0.1 Three ancient mosaics on Ben Gurion airport wall, 2004 2
0.2 Osnat Eshel, Israeli banknote of 20 new Israeli shekels with a portrait of Poet Rachel, 2017. Photo courtesy The Bank of Israel 2
0.3 Osnat Eshel, Israeli banknote of 100 new Israeli shekels with a portrait of Poet Leah Goldberg, 2017. Photo courtesy The Bank of Israel 2
0.4 Busts of presidents of Israel at the Presidential Mansion in Jerusalem 9
0.5 Various shapes of menorah bases and branches 10
1.1 Ephraim Mose Lilien (1874–1925) 19
1.2 Ephraim Mose Lilien, Angel Gabriel and Satan, illustration for Der Engel (The Angel) in Juda, 1900 20
1.3 Ephraim Mose Lilien, Expulsion from Eden, illustration in Bücher der Bibel (Books of the Bible), 1908 27
1.4 Ephraim Mose Lilien, Creation of Man, illustration in Lieder des Ghetto (Poems of the Ghetto), 1903 27
1.5 Ephraim Mose Lilien, Sabbath, illustration in Ost und West, 1904 28
1.6 Ephraim Mose Lilien, In Memoriam of the Kishinev Martyrs, 1904, illustration in Ost und West, December 1904 29
1.7 Walter Crane, Genius of Mechanical Invention Linking Agriculture and Commerce, plaster frieze 31
1.8 Walter Crane, Genius of Electricity Linking the Different Parts of the World, plaster frieze 31
1.9 Ephraim Mose Lilien, Title Page for Ost und West, 1904 32
1.10 Ephraim Mose Lilien, Personal Ex-Libris, 1901, illustration in Ost und West, 1904 34
1.11 Ephraim Mose Lilien, Isaiah, illustration in Juda, 1900 34
1.11a Ephraim Mose Lilien, Isaiah detail 35
1.12 The Sacred Heart, a popular poster 35
1.13 Ephraim Mose Lilien, Dror (Freedom), Design for a stained glass window for the ‘Bnai Brith’ Club in Hamburg, illustration in Ost und West, 1904 36
1.14 Theodor Herzl 37
1.15 Ephraim Mose Lilien, Mose (Moses), illustration in Bücher der Bibel (Books of the Bible), 1908 37
1.16 Ephraim Mose Lilien, Heinatlos (Without a Homeland), illustration in Ost und West, 1904 38
1.17 Ephraim Mose Lilien, Portrait of Max Nordau, illustration in Ost und West, 1904 38
1.18 Ephraim Mose Lilien, Passover, illustration in Juda, 1900 39
1.19 Ephraim Mose Lilien, Der Judische Mai (The Jewish Month of May), illustration in Ost und West, 1904 39
1.20 Ephraim Mose Lilien, Von Ghetto nach Zion (From the Ghetto to Zion), Illustration for a poster commemorating the 5th Zionist Congress, 1902, illustration in Ost und West, 1904 40
2.1 Boris Schatz 43
2.2 Ze’ev Raban, Title page of Boris Schatz’s Jerusalem Rebuilt, a Day Dream, 1923 45
2.3 Title Page of William Morris’ News from Nowhere, 1891 45
2.4 Yosef Minor (architect), Katzman House, Ahad Ha’am street, Tel Aviv (before it was torn down). Photo courtesy of Zvika Zelikowitch 48
2.5 Katzman House, details: (from left to right, top to bottom) King David, Prophet Isaiah, Prophet Jeremiah, Prophet Elijah. Photos courtesy of Zvika Zelikowitch 49
2.6 Boris Schatz, Matathias (whereabouts unknown). Photo courtesy Schatz Estate, Jerusalem 51
2.6a Benvenuto Cellini, Perseus and the Severed Head of Medusa, 1545–1554, bronze, Florence, Loggia dei Lanzi. Photo courtesy Wikipedia By Paolo Villa—Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0 51
2.7 Death mask, last painting, palette and brushes of artist-teacher Shmuel Ben David put on display at the Bezalel courtyard, 1927. Photo courtesy Schatz Estate, Jerusalem 53
2.8 Boris Schatz, Memorial Plaque for Eliezer Ben Yehuda, 1923, plaster relief. Photo published in Boris Schatz, his Life and Work, Monography, Jerusalem, 1925 55
2.9 Boris Schatz, Plaque in Honor of Otto Warburg, plaster relief. Photo published in Boris Schatz, his Life and Work, Monography, Jerusalem, 1925 56
2.10 Boris Schatz, Memorial Plaque for Theodor Herzl, 1905, plaster relief. Photo published in Boris Schatz, his Life and Work, Monography, Jerusalem, 1925 57
2.11 Avraham Melnikov, Memorial to the Heroes of Tel Chai, 1934, stone. Photo courtesy Wikipedia By CC BY 2.5 59
2.12a Shamir Brothers Studio and Ya’akov Zim, Israeli half a pound note, 1958. Photo courtesy The Bank of Israel 61
