Index
accountability
46
administration
82 –83 138
,
161
,
163.
See also
graduated promotion
advertising
vii
aesthetics
viii
,
ix
,
7
,
103
agreements
113
agriculture
xi
,
40 –41 44
,
54
,
57
,
58 –61 65 –66 86
,
95
,
96
,
144 –146 149
,
153
Ahrens, Heinrich
158
,
168
,
169
Althusius, Johannes
172 –173 174
,
175
,
176
and Stoics
172
amour-de-soi
xi
,
14
,
52
,
100
,
101
,
103
,
118
,
119 –120 122 –131 132 –134 165
amour-propre
13 –14 15
,
52
,
99
,
100
,
101
,
102
,
103
,
108
,
119
,
122
,
124 –125 127 –131 132 –134 165
animals
62 –64 147.
See also
diet
;
instincts
;
perfectibility
Antraigues, comte d’
12 –13
apperception
147 –148
aristocracy, elected
76.
See also
federal government
;
government
;
gradated promotion
arts and sciences
2
,
10
,
16
,
115 –116
autonomy
84
,
112
,
150
,
166
of society
153 –54. civil society
;
Hegel
;
individualism
;
Jellinek
;
Kant
balance of power
21 –22 28
,
68
,
84 –85 140
Barante, Prosper de
143
Beaumont, Christophe de
vii
,
122 –125 127
beauty
103
,
118.
See also
aesthetics
Bernardi, Bruno
53
Beseler, Georg
170
Bildung
148
bitcoin
vii
Bluntschli, Johann Caspar
168 –170
body, political
74.
See also
organism
Bonaparte, Napoleon
174
Brissot, Jacques-Pierre
6
Britain
31 –32
Bundesstaat
23
,
138
,
156
Burke, Edmund
3
,
4
,
6
,
7
,
8
,
9
,
16
,
87
,
91
,
116
and Marie-Antoinette
4
on revolution
7 –8
Butler, Joseph
9
Cabet, Etienne
168
,
169
Caird, Edward
150 –152
Capet, Hugues
38
Carthage
32
Cassirer, Ernst
13
,
14
,
16
,
30
,
52 –54 174
,
176
and the problem of Jean-Jacques Rousseau,
13 –14 52 –53 174
,
176
causation
29
,
31
,
43 –44 54
,
58 –59 63 –64 86
,
89
,
140
,
143.
See also
theodicy
centralisation
x
,
27
,
28
,
31
,
36
,
52 –54 171
chemistry, “philosophical”
93
China
45
citizenship, and sovereignty
69
,
70
,
71
,
150
civil religion
71
,
168
civil society
xiii
,
72
,
150
,
153 –154 156 –157 158
,
160
,
166
,
168
,
169
,
173
or bürgerliche Gesellschaft
154
or société bourgeoise
154.
See also
Althusius
;
Bluntschli
;
Gierke
;
Hegel
;
Jellinek
Clarke, Samuel
9
Cloots, Anacharsis
6
commerce.
See
trade
competition, commercial
26
,
85
Comte, Auguste
158
Condillac, abbé Gabriel Bonnot de
95
,
146
Condorcet, Marie-Jean-Antoine-Nicolas de Caritat, marquis de
137
conquest, peaceful
26
conscience
53
,
86
,
116
,
118 –126 128
,
129 –131 132
,
133
,
165
and love of beauty
118
constitution
21
,
32
;
English
32
,
39 –43
federal
139
,
175
in Montesquieu
32
,
36 –43
continuity
46
Corsica
23
,
80
,
82 –83 138.
See also
Rousseau
credit
41 –42 159 –163 177
credulity, and complexity
3 –4 16 –17 25
,
27
,
28
,
88
culture
146 –149
currency, fiat
82
,
162
,
177.
See also
money
d’Alembert
10
,
12
,
17
,
65
,
74
,
89
,
92 –93 117
,
119
,
135
debt.
See
public debt
decentralisation
x
,
27
,
28
,
84
democracy
xiii
,
4 –5 15
,
27
,
49 –50 69
,
73
,
113
,
140
,
163
,
174
social
163.
See also
Stein
Dent, Nicholas
53
Derathé, Robert
16
Derrida, Jacques
16
,
53
desire
59 –60 97.
