1.1 Woodcut by Conrad Schnitt with distichs by Erasmus (?). Source: Hieronymus F. (ed.), Oberrheinische Buchillustration 2: Basler Buchillustration 1500–1545 (Basel 1984): 642 17
1.2 [Europa regina]. Woodcut by Johannes Putsch. Source: Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum, Innsbruck (Historische Sammlungen, Inv. Nr. K 5/84) 19
3.1 “Mappa mundi”, illustrating a manuscript of Commentary on the Apocalypse by Beatus of Liébana, eleventh century. Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Par. lat. 8878, ff. 45v–46r. Source https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatus_of_Li%C3%A9bana#/media/File:Beatus_map.jpg (accessed 19 June 2018, public domain) 59
3.2 Abraham Ortelius, “Typus Orbis Terrarum”, from his Theatrum Orbis Terrarum (Antwerp: 1570). Source https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/1572_Typus_Orbis_Terrarum_Ortelius.jpg (accessed 19 June 2018, public domain) 60
3.3 Gerard Mercator, world map, “Nova et Aucta Orbis Terrae Descriptio ad Usum Navigantium Emendate Accommodata” (1569). Source https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Mercator_1569_world_map_composite.jpg (accessed 19 June 2018, public domain) 62
3.4 Gerard van Keulen, “Nieuwe wassende graaden paskaart vertoonende alle de bekende zeekusten en landen op den geheelen aard boodem of werelt” (Amsterdam, after 1720). Image © Portland, University of Southern Maine, Osher Map Library and Smith Center for Cartographic Education (OS-1720-10). By kind permission 64
3.5 John Stafford, the continents personified, London (ca. 1634). London, British Museum, Museum numbers 1870,0514.1176-1179. Source © The Trustees of the British Museum 67
3.6 Abraham Ortelius, title page, from his Theatrum Orbis Terrarum (Antwerp: 1570). Amsterdam, University Library, Special Collections. By kind permission 69
3.7 Jan van der Straet (Stradanus), Amerigo Vespucci meeting America (1589). Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Stradanus_America.jpg (accessed 19 June 2018, public domain) 71
3.8 Henricus Hondius, “Nova Totius Terrarum Orbis Geographica”, Amsterdam (1630). Amsterdam, University Library, Special Collections. By kind permission 73
3.9 Henricus Hondius, “Nova Totius Terrarum Orbis Geographica”, detail of Fig. 3.8, Amsterdam (1630). Amsterdam, University Library, Special Collections. By kind permission 74
4.1 (top left) Giovanni de Vecchi, “Allegory of Europe”, top right corner of the fresco “The world” (1573–1575), fresco. Caprarola, Villa Farnese, Sala del Mappamondo. Image © Polo Museale del Lazio — Archivio fotografico 80
4.2 (bottom) Paolo Farinati, “Allegory of Europe” (1595), fresco. Mezzane di Sotto, Villa della Torre. Image © Winch84567, 2008, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Allegory_of_Europe.jpg [5.10.2018] 80
4.3 (top right) “Allegory of Europe”, etching illustration to Cesare Ripa’s Iconologia […] (Roma, Lepido Faeij: 1603) fol. 333. Heidelberg, Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg (C 5456 A RES). Image © Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg 80
4.4 Graph representing the number of instances in which the four continents iconography appears, based on building type and sub-region within the Baroque high-density area, from the sixteenth till eighteenth century. Image © Marion Romberg 85
4.5 Johann Baptist Enderle, “Continent allegories” (1756), choir fresco, Mussenhausen, Our Lady of Mount Carmel. Image © Marion Romberg 87
4.6 Carl Conrad Prauneck, “Scenes from the life of St. John the Baptist” (1736), Rennertshofen, St. Johannes Baptist, nave ceiling. Image © Marion Romberg 89
4.7 Joseph Mages, “The allegories of the four continents”, detail from the nave fresco “Adoration of Our Lady of the Rosary by the four continents” (1756), fresco, Dasing, St Martin. Image © Marion Romberg 91
4.8 Christoph Thomas Scheffler, “Adoration of Mary by the four continents” (1740), fresco, Witzighausen, Mariä Geburt, southern transept. Image © Marion Romberg 92
4.9 Johann Christian Wink, “The local and global community of faith”, detail of the nave fresco “Adoration of the Virgin’s Apotheosis by the four continents” (1789), fresco, Rettenbach, Mariä Heimsuchung. Image © Marion Romberg 93
4.10 Johann Baptist Enderle, “Allegory of Europe”, Detail from the nave fresco “Adoration of Maria Immaculata by the four continents” (1769), fresco, Buggenhofen, Mariä Himmelfahrt. Image © Marion Romberg 95
4.11 Sébastien Pinssio, “Maria Theresa” (1757), etching. Vienna, Austrian National Library, Bildarchiv und Grafiksammlung, Porträtsammlung (PORT_00047609_01). Image © Vienna, Austrian National Library 95