2.12b Shamir Brothers Studio and Ya’akov Zim, Israeli five-pound note, 1958. Photo courtesy The Bank of Israel 61
2.12c Shamir Brothers Studio and Ya’akov Zim, Israeli ten-pound note, 1958. Photo courtesy The Bank of Israel 61
2.13a Zvi Narkis, Israeli one hundred new shekels note (with a portrait of President Yitzhak Ben Zvi), 1976. Photo courtesy The Bank of Israel 62
2.13b Dutch artists, Israeli fifty old shekels note (with a portrait of Prime Minister David Ben Gurion), 1977. Photo courtesy The Bank of Israel 62
2.13c Paul Kor and Adrian Sanger, Israeli one new shekel note (with a portrait of Sir Moses Montefiore), 1980. Photo courtesy The Bank of Israel 62
2.14a Israeli banknote of 100 new Israeli shekels (with a portrait of President Yitzhak Ben Zvi), 1976. Photo courtesy The Bank of Israel 63
2.14b Israeli banknote of 100 new Israeli shekels, detail 63
2.15a Israeli banknote of 50 new Israeli shekels (with a portrait of poet Shaul Tchernichovsky), 2015. Photo courtesy The Bank of Israel 65
2.15b Israeli banknote of 100 new Israeli shekels (with a portrait of poet Natan Alterman, 2015. Photo courtesy The Bank of Israel 65
Chapter 3 illustrations 3.1–3.9 courtesy of Dafna Winter, The Artist Estate
3.1 Ze’ev Raban, Portrait of the Artist’s Wife, 1920s 72
3.2 Ze’ev Raban, Title Page of The Song of Songs, Jerusalem, Shulamit Publication, 1923 73
3.3 Ze’ev Raban, You are Beautiful my Love…., illustration in The Song of Songs, 1923 75
3.4 Ze’ev Raban, Let him Kiss me with the Kisses of his Mouth…. illustration in The Song of Songs, 1923 76
3.5 Ze’ev Raban, My love, Let us Go out to the Fields, …, illustration in The Song of Songs, 1923 77
3.6 Ze’ev Raban, I Made you Swear, Daughters of Jerusalem, …, illustration in The Song of Songs, 1923 78
3.7 Ze’ev Raban, As an Apple in the Orchard so is my Lover among Men…., illustration in The Song of Songs, 1923 78
3.8 Ze’ev Raban, Who is that Coming out of the Wilderness, illustration in The Song of Songs, 1923 79
3.9 Ze’ev Raban, I Wish You were as a Brother to me …, illustration in The Song of Songs, 1923 80
3.10 Actress Theda Bara in the silent film Cleopatra, 1917. Photo courtesy Wikipedia, public domain 81
4.1 The Municipal School, Ahad Ha’Am street, Tel Aviv (built 1924). Photo courtesy Avi Hay 84
4.2 If I forget thee, O Jerusalem, May my Right Hand Forget her Cunning. Ceramic tile decoration above the central doorway of The Municipal School. Photo by the author 85
4.3 David Friedlander, Zecher laChurban (Al Naharot Bavel) (Memorial to the Destruction of the Temple, or, On the Rivers of Babylon), 18th century, wall painting in the wooden Synagogue in Grojec, Poland (destroyed by the Nazis in World War II). Photo in George Lukomski, Jewish Art in European Synagogues, from the Middle Ages to the Eighteenth Century, London and New York: Hutchinson Publications, 1947 86
4.4 Bezalel Ceramic Workshops, “I will Build you up Again and You will be Rebuilt, O Virgin Israel, 1920s, ceramic tile decoration on the façade of a Tel Aviv building. Photo courtesy Zvika Zelikowitch 88
4.5 The official emblem of the Tel Aviv Municipality (designed in 1924) 88
4.6 Ze’ev Raban, Jaffa, 1923, from the series 10 Towns of The Land of Israel. Photo courtesy Dafna Winter, The Artist’s Estate, Jerusalem 89
4.7 Ze’ev Raban, Tiberias, 1923, from the series 10 Towns of The Land of Israel. Photo courtesy Dafna Winter, The Artist’s Estate, Jerusalem 90
4.8 Bezalel Ceramic Workshops, Tiberias, ceramic tile decoration on the façade of The Municipal School. Photo courtesy Avi Hay 91
4.8a The Nordau boat, photograph from the 1920s 92
4.9 Bezalel Ceramic Workshops, Haifa, ceramic tile decoration on the façade of The Municipal School. Photo courtesy Avi Hay 93
4.10 Bezalel Ceramic Workshops, Hebron, ceramic tile decoration on the façade of The Municipal School. Photo courtesy Avi Hay 94
4.11 Bezalel Ceramic Workshops, Jaffa, ceramic tile decoration on the façade of The Municipal School. Photo courtesy Avi Hay 95