See also
imagination
Dicey, Alfred Venn
139 –140 172
Diderot, Denis
2
,
3
,
10
,
12
,
17
,
22
,
74
,
89
,
117
,
135
diet, human
19
,
55
,
56
,
58
,
65
,
86
,
95
,
98
,
145 –146
disenchantment
16
division of labour
4
,
7
,
29
,
30
,
54
,
55
,
57
,
60 –61 63
,
65
,
67
,
68
,
80
,
95
,
115
,
136
,
149
,
160
,
176
double-bind, in Rousseau
88
,
99
,
102
,
122
,
123
,
125
,
149
,
161.
See also
Fénelon problem
;
Stein
dualism
xi
,
40
,
46
,
117
,
136 –137 138
,
149
,
152
,
159
,
163
Dubos, Jean-Baptiste
101
duelling
92 –93
Dupin, Claude
33
Durkheim, Emile
156 n27
economics, and politics
36
elections
22
,
45 –46 72 –73 77
,
84 –85 137
,
163.
See also
gradated promotion
emotions
19
,
88
,
98
,
116
,
121
empire
26
enthusiasm
98
,
103
,
104 –105 118
Epicureanism, and Rousseau
61
,
90
,
100
,
144
equality
57
,
113.
See also
inequality
evidence
164
exchange
113
faction, and party
79
Fall
133
;
in Rousseau and Kant
94.
See also
Cassirer
;
theodicy
fault
164
federal system
vii
,
ix
,
xi
,
6
,
12
,
21 –22 23
,
24
,
77
,
84 –85 138
,
174 –175 177.
See also
government
;
state
Federalist
ix
feelings.
See
emotions
Fénelon, François de Salignac de la Mothe
22
,
31
,
42
,
84
,
140
and Fénelon problem
26 –30 31 –33 36
,
43
,
47 –50 51
,
52 –53 68
and Rousseau
47 –50 51
and Telemachus
26 –27 28
,
30
feuds
37
Fichte, Johann Gottlieb
xii
,
84
fiction, legal
170
,
171.
See also
Genossenschaft
;
law
,
Roman
forced to be free, Rousseau on
20
,
69
forming the nation for the government, Rousseau on
21
,
23
,
78 –79
Frederick ii, king of Prussia
xii
freedom
56 –57 62
,
63 –64 66
,
67
,
68
,
94
,
95
,
118
,
120
,
131
,
132.
See also
conscience
;
liberty
;
perfectibility
Freud, Sigmund
53
Friedrich, Carl Joachim
174 –176
and Alfred Weber
175
Gans, Edouard
43
Gay, Peter
13 n28
,
176
general will
viii
,
17
,
68
,
70
,
71
,
74
,
76 –77 79
,
84
,
112
,
113
,
119
,
139
,
151 –152 155 –156 159
,
160
,
165
,
167
Geneva
8 –9 10
,
30
,
81
,
117
Genossenschaft
157
,
168
,
170 –73. Gierke
;
Mohl
German idealism
viii
,
12
,
52.
See also
materialism of the wise man
Germans, and Romans
37
,
167
,
171
Gierke, Otto von
157
,
168
,
170 –173 174 –175 176
and Althusius
172 –173
and Roman law
170 –171
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang
111
,
137
government
x
,
5
,
15
,
17
,
21
,
47
,
53
,
68
,
72 –73 76
,
113
,
135
,
138 –139
federal
vii
,
12
,
21
,
24
,
65
,
76
,
138 –139 177
of laws
49
of men
49
national
24
representative
162
and self-government
168
gradated (graduated) promotion
74
,
76 –79 82 –83 84
,
137
Grotius, Hugo
1
,
34
,
36
growth, economic
26
,
28
,
29
,
36
Hamilton, Alexander
ix
Harrington, James
39
,
44
Heeren, Arnold
174
,
175
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich
vii
,
viii
,
xii
,
xiii
,
43
,
47
,
71
,
72
,
142
,
144
,
151
,
153
,
154
,
156
,
160
,
161
,
163
,
168
,
170
,
176
and civil society
154
,
156 –159 160
,
169
and Rousseau
154 –156
Helvétius, Claude-Adrien
47
,
57
,
117
,
120
Herder, Johann Gottfried
144
,
146 –149
Hirzel, Johann Caspar
30
history, end of
142
,
144
philosophy of
144
,
176
Hobbes, Thomas
viii
,
xii
,
1
,
34
,
36
,
53
,
117
,
146
,
150
,
171
,
173
,
175
and Hobbism
49 –50 146
honour, and shame
92 –93. duelling
Hont, Istvan
134
Humboldt, Wilhelm von
110
Hume, David
3
,
4
,
9
,
16
,
17
,
24
,
27
,
48
,
87
,
91
,
93
,
116
,
176
ideas, general and particular
95
,
98
,
102
,
116
identification
134 –135
identity,
51
,
99.
