măicănești (5), Bucharest-Soldat Ghivan no. 10 (6). Drawings by Silviu Saftu, after Constantiniu, “Elemente” (1), Comșa, “Socio-economic organization” (2–3), Teodor, Meșteșugurile (4, 6.6), Oanță-Marghitu, “Argamum” (5), Dolinescu-Ferche, Constantiniu, “Un établissement,” (6.1–5) 56
14 Tools from Dulceanca. Drawings by Silviu Saftu, after Dolinescu-Ferche, Așezări (1) and Dolinescu-Ferche, “Habitats” (2) 57
15 Tools from Dodești. Drawings by Silviu Saftu, after Teodor, Continuitatea 59
16 Tools from Dodești. Drawings by Silviu Saftu, after Teodor, Continuitatea 60
17 Tools from Botoșana. Drawings by Silviu Saftu, after Teodor, Civilizația romanică 61
18 Tools from Suceava-Șipot. Drawings by Silviu Saftu, after Teodor, Așezarea medievală 63
19 Clay crucibles from Suceava-Șipot. Drawings by Silviu Saftu, after Teodor, Așezarea medievală 64
20 Tools from Davideni. Drawings by Silviu Saftu, after Mitrea, Așezarea de la Davideni 66
21 Tools from Davideni. Drawings by Silviu Saftu, after Mitrea, Așezarea de la Davideni 67
22 Tools from Davideni. Drawings by Silviu Saftu, after Mitrea, Așezarea de la Davideni 68
23 Tools from Ștefan cel Mare, Traian-Săbăoani, Traian. Drawings by Silviu Saftu, after Teodor, “Tipare” (1.2, 3), Mitrea, Așezarea medievală (1.1, 1.3), Hânceanu, “Două piese” (2) 70
24 Tools from Lozna-Străteni. Drawings by Silviu Saftu, after Teodor, Un centru 73
25 Tools from Lozna-Străteni. Drawings by Silviu Saftu, by Teodor, Un centru 74
26 Tools from Lozna-Străteni. Drawings by Silviu Saftu, after Teodor, Un centru 75
27 Tools from Lozna-Străteni. Drawings by Silviu Saftu, after Teodor, Un centru 76
28 Tools from Lozna-Străteni. Drawings by Silviu Saftu, after Teodor, Un centru 77
29 Tools from Lozna-Străteni. Drawings by Silviu Saftu, after Teodor, Un centru 78
30 Tombs with tools at the Middle and Lower Danube, 6th–7th centuries 80
31 Band, tomb no. 10: plan of the tomb, fragments of the iron helmet and the reconstruction of the helmet made by I. Kovács. After Kovács, “A mezőbándi ásatások” 82
32 Band, tomb no. 10: fragments of iron and bronze clothing items, tools made of iron, clay and stone, fragments a wooden box, fragments of silver mirror, bronze rivets. After Kovács, “A mezőbándi ásatások” 83
33 Fragments of silver, bronze and iron objects from Band, tomb no. 10. Drawings by Márton Ferenczi 84
34 Bronze rivets, fragments of iron objects and tools from Band, tomb no. 10. Drawings by Márton Ferenczi 85
35 Drawings of tools from Band, tomb no. 10. Drawings by Márton Ferenczi 86
36 Photos of tools from Band, tomb no. 10. Photos by Sergiu Odenie 87
37 Bronze objects from Dumbrăveni (1), Felnac (2). Drawings by Silviu Saftu, after Rácz, Die Goldschmiedegräber (1), Tănase, Prelucrarea (2.1–10) 88
38 Bronze dies from Felnac. Drawings by Silviu Saftu, after Tănase, Prelucrarea (1–13, 15–17) and Hampel, “Emlékek és leletek” (14) 89
39 Bronze dies from Felnac. Drawings by Silviu Saftu, after Tănase, Prelucrarea 90
40 Bronze dies from Felnac. Drawings by Silviu Saftu, after Tănase, Prelucrarea 91
41 Bronze dies from Felnac: 1–5, 7–10. Photos by Marius Amarie, 6, photo by Nelu Scripciuc 92
42 Tools from Aldeni (1), Banat (2). Drawings by Silviu Saftu after Andrei Măgureanu, Bogdan Ciupercă, “Discuții despre tiparul de la Aldeni, jud. Buzău [Discussions about the Aldeni pattern, Buzău County],” in Arheologia mileniului I p. chr. Dunărea de jos între antichitate și evul mediu 6, Ploiești, forthcoming (1) and Tănase, Prelucrarea (2a–b); photo by Milan Șepețan (2c) 103
43 Tools from Udești (1), Vadu Săpat (2). Drawings by Silviu Saftu after Dejan, Elemente (1.1–2), Măgureanu, Ciupercă, “The 6th–8th Centuries Metallurgical Activity” (2) 104
44 Tools from Costești (1), Dichiseni (2), Dolheștii Mari (3). Drawings by Silviu Saftu, after Szmoniewski, “Production” (1a–c), Tănase, Prelucrarea (2a–b), Teodor, “Tipare” (3) 105
45 Bone objects from Costești. Drawings by Silviu Saftu, after Szmoniewski, “Production” 107
46 Reduction of iron ore 114
47 Stone molds from Bernashivka. Drawings by Silviu Saftu after Vynokur, Slov’ianski iuveliry 135
48 Tools from Vratsa (1), Oescus (2–3), Dănceni (4–5), Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok co. (6), Hansca (7), Seliște-Orhei (8–9). Drawings by Silviu Saftu after Daskalov, Dimitrov, “On a Production” (1–3), Teodor, “Tipare” (4–8), Rácz, Die Goldschmiedegräber (6) 136
49 Stone molds from Argamum (1), Golemanovo Kale (2), Capidava (3–4), Tropaeum Traiani (5), Aegyssus (6), Szeged-Bilisics (7), Vác-Kavicsbánya (8). Drawings by Silviu Saftu after Oanță-Marghitu, “Argamum” (1–2), Covacef, “Accesorii” (3–4), Barnea et al., Tropaeum Traiani (5), Miclea, Florescu, Strămoșii românilor (6), Fettich, “Symbolischer Gürtel” (7), Tettamanti, Das awarenzeitliche Gräberfeld (8) 137
50 Stone and clay molds and bone dies: the Carpathian Basin and the Dniestrian-Danube area 148
51 Metal dies: the Carpathian Basin and the Dniestrian-Danube area 149
52 Types of pieces made with molds and dies 194
53 Pieces with Felnac type motif in the Middle Danube region. After Garam, Funde, 115–116 and Rácz, Die Goldschmiedegräber 202
54 Dies and molds from the current territory of Romania 241
55 Tools in the settlements 242
56 Tools in the settlements 243
57 Tombs with tools and weapons at the Middle Danube area 257