Plate 1 Cover of Gan Gani, Sefer la’Em velaYeled (Kindergarten, my kindergarten, a Book for Mothers and Children), edited and selected texts by Levin Kipnis and Yemima Tchernowitz, illustrations by Isa, Tel Aviv, Tversky Publication, 1949 100
5.1 The Israeli Scroll of Independence, 1949, pen and ink on vellum. Photo courtesy Wikipedia, public domain 104
5.2 Leningrad Codex, 1008, Russian National Library, St. Petersburg, detail. Photo courtesy Wikipedia By Shmuel ben Ya’akov 105
5.3 Ashkenazi script 106
5.4 Sephardic script 106
5.5 The Israeli Scroll of Independence, pen and ink on vellum, detail 107
5.5a Walisch and Sidner’s script 108
5.4a Sephardic script 108
5.6 Israel’s Scroll of Independence taken out of its container for a recent (2017) taking of a professional photograph at the Israel State Archive. Photo courtesy Israel State Archive 108
5.7a, b David Gumbel. Container for Israel’s Scroll of Independence, 1949, silver, Jerusalem, State Archive. Photo by the author 110
5.8 David Tartakover, Plate 13 of the Declaration of the Foundation of the State, 21 Plates on [Israel’s] Scroll of Independence series, 1988. Photo courtesy David Tartakover 112
5.9 David Tartakover, Kama Medinat Israel, Tama haYeshiva haZot, (The State of Israel is Founded, this Meeting is Adjourned), Plate 19 of The Declaration of the Foundation of the State, 21 Plates on [Israel’s] Scroll of Independence series, 1988. Photo courtesy David Tartakover 114
6.1 The dais during the proclamation of the founding of the State of Israel ceremony, 1948. Photo courtesy Wikipedia by Rudi Weissenstein—Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs 116
6.2 The official proclamation of the Israeli flag, 1948 117
6.3 Variations of the six-pointed star design 119
6.4 Two triangles forming the shape of the six-pointed star. Illustration by the author 119
6.5 The six-pointed star as a magic symbol 120
6.6 The six-pointed star on an amulet 120
6.7 The Jewish Star on a printer’s banner, 16th century 121
6.8 The Jewish Star on a printer’s banner from Prague, 16th century 121
6.9 Flag of the Bnay Zion Association in Boston, 1891 125
6.10 Nissim Sabach, Proposal for Israel’s National Flag, 1948, Israel State Archive, Flag and Emblem File 126
6.11 Herzl’s proposal for a flag for the future Jewish State 126
6.12 Anonymous artist, Five Variations for a Proposed Israeli Flag, 1948, Israel State Archive, Flag and Emblem File 127
6.13 Mordechai Nimtza-Bi, Proposals for the Israeli flag, 1949 in Hadegel (The flag), 1948. Author’s collection. Photo by the author 128
6.14 Oteh Walisch, Proposal for the Israeli flag, 1948. Israel State Archive, Flag and Emblem File 129
6.15 The Yellow Badge, a badge of shame for Jews made by Nazi Germany 130
6.16 Ohad Shaltiel, Mishmeret 1 (Watch 1, literally, First watch), 1977, tar on canvas, mixed media, 180 × 60 × 15 cm. Photo courtesy Ohad Shaltiel 132
6.17 Eitan Busheri & Tomer Shemi, Hamishim Shana liMdinat Yisrael [Israel’s 50th anniversary], 1998, poster, author’s collection. Photo by the author 133
6.18 Logo of El Al National Israeli Airlines 135
6.19 Logo of Israir Israeli Airlines 135
7.1 Official declaration of Israel’s National Emblem 137
7.2 Walisch and Strossky, Proposal for Israel’s National Emblem, 1948 138
7.3 The Temple Menorah as depicted in relief on the Triumphal arch of Titus in Rome, illustration in Schiyot haMikra (Treasures of the Bible) Berlin, 1923 139
7.4a Ismar David and Yerachmiel Schechter, Proposal for Israel’s National Emblem, 1949 (first version) 141
7.4b David and Schechter, Proposal for Israel’s National Emblem, 1949 (second version) 141
7.5 Synagogue floor mosaic decoration, 6th century CE, Jericho 142
7.6 Seals unearthed in Palestine with the inscription “To the King,” illustration in Schiyot haMikra (Treasures of the Bible) Berlin, 1923 142
7.7 Nachshon, Proposal for Israel’s National Emblem, 1948 144