See also
moi commun
imagination
xi
,
19 –20 59 –60 63
,
64
,
86
,
94 –95 96
,
97 –98 102
,
105
,
106
,
108
,
109
,
112
,
114
,
116
,
128 –129 131
,
137
,
147
,
149.
See also
conscience
;
language of signs
;
love
;
perfectibility
in libertate labor, in servitute dolor
5 –6 64
independence
14
,
30
,
60
,
66
,
70
,
131 176.
See also
division of labour
individualism, and individuality
150
,
152
,
154
,
160
,
171
industrialism
66 –67
industry
xi
,
5 –6 40 –41 54
,
58 –61 64
,
65 –66 84 –85 86
,
95
,
96
,
144 –146 149
,
153.
See also
agriculture
;
credit
;
division of labour
;
luxury
;
perfectibility
;
trade
inequality
17
,
27
,
31
,
47
,
51 –52 54
,
84
,
134
instinct
56 –57 63
,
64
,
94
,
147
interdependence
60 –61 66
,
149
,
176.
See also
division of labour
interest
3
,
5
,
22
,
24
,
32
,
35
,
46
,
74
,
81
,
87
,
101
,
115
,
120 –121 124 –126 129
,
133 –134 138
,
143
,
155 –156 161
,
164 –65. Jhering
rate of
40 –41 45
,
162
Jacobitism
47
Jansenism
62
,
79
,
101
Jay, John
ix
Jellinek, Georg
xii
,
153
,
154 –156 157 –159 166 –168 173
on Gierke
173
on Rousseau
155 –156 174
Jhering, Rudolf von
xii
,
157
,
159
,
163 –166 168
on rights and rules
163 –164
jury
40
justice
120
,
165
Kant, Immanuel
vii
,
viii
,
x
,
xii
,
13 –14 20
,
47
,
94
,
112
,
134
,
142
,
144
,
150 –151 163
,
168
,
176
and neo-Kantianism
13 –14. Cassirer
Kliyogg (the Rural Socrates)
30
Krause, Karl Friedrich Christian
158
,
161
language
51
,
88
,
95
,
147 –49. Herder
language of signs
20
,
86 –93 114
,
133
,
135
and ancient politics
87
in republican Rome,
87 –88 91 –92
law
xiii
,
2
,
17
,
113
,
115
,
135
,
152
,
157
,
159
,
163 –164 166 –168
and politics
168
and rights
163 –164
Roman
167
,
169
,
170
rule of
159
,
164
,
167 –168
and sovereignty
166 –168 177
Law, Edmund
9
Law, John
31
,
44
,
47
,
48
Le Mercier de la Rivière, Pierre-Paul
48
Legion of Honour
93
,
137
legislator
114
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm
143
,
147
liberty
6
,
39 –40
negative and positive
134.
See also
freedom
;
political economy
Lindet, Robert
28
Locke, John
1
,
101
,
114
love
19
,
51
,
99
,
100 –112 118
,
127
,
135
absolute
127
of beauty
118
,
135
comparative
127
of order
119
,
122 –124 129
,
134.
See also amour-de-soi; amour-propre
luxury
27
,
36
,
37
,
115
Mably, Gabriel Bonnot de
47
Machiavelli,
42
and grandezza
22
Madison James
ix
,
46
Maistre, Joseph de
153
majority, and minority
76
Malebranche, Nicolas
119
Malthus, Thomas Robert
56 –57 61
,
137
mandarins
45
Mandeville, Bernard
31 –32
manners
36
Marie-Antoinette,
3
,
4
and Rousseau
3
and cake
3
markets
x
,
xi
,
40 –41 43 –44 58
,
60
,
82 –83 145
,
149
,
177
marvellous, in life
3 –4 20
,
24 –25 27
,
116
Marx, Karl Heinrich
161
materialism, of the wise man
89
,
90
,
91
,
93
,
133
,
135.
