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Cover illustration: Anonymous, “Nüguan 女官 (Female Government Official),” in an album of Qiansheng Miaotu 黔省苗圖 (Miao Album of Guizhou), undated (before 1917), Pitt Rivers Museum, University of Oxford. (Collection of Professor Edward Burnett Tylor (1832-1917)).The Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available online at http://catalog.loc.govLC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2019055507Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download: brill.com/brill-typeface.issn 1878-8084isbn 978-90-04-42275-9 (hardback)isbn 978-90-04-42276-6 (e-book)Copyright 2020 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands.Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi, Brill Sense, Hotei Publishing, mentis Verlag, Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh and Wilhelm Fink Verlag.All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher.Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change.This book is printed on acid-free paper and produced in a sustainable manner.