7.8 An unknown designer, Proposal for Israel’s National Emblem, 1948 145
7.9 Dr. Solnik, Proposal for Israel’s National Emblem, 1948 145
7.10 Unknown designer, Proposal for Israel’s National Emblem, 1948 146
7.11 Unknown designer, Proposal for Israel’s National Emblem, 1948 146
7.12 The Shamir Brothers Studio, Proposal for Israel’s National Emblem, 1948 (first version) 147
7.12a The Shamir Brothers Studio, Proposal for Israel’s National Emblem, 1948 (second version) 148
7.13 The Shamir Brothers Studio, Final version of a proposal for Israel’s National Emblem, 1949 149
7.14 Yosef haTzarfati, Vision of Prophet Zacharia (carpet page from The Cervera Bible), 1300, illuminated manuscript. Photo courtesy Wikipedia, By Samuel ben Abraham ibn Nathan 151
7.15 The Shamir Brothers Studio, The official National Emblem of Israel, 1949 155
7.16 A brochure issued by Israel’s Foreign Ministry explaining the symbolism of the State’s official emblem 156
7.17 Column base frieze in the Temple of Apollo at Didyma, 4th century BCE Photo Wikipedia 157
8.1 Luigi Ademollo, Preparation of the Captives and the Spoils of War Taken during the Conquest of Jerusalem for Emperor Titus’ Triumphal March in Rome, ca. 1838, etching and aquatint, 68 × 50 cm. Rechovot, Chaim and Vera Weitzman House Collection. Photo by the author 161
8.2 Luigi Ademollo, Emperor Titus’ Triumphal March in Rome After the Destruction of Jerusalem, ca. 1838, etching and aquatint, 50 × 68 cm. Rechovot, Chaim and Vera Weitzman House Collection. Photo by the author 162
8.2a Luigi Ademollo, Emperor Titus’ Triumphal March in Rome after the Destruction of Jerusalem, detail, The Candelabrum Brought into the Temple of Peace 162
8.2b Luigi Ademollo, Emperor Titus’ Triumphal March in Rome after the Destruction of Jerusalem, detail, The Book of the Law and the Temple Curtain put in the Palatine Library 163
8.3 Ze’ev Raban, Tish’ah be’Av (The ninth of Ab), illustration in Chageynu (Our Holidays), 1920s, New York, Miller Lynn Publications 164
8.4 The Arch of Titus, 1942, stamp from The Diaspora series, issued by the Jewish National Fund, 1942. Photo courtesy The Jewish National Fund Archive, Jerusalem 166
8.5 Arieh Allweil, On the Way to Liberated Jerusalem, 1949, illustration in a Passover Haggadah, tempera on paper, 62 × 50 cm. Photo courtesy Nava Rosenfeld, the Artist’s Estate, Tel Aviv 168
8.6 Aba Fenichel, The Temple Menorah Returns Home, 1950, caricature in Ha’aretz daily paper 169
8.7 Benno Elkan, The Knesset Menorah, 1956, bronze, Jerusalem, garden of the Knesset. Photo by the author 171
8.8 Bernard Engel, Sketch showing the proposed future installation of Elkan’s Knesset Menorah, 1954, in The Menorah Fund Committee, British Gift to Israel, brochure. Photo by the author 175
8.9 Sculptor Benno Elkan working on The New Testament Candelabrum, 1940, in The Menorah Fund Committee, British Gift to Israel, Brochure. Photo by the author 177
8.9a Benno Elkan, A Sketch for The Old Testament Candelabrum in The Menorah Fund Committee, British Gift to Israel, Brochure. Photo by the author 177
8.10 The Trivulzio Candelabrum, c. 1200, with additions of the mid-sixteenth century, bronze with inlaid gemstones, approx. 5 by 4 m, St. Mary of the Wood Chapel, Milan Cathedral. Photo courtesy Wikipedia, by G.dallorto—Own work, CC BY-SA 2.5 it 177
8.11 Two types of the seven-branched candelabrum. Illustration by the author 178
8.12 Benno Elkan, Sketch showing the various reliefs on The Knesset Menorah, 1954 in The Menorah Fund Committee, British Gift to Israel, Brochure. Photo by the author 181
8.7a Benno Elkan, Ruth and Rachel, reliefs on The Knesset Menorah 181
8.13 Natan Rapoport, Megilat ha’Esh (The Scroll of Fire), 1969, bronze monument, Forest of Martyrs, Kssalon Settlement. Photo courtesy Steven Fine 184
8.14 Natan Rapoport, Memorial Reliefs, 1980, New York, Park Avenue Synagogue 185
8.15 Michael Druks, Menorah, wax and wicks, exhibited and self-consumed in 1983 186