See also
German idealism
;
language of signs
;
Rousseau, Confessions
Mercier, Louis-Sébastien
83
metapolitics
149
,
153
,
154
and metaphysics
153.
See also
civil society
Mirabeau, Victor de Riqueti, marquis de
48
,
49
,
50
,
101
,
146
modesty
105
,
106
,
108
mœurs
36
Mohl, Robert von
155
,
161
,
168
,
170
moi
99
,
131
and moi commun
viii
,
74
,
76
,
110
,
113
,
160.
See also
self
Molinism
101
monarchy
xi
,
27
,
31
,
36 –43 77
,
174
and reform
26 –30 52 –53
money
xiii
,
82
,
113
,
149
,
152
,
159
,
162
,
177
Montesquieu, Charles Louis de Secondat, baron de
x
,
31
,
32
,
33 –36 43
,
44
,
47
,
50
,
51
,
67
,
68
,
86
,
137
and credit
41 –42
and English constitution
32
,
39 –41
and intermediate powers
36
,
37 –38 39
and Machiavellism
42
and monarchy
36 –43
and Rousseau
33 –36 67
and trade
36 –37 40 –41
prophecy by
32
morality
35
,
50
,
109
,
116
,
118
,
120
,
128
,
131
,
134
,
136.
See also
conscience
; moi;
self
;
women
motivation
35
,
50
,
86
,
89
,
114
,
136
Muralt, Beat de
122
music
1
,
88
,
91
,
109
natural rights.
See
rights
nature, state of
51
,
131 –132
needs
51
,
52
Netherlands
31
Neuchâtel
30
,
65 –66 80
,
124
Newton, Isaac
and Rousseau, compared by Kant
20
Nietzsche, Friedrich
15
,
17
,
53
,
130
noble savage
29
Novalis
110
Ogilvie, William
47
opinion.
See
public opinion
organism, as metaphor of political society
4
,
74
,
151 –152 158
,
173
Ovid
108 –109
Paine, Tom
50
painting, and music
91
Paley, William
9
party-system
46
,
47
perception
147
perfectibility
xi
,
62 –64 66
,
67
,
68
,
95
,
98
,
142
,
148.
See also
freedom
perfection
103 –104 105
,
118
personality
15
,
150
,
160 –161 164
,
171
of state,
160 –161 162.
See also
Genossenschaft
;
Gierke
;
Jellinek
;
Stein
Physiocracy
44
,
45
,
47 –50 51
,
144 –146 149
pity
18 –19 99 –100 106
,
119
,
120
,
122
,
129 –130
Platonism, and division of labour
57
pluralism
173
,
176
Poland
23
,
76 –77 138.
See also
Rousseau
political economy of liberty
80
;
of modern Europe
55
,
167
political obligation
70
,
134 –135
politics, ancient and modern
4 –6 87 –88 109 –110 116
,
129
,
132
,
140
,
153
,
167 –168 171
Rousseau on
20
,
54
,
149 –150 173.
See also
federal system
;
metapolitics
polyarchy
xi
,
50
population
54
,
55
,
61
possession
51 –52
price theory
54
,
59
,
144 –145
pride.
See amour-propre
property
1
,
2
,
51 –52 61
,
80
,
114
,
162.
See also
possession
;
taxation
prose
88
Proudhon, Pierre Joseph
157
,
158
public debt
159
,
162 –163 177.
See also
money, Stein
public, and private
47
,
54
,
70
,
73
,
76
,
79
,
112
,
124 –125 126
,
138
,
165
public law, and private law
79
,
165
,
166
,
169.
See also
general will
;
will of all
public opinion
vii
,
7
,
46
,
91
,
92 –93 102
,
135
Pufendorf, Samuel
1
Rawls, John
16
reason
88
,
131
Rechtsstaat
14
,
15
,
31
,
52
,
54
,
156
,
176
recognition theory
15
reform
26 –33 36
,
43 –47 52
,
53
,
78 –80 146.
See also
Physiocracy
remorse
119.
See also
conscience
representation, political
31
,
68.