4.12 Josef Adam Mölk, “Allegory of Europe” (1755), fresco, Matrei am Brenner, Mariä Himmelfahrt. Image © Josef Köstlbauer 96
4.13 Interior of the church with people sitting in pews divided by gender (left = women and right = men) and Johann Jacob Fröschle, “Adoration of the picture of mercy by the four continents” (1767), fresco, Haupeltshofen, Mariä Himmelfahrt. Image © Marion Romberg 100
4.14 Gottfried Bernhard Göz and Franz Anton Zeiller, “Teaching the children the rosary and the four continents”, detail from the altar painting “Adoration of Our Lady of Rosary by the four continents” (1748), oil on canvas, Scheer, St. Nikolaus, left side altar. Image © Marion Romberg 101
5.1 Peter Paul Rubens, “Peace nourishes wealth” (1629–1630). Oil on canvas, 203,5 × 298 cm. London, National Gallery; Laneyrie-Dagen N., Rubens (Paris: 2003) 243, fig. 129 108
5.2 Luca Giordano, “Rubens painting ‘The Allegory of Peace’” (late 1670s?). Oil on canvas, 337 × 414 cm. Madrid, Museo Nacional del Prado; Luca Giordano, L’opera complete, ed. O. Ferrari – G. Scavizzi. 2 vols. (Naples: 1992), vol. 1, 30–31, 263–264, no. A88, fig. 16 109
5.3 Peter Paul Rubens after Titian, “The Abduction of Europa” (1628–1629). Oil on canvas, 181 × 200 cm. Madrid, Museo Nacional del Prado; Wood J., Rubens: Copies and Adaptions from Renaissance and Later Artists. Italian Masters II: Titian and North Italian Art, Corpus Rubeniarum Ludwig Burchard 26 (London: 2010) vol. 1 178–186, No. 122 116
5.4 Titian, “The Abduction of Europa” (1559–1562). Oil on canvas, 178 × 205 cm. Boston, Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum; The Paintings of Titian. Complete Edition, ed. H.E. Wethey, 3 vol. (London: 1969–1975) vol. 3, Cat. no. 32, Pl. 141 117
5.5 Peter Paul Rubens, “Austria besieged by Enemies” or “Europe lamenting” (1622). Oil on wood, 51 × 66,5 cm. Musée Fabre, Montpellier; Frieden. Wie im Himmel so auf Erden, exh.-cat. ed. Bistum Münster (Münster: 2018) 217, Cat. no. 79 125
5.6 Conrad Schnitt, “Jupiter Europam, vera est si fabula […]” (around 1520). Pen and ink. Distichs by Desiderius Erasmus [?]. Hieronymus F., Oberrheinische Buchillustration. 2. Basler Buchillustration 1500–1545, exh. cat. Universitäts-Bibliothek Basel (Basel: 1984), XIX, 741 127
5.7 Peter Paul Rubens, “The Consequences of War” (1637/1638). Oil on canvas, 206 × 345 cm. Florence, Palazzo Pitti, Galleria Palatina; Von Simson O.G., Peter Paul Rubens (1577–1640). Humanist, Maler und Diplomat, Berliner Schriften zur Kunst 8 (Mainz: 1996), fig. XVII 131
5.8 “Veneri Victrici”, in Gevartius Jan Caspar, Pompa Introitus […] Ferdinandi […] (Antwerp: 1642) 91 134
5.9 Peter Paul Rubens, “Pallas and Arachne” (1636–1638). Oil on wood, 27 × 38 cm. Richmond, Virginia, The Virginia Museum of Fine Arts 140
5.10 Cornelis Galle after a drawing by Erasmus Quellinus after an invention by Peter Paul Rubens, “The Abduction of Europa” as a vignette (1640). Copperplate as title page to Luitprand (ed.), Opera, de la Higuera P. Hieronymus (Antwerp: 1640). Book Illustrations and Title-Pages, 2 vol., ed. J.R. Judson – C. Van de Velde, Corpus Rubenianum Ludwig Burchard, 21 (Brussels: 1978) vol. 1, 319–322, Cat. no. 78 142
5.11 Cornelis Galle after Peter Paul Rubens, “Portrait of Don Gaspar de Guzmán, Count of Olivares, Duke of San Lucar”. Copperplate in Luitprand (ed.), Opera, de la Higuera P. Hieronymus (Antwerp: 1640). Book Illustrations and Title-Pages, 2 vol., ed. J.R. Judson – C. Van de Velde, Corpus Rubenianum Ludwig Burchard 21 (Brussels: 1978) vol. 1 322–324, Cat. no. 79 143
6.1 Peter Apian, Cosmographia (Antwerp: 1540), fol. XVIIr. [Typ 530.40 150]. Houghton Library, Harvard University 164
6.2 Peter Apian, Cosmographia (Antwerp: 1540), fol. XXVIIv. [Typ 530.40 150]. Houghton Library, Harvard University 170
12.1 Europa begs for help from Britannia. Frontispiece of Isaac de Larrey’s Histoire d’Angleterre, d’Écosse et d’Irlande (1697–1713), after a grisaille painting by Adriaen van der Werff (1697). Image © Trustees of the British Museum 303
15.1 Der Staat von Portugall (Halle/Saale: Rengerische Buchhandlung, 1704), 1 (title page). Image © Herzog August Bibliothek Wolfenbüttel: Gi 397 365
15.2 Staat von Franckreich (Halle/Saale, Rengerische Buchhandlung: 1705), 5–6 (table of contents). Image © Herzog August Bibliothek Wolfenbüttel: QuN 512 (4) 368
15.3 Einleitung zu den Europäischen Staaten und Derselben Beschluß (Frankfurt/Main – Leipzig, Rengerische Buchhandlung: 1708), frontispiece. Image © Herzog August Bibliothek Wolfenbüttel: Gb 298:1 (1) 371