8.16 Ministry of the Interior and of Happiness, Identity Card of Nachman from Uman, plastic binder for an incantation, author’s collection, photo by the author 187
9.1 The Roman Judaea capta coin, 81 CE, photo courtesy Wikipedia, by Classical Numismatic Group, Inc. 190
9.2 The Judaea capta coin, 71 CE 190
9.3 Medal commemorating the victory of Polish King Stefan Batori on Russian Czar Ivan the Terrible, 1583 192
9.4 E. M. Lilien, By the Rivers of Babylon, 1910, etching, published in Ost und West, 1904 193
9.5 Leah, a student of the Evelyn de Rothschild Girls School in the role of The Weeping Daughter of Zion, photograph published in Ost und West, May, 1907 195
9.6 Heiman Perlzweig, Frontispiece for the musical score of the Redemption March, London, 1922 197
9.7 New Year’s greeting card from Germany, 1909 197
9.8 Ya’akov Ben Dov, Frontispiece of The Liberated Judea film program, 1918 198
9.9 Ze’ev Raban, Cover of an envelope containing a series of postcards dedicated to The Jewish Battalions in Palestine, 1918. Courtesy of Dafna Winter, the Artist’s Estate, Jerusalem 199
9.10a Bezalel Workshops, The Judaea capta coin, ceramic tile decoration on an entrance lobby column in Bialik’s house, Tel Aviv. Photo courtesy Wikipedia, By Talmoryair—Own work, CC BY 3.0 199
9.10b Bezalel Workshops, The Judea Frees Herself Coin, ceramic tile decoration on an entrance lobby column in Bialik’s house, Tel Aviv. Photo courtesy Wikipedia, By Talmoryair—Own work, CC BY 3.0 199
9.11 New Year’s greeting card, New York, early 20th century 200
9.12 Official flag of the Beytar Association in Dieburg, Germany; the inscription in Hebrew reads In blood and fire Judea fell—in blood and fire Judea will rise 201
9.13a Michael Kara, Judea Restituta (sketch for a proposed medal), 1949, plaster relief (whereabouts unknown), photograph. Author’s collection 202
9.13b Michael Kara, Judea Restituta (sketch for a proposed medal), 1949, plaster relief, Boaz Kritchmer’s collection. Photo courtesy Boaz Kritchmer, Kibbutz Tze’elim 202
9.14 Envelope commemorating the country’s first Independence Day, 1949. Photo courtesy Israel Philatelic Authorities 203
9.15 Oteh Walisch, Ten Years of Liberty (ISRAEL LIBERATA), 1958, gold medal, circumference: 2.7 cm 204
9.16a Studio Roli (Rothchild and Lifman), sketches for ISRAEL LIBERATED 1948, 1958, plaster casts, Boaz Kritchmer’s collection, Photo courtesy Boaz Kritchmer, Kibbutz Tze’elim 205
9.16b Studio Roli (Rothschild and Lifman), JUDEA CAPTIVE 70 CE ISRAEL LIBERATED 1948, 1958, bronze medal, circumference: 60 mm 205
9.17 Ilan Molcho, Yehuda haShvuya (The Captured Judea), 1984, poster. Photo courtesy lan Molcho 207
10.1 Illustration for “To Him who led his People in the Wilderness” in The Florsheim Haggadah, ca. 1503. North Italy, Zurich, Florsheim Collection 212
10.2 Jacob Judah Leon Templo, Retrato del Tabernaculo de Moseh (Description of Moses’ Tabernacle), 1654, Amsterdam: Gillis Joosten, Leeds Collection 212
10.3 Frontispiece to a Geneva version of the Bible, London 1599, Lib., Bib. Eng. 1599e.3(I), first title page, Bodleian Library, Oxford 214
10.3a Frontispiece to a Geneva version of the Bible, details 214
10.4 The Patriarchs banners as described in Numbers Rabbah. Reconstruction by the author. The pairs are (top to bottom, left to right) Reuben and Levi, Simeon and Judah, Issachar and Zebulun, Dan and Gad, Naphtali and Asher, Ephraim-Manasse and Benjamin 217
10.5 Jan Luyken Willem Goeree, The Emblems of the Twelve Tribes of Israel, illustration in a Dutch Bible, 1683 219
10.6 Artist unknown, Emblem of the Tribe of Zebulun (right) and Emblem of the Tribe of Dan, late 19th century, wall paintings on the Torah Ark, Synagogue in Cekiske, Lithuania. Photo: Vitalii Cerviakov courtesy of The Center for Jewish Art, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 219