See also
government
republics
41
,
49 –50 174.
See also
federal system
;
government
;
politics
;
social democracy
ancient
132
bourgeois
xiii
compound
ix
federal
ix
,
xi
,
xiii
,
24
modern
ix
,
xiii
types of
ix
,
xiii
resentment
165.
See also
conscience
reserve bank
82 –83
revolution, Rousseau on
7
,
59
,
145
. See also
Burke
right, positive
113
rights, natural
70
rights, objective and subjective
163 –164 165
rights, perfect and imperfect
70
Ritchie, David George
viii
,
xi
,
xii
,
150
,
151
Robespierre, Maximilien
viii
,
28 –29
Rome
32
,
76
,
87
,
145
,
167
,
168
,
170
Rousseau, and concept of civil society
154
,
156
Gierke on
173
Hegel and
154 –156
Jellinek on
153 –156
Kant and
94
on Montesquieu
33 –35 80.
scholarship on
viii –ix 13 –17 53 –54 174 –176 Corsica
;
division of labour
;
Fall
;
federal system
;
general will
;
Geneva
;
gradated promotion
;
imagination
;
love
;
nature
;
Neuchâtel
;
Poland
;
politics
;
sovereignty
;
state
;
system
;
theodicy
;
will of all
;
women
Works by:
Confessions
xiii
,
3
,
12
,
20
,
86
,
89 –90 115
Considerations on the Government of Poland
xiii
,
6
,
7
,
11
,
18
,
23
,
50
,
55
,
76 –77 84
,
86
Discourse on Political Economy
74 –75 76
,
86
,
135
,
138
,
155
Discourse on the Arts and Sciences
2 –3 13
,
55 –56 86
,
141
Discourse on the Origin of Inequality
1
,
11
,
13
,
18
,
28
,
51
,
55
,
56
,
57 –59 63
,
64
,
67
,
80
,
86
,
88
,
95 –96 99
,
100
,
101
,
102
,
115
,
120
,
123
,
145
,
147
Emile
7
,
9
,
13
,
17
,
34 –35 36
,
50
,
59 –61 64
,
67
,
76
,
86
,
88
,
89
,
97
,
98
,
102
,
103
,
104
,
105
,
108
,
113
,
117
,
118
,
119
,
120
,
121
,
122
,
126
,
130
,
131
,
132
,
136
Essay on the Origin of Languages
xiii
,
11
,
18
,
86
,
88
,
89
,
91
,
99
,
100
,
101
,
106
Julie, ou la nouvelle Héloïse
17
,
30
,
50
,
86
,
90
,
96 –97 104
,
117
,
118
La morale sensitive
12
,
89
Le matérialisme du sage
12
,
89
,
133
Letter to Christophe de Beaumont
vii
,
18
,
122 –125 126
,
127
,
128
,
133
,
135
Letter to d’Alembert
65 –66 92 –93 106
,
117
Letters from the Mountain
4
,
5
,
6
,
8
,
68
Lettres morales
119 –120 122
,
132
Narcissus
115
,
119
,
125
,
141
Plan of a Constitution for Corsica
xiii
,
12
,
21
,
23
,
50
,
77 –79 82 –84 86
Political Institutes
12
Profession of Faith of the Savoyard Vicar
119
,
143
Pygmalion
108 –110
Rousseau, Judge of Jean-Jacques
3
,
10
,
11
,
18
,
115
,
126
,
128
,
129
,
132
,
133
Social Contract
1 –2 9
,
12
,
13
,
17
,
20
,
35
,
50
,
52
,
63
,
67
,
68
,
69
,
70
,
71
,
72
,
76
,
79
,
80
,
86
,
91 –92 112
,
151
,
152
,
155
,
165
The Levite of Ephraim
89
,
135
rules, legal
163
Saint-Just, Louis-Antoine
viii
Saint-Pierre, Charles Irénée Castel, abbé de
13
,
29
,
48
Saint-Simon, Claude Henri, comte de
157
,
168
,
169
Salentum
26
,
29
Salic laws
37
Say, Jean-Baptiste
29
Schiller, Friedrich
110
,
142
Schlegel, Friedrich
110
Schleiermacher, Friedrich
110 –111
Schlözer, August Ludwig von
153
Schmitt, Carl
175 –176
self
99; 109
,
131 –132 134
,
149
common
viii
,
ix
,
110
physical and moral
131
and self-approval
134
and self-interest
120 –121 164.