10.7, 10.8 Avraham Mendel Grünberg (Grinberg), Banner of the Tribe of Judah, Banner of the Tribe of Zebulun, wall paintings, ca. 1900–1920, The Great Synagogue in Harlau, Romania. Photo by Boris Khaimovitch, courtesy of The Center for Jewish Art, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 220
10.9, 10.10 Avraham Mendel Grünberg (Grinberg), Banner of the Tribe of Zebulun, Banner of the Tribe of Benjamin, wall paintings, 1927–1928, Grain Merchants’ Synagogue in Bacau, Romania. Photo by Boris Khaimovitch, courtesy of The Center for Jewish Art, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 220
10.11 The Essen Synagogue, inaugurated 1913, destroyed during Kristallnacht 1938 and restored in 1994. Photo courtesy of Stadt Essen, Peter Prengel 221
10.12 Essen Synagogue bronze doors, 1913. Photos published in Edmund Körner, Neue Synagoge Essen Ruhr (Mit Text von Richard Klapheck), Berlin 1914, p. 55 (right door) p. 56 (left door) 221
10.13 Ephraim Mose Lilien, Illustration for Das Wunderschiff (The Ship of Wonders), in Lieder des Ghetto (Songs of the Ghetto) by Morris Rosenfeld, Berlin: Calvary Verlag, 1902 223
10.14 Ephraim Mose Lilien, Frame for Die Bedruckung des Volkes (Oppression of Nations), chapter in Bücher des Bibel (Books of the Bible), 1909 224
10.14a Ephraim Mose Lilien, Emblems of The Twelve Tribes of Israel, details 224
10.15 Ephraim Mose Lilien’s stamp collection album, The Israel Museum Library Collection. Photo by the author 225
10.15a Jewish National Fund, Twelve Tribes of Israel stamps 225
10.16 Ephraim Mose Lilien, Design for the Cover of the Jewish National Fund Golden Book, ca. 1902 225
10.17 Emil Ranzenhofer (1864–1930), Jewish National Fund Golden Book Certificate, 1902 226
10.18 Lewin Epstein Bros. (publishers), Gameboard for Entry of the Twelve Tribes into the Land of Israel, Warsaw, 1920s, David Tartakover collection. Photo courtesy David Tartakover 226
10.19 Banner of the Hebrew Gymnasium in Lodz, after 1901, 135 × 180 cm, blue and white silk, blue and gold embroidery, Warsaw, Jewish Historical Institute Collection. Photo courtesy Jewish Historical Institute, Warsaw 227
10.20 Friedrich Adler, The Twelve Tribes, 1919, stained glass window, made of six parts, 53.5 × 81 cm each, Tel Aviv, Tel Aviv Museum of Art 228
10.21 Nes haNassi, the Israeli Presidential Standard 230
10.22 Czech Presidential standard (1918–1939), 1945–1960 231
10.23 French President Vincent Auriol’s standard 1947–1954 231
10.24 Shalom (Siegfried) Seba, The Twelve Tribes of Israel, sketches for stained glass windows, watercolor on transparent paper, ca. 1953–1955, 37 × 12 cm, Joe Lipshitz collection. Photo courtesy Joe Lipshitz 232
10.24a Shalom (Siegfried) Seba, The Twelve Tribes of Israel, detail, Judah 233
10.24b Shalom (Siegfried) Seba, The Twelve Tribes of Israel, detail, Benjamin 234
10.24c Shalom (Siegfried) Seba, The Twelve Tribes of Israel, detail, Naphtali 235
10.25 Oteh Walisch, The Menorah Stamp, 1952. Photo courtesy Israel Postal Services 237
10.25a First-day issue envelope, 27.2.1952. Photo courtesy Israel Postal Services 237
10.26 George Hamori, Twelve Tribes of Israel Stamps, 1956. Photo courtesy Israel Postal Services 238
10.26a Map of the Twelve Tribes’ Estates, illustration on a first-day of issue envelope for the Twelve Tribes of Israel stamp series, 1956. Photo courtesy Israel Postal Services 238
10.27 Haifa’s Municipal Emblem 240
10.28 Jerusalem’s Municipal Emblem 240
10.29a, b, c, d from left to right: Mateh Yehuda [Judah] Regional Council; Mateh Binyamin [Benjamin] Regional Council; Bney Shim’on [Simeon] Regional Council; Mateh Asher Regional Council 241
11.1 Zim, Poster for Shavuot. 1950s, published by The Elementary School and Kindergarten Teachers’ Council for The Jewish National Fund of Israel. Author’s collection. Photo by the author 249
11.2 Artist unknown, Chag haShavu’ot—Chag haBikurim (Festival of Shavuot—Festival of the First Fruits), 1950s, published by The Jewish National Fund of Israel. Author’s collection. Photo by the author 249
11.3 Bezalel Ceramic Workshops, Pomegranates, Grapevines, detail of The Seven Kinds decorations, 1923, ceramic tiles, façade of the Moshav Zkenim Synagogue, Tel Aviv. Photo courtesy Zvika Zelikowitch 250
11.4 Hasmonean coins 251
11.5 Bar Kochva coin, 134–135 CE 251
11.6 Oteh Walisch, Do’ar Ivri (Hebrew Post) stamp, 1948. Photo courtesy Israel Postal Services 252
11.7 The Pruta series of Israeli coins, 1952. Photo courtesy Bank of Israel 252
11.8 Bezalel Ceramic Workshops, Spies, 1934, ceramic tile decorations on the fireplace in Bialik’s House, Tel Aviv. Photo by the author 253
11.9 Avraham Soskin (photographer), Daughters of Judea—Present Day (Sisters Fira [left, the author’s mother) and Ida Wissotzky, students at the Herzliya Gymnasium), 1920s, souvenir postcard. Author’s collection. Photograph by the author 253
11.10, 11.11, 11.12 Shepherd, ‘Those who sow with Tears,’ ‘Those who Reap with Joy’, 1925, ceramic tile decorations on the Lederberg House, Allenby Street, Tel Aviv. Photo courtesy Zvika Zelikowitch 255
11.13 Herzl’s cypress tree in Motzah, photograph from the 1920s 255
11.14 Moshe ben Itzchak Mizrachi, Mizrach, 1920s, poster. Photo courtesy Wikipedia, By www.pikiwiki.org.il, CC BY 2.5 257
11.15 Illustration for Herzl’s Cypress Tree, in Y. Weingarten Third Textbook, for Language and Spelling, Tel Aviv and Warsaw, 1937 257
11.16 Bezalel Carpet Workshop, Abraham Tamarisk Tree, Mount Sinai, Herzl’s Cedar Tree, ca. 1910, silk tapestry 258
11.17 Aharon Shaul Shur, The Cornerstone of the Hebrew University in Jerusalem, 1920s, oil on canvas, 25 × 35 cm, Vera and Chaim Weitzman’s House collection, Rechovot. Photograph by the author 258
11.17a Avraham Melavsky, Laying the Cornerstone to the Hebrew University on Mount Scopus, 24.7.1918. Photo courtesy The Jewish National Fund Archive 259
11.18 The Viola tricolor flower, called Amnon veTamar in Hebrew 260
11.19 Chavatzelet, Illustration in Schiot haMikra (Treasures of the Bible) 261
11.20 Shoshana, Illustration in Schiot haMikra (Treasures of the Bible) 262
11.21 Zvi Livni, Nesher, Rakefet (Vulture, Cyclamen), illustration in Smoli, Yafa at Artzenu, Sipurim al ha’Chai vehaTzomeach [You are Beautiful, our Country: Stories of Fauna and Flora], Yavne, Tel Aviv, 1951 263
11.22 Baruch Ur, Illustration for haRakefet (Cyclamen) in Levin Kipnis Tzmacahi, Prachai (My Plants, my Flowers) ca. 1950 265
11.23 Baruch Ur, haNarkis (Narcissus) in Levin Kipnis Tzmacahi, Prachai (My Plants, my Flowers) ca. 1950 265
11.24 Zvi Livni, Saknai, Narkis (Pelican, Narcissus), illustration in Smoli, Yafa at Artzenu, Sipurim al ha’Chai vehaTzome’ach [You are Beautiful, our Country: Stories of Fauna and Flora], Yavne, Tel Aviv, 1951 267
11.25 Oteh Walisch, Independence Day Stamp, 1952. Photo courtesy Israel Postal Services 269
11.26 Oteh Walisch, Independence Day Stamp, 1954. Photo courtesy Israel Postal Services 270
11.27 Zvi Narkis, Independence Day Stamps, 1959. Photo courtesy Israel Postal Services 271
11.28 Michael Gross, Ish Aino Mevin Shuv Rakafot [Nobody Understands Cyclamens Anymore], 1978, silkscreen print. Photo courtesy Tel Aviv Museum of Art, Tel Aviv 272
11.29 Moshe Gershuni, Yom Aviv Yavo veRakafot Tifrachna (A Spring day would Come and Cyclamens would Bloom), 1981, silkscreen print. Photo courtesy Moshe Gershuni Estate, Tel Aviv 273
11.30 David Tartakover, Ke’ev (or Ke’av) (Pain or as a father), 1989, poster. Photo courtesy of the artist 275
11.31 David Reeb, Kalaniyot III (Anemones III), 2013, oil on canvas. Photo courtesy of the artist 276
11.32 Uri Gershuni, Aviv (Spring), a series of color photographs, 90 × 120 cm, 30 × 40 cm. Photo courtesy of the artist 277
11.33 Eli Shamir, Persephone, 1992, oil on canvas, 183 × 121.5 cm. Photo courtesy of the artist 278
11.34 Michal Shamir, Untitled, 2000, candies and gumdrops on a metal armature. Photo courtesy of the artist 279
11.35 Ilan Averbuch, Havtachot, Havtachot (Promises, Promises), 1990s, rocks, wooden railway beams. Photo courtesy The Open Museum, Tefen 280