See alsoamour-propre; interest; moi
sensibilité
127
positive and negative
127
,
128
,
130 –131 132
separation of powers
40
,
46
,
136
shame
xi
,
92
,
106 –107. modesty
Shklar, Judith
176
Sieyès, Emmanuel Joseph
47
,
50
,
71
,
72
,
137
,
174
signs.
See
language of signs
slavery
4
,
6
,
150
Smith, Adam
9
,
93
,
134
,
176
social contract
51 –52 67 –68 69
,
72 –74 84
,
112 –113 114
,
150
,
173
social democracy
163
and liberalism
163
. See also
Stein
socialists
157
,
158
,
169.
See also
Saint-Simon
society
153 –154 157 –158 160
acquisitive
160 –161 162
and individual
150
,
152
,
154.
See also
civil society
;
individualism
sovereign
72
,
112
sleeping
139
,
140
,
171 –72. federal system
;
government
;
sovereignty
sovereignty
x
,
5
,
15
,
17
,
47
,
52
,
53
,
68
,
69
,
70
,
72 –73 113
,
138 –139 150
,
152
,
162
,
166 –168
absence of concept in Rome and Greece
167
in Jellinek
166 –168
and monarchy
174
and state
166 –168 177
Sparta
32
Spector, Céline
53
Spencer, Herbert
158
Staatenbund
23
,
138
Staël, Germaine de
110
,
143
Stanislas Leszczynski, king of Poland
5
,
6
,
64
Starobinski, Jean
16
,
53
state
135
,
150
,
152
,
155
,
161
,
166
,
168
,
171
auto-limitation of
159
,
166 –168
bureaucratic
162
and civil society
72
,
152 –155 157
,
158
,
160
,
166
federal
139
fiscal
81
and general will
155
,
160
,
165
,
167
personality of,
160 –161 162
sovereignty and
166 –167 177
two-sided nature of
159 –160 166 –68. federal system
;
government
;
Jellinek
;
law
;
sovereignty
;
Stein
Stein, Lorenz von
xii
,
157
,
158
,
159 –163 168
,
176
on public debt,
162 –163
Steuart, Sir James
47
Strauss, Leo
viii
,
xi
,
xii
,
16
,
53
,
150
subject
69
,
70
subject, autonomy of
15 –16 54
,
134
,
150
subsistence goods
54
,
65
suffrage
163.
See also
elections
Süssmilch, Johann Peter
147
Switzerland
ix
,
153
system, in Rousseau’s thought
10 –11 15
,
115
,
116
,
141 –142 149
,
176
Tacitus
39
taxation
54 –55 68
,
80 –82 83
,
145
,
161
theodicy
14 –15 141 –144 146
,
149.
See also
causation
Tocqueville, Alexis de
17
,
24
totalitarianism, and Rousseau
xii
,
20 –21 54
,
152
trade
36 –37 40 –41 82 –83 115
,
153
Tuck, Richard
53
Tucker, Josiah
9
United States of America
24
,
139
universitas and societas, in Roman law
170
utility
120
,
164 –165 169
and the arts
60
and the law
165
,
169.
See also
imagination
;
luxury
Vaughan, Charles Edwyn
152
Vauvenargues, marquis de
101
Villers, Charles de
110
virtue
21
,
29
,
35
,
36
,
45
,
53
,
63
,
77
,
82
,
90
,
103
,
104
,
115 –118 124
,
129
,
132
,
135
,
143
simulacrum of
115
,
116
,
119
,
125
,
135
volonté de tous
151.
See also
will of all
volonté générale
viii
,
ix
,
151.
See also
general will
Voltaire, François Arouet de
10
,
29
,
31
,
32
,
57
,
61
war
9
Weber, Alfred
175
Weber, Max
4
,
17
,
175
,
176
will, and freedom
62
,
132.
See also
general will
;
sovereignty
will of all
viii
,
24
,
71
,
75
,
113
,
151 –152 155 –156 159
,
167
women
33
,
37
,
103
,
105 –108 109 –111 136 –137
words, spoken and written
88
work, and freedom
5 –6 64