11.36 Larry Abramson, Rose of Jericho III, 2003, oil and acrylic on canvas, 38 × 38 cm, Ph0to courtesy of the artist 281
11.37 Assim Abu Shakra, Untitled, 1988, pencil and watercolor on paper, 14 × 14 cm. Photo courtesy of El-Sabach non-profit Organization, Um el Fahem 283
11.38 Micha Kirschner, Abba Eban, 1996, from the series The Israelis, published in the daily newspaper Ma’ariv. Photo courtesy of the photographer’s estate 284
12.1 Ancient Hebrew script (left), Hebrew Aramaic script 288
12.2 Hebrew letters reysh and mem extended 289
12.3 The Bomberg typeface, ca. 1520 290
12.4 Christofal van Dijk, the Amsterdam typeface 290
12.5 The Meruba typeface 290
12.6ab.c Cover of Milgroim (1922), the Letter aleph, the word Yayin (wine). Photo by the author 291
12.7 Initial word in a Passover Haggadah, Germany, 18th century 291
12. 7a Joseph Budko, Initial Word in a Passover Haggadah, 1914 291
12.8 Experiments with Hebrew letters by Bezalel students, published in Ost und West, 1904 292
12.9 Levin Kipnis and Ze’ev Raban¸ Aleph Bet, Berlin, haSefer Publication, 1923 292
12.9a Kipnis and Raban¸ Aleph Bet, details 292
12.10 The Frank-Rühl typeface 293
12.11 The Berthold Letter Casting Firm Catalog, 1924 294
12.12 Hebrew initial letters in the Berthold catalog, 1924 295
12.13 The Chaim typeface 297
12.14 The Aharoni typeface 297
12.15a, 11.15b An Israeli announcement, 1948; an Egyptian announcement, 1948 297
12.16 Ismar avid, the David typeface, 1954 298
12.17 Henry Friedlander, the Hadassah typeface, 1958 299
12.17a, b, c, d from right to left: aleph in Frank Rühl, in Hadassah, in Haaretz newspaper logo, in David typeface 299
12.18 David Tartakover, Poster for Claude Lantzman’s film Shoah, 1986. Photo courtesy of the artist 300
12.19 David Tartakover, Logo for Shalom Achshav (Peace Now) movement, 1978. Photo courtesy of the artist 301
12.20 Eliyahu Koren (Korngold), The Koren typeface 302
12.21 “A wife of noble character who can find?” (Proverbs 31, 10), 1995, poster, author’s collection. Photo by the author 303
12.22 Michael Sgan-Cohen, Kamatz Patach, 1982, acrylic on canvas (diptych), 46 × 30 cm, private collection. Photo courtesy the artist’s estate 304
12.23 Michael Sgan-Cohen, Yod He Vav He [Y, H, W, H], 1980, acrylic on canvas, four units, 7 × 12.5 cm each, David Tartakover collection. Photo courtesy the artist’s estate 305
12.24 Drora Dominey, Tub with Diacritical Vowels, 1993, aluminum cast, 30 × 35 × 80 cm. Photo courtesy of the artist 306
12.25 Hila Lulu Lin, Ptzatza Metaktekteket (Tick-ticking Bomb), 2002, painted wooden box, silk-screen print, mirror. Photo courtesy of the artist 307
12.26 David Rakia, Letters Hovering in the air, oil on canvas 308
12.27 Sharon Shrem, Ancient Hebrew Script Font for Use on the Computer, 2001, brochures, author’s collection. Photo by the author 309
13.1 Herzl’s Funeral, photo in Ost und West, July 1904 316
13.2 Herzl’s tomb in Vienna 316
13.3 Herzl’s tomb in Jerusalem 316
13.4a, b Herzl’s coffin on a platform, Parliament Plaza, Tel Aviv, 1949. Photo courtesy Central Zionist Archive, Jerusalem 318
13.5 Yosef Klarwein’s design for Herzl’s burial ceremony in Jerusalem, 1949. Photo courtesy Central Zionist Archive, Jerusalem 319
13.6 Earth-bag carriers at Theodor Herzl’s re-burial ceremony in Jerusalem, 1949. Photo courtesy Central Zionist Archive, Jerusalem 320
13.7a, b Yosef Klarwein, Proposal for Theodor Herzl’s Burial Site, 1949. Photo courtesy Central Zionist Archive, Jerusalem 325
13.7c Yosef Klarwein, Proposal for Theodor Herzl’s burial site, detail, the dome. Photo courtesy Central Zionist Archive, Jerusalem 325
13.8a Yitzhak Danziger and Shalgi, Proposal for Theodor Herzl’s Burial Site, 1949. Photograph from the archive of photographer Israel Zafrir. Photo courtesy of The Information Center for Israeli Art, The Israel Museum, Jerusalem 327
13.8b Yitzhak Danziger and Shalgi, Proposal for Theodor Herzl’s Burial Site, detail. Photograph from the archive of photographer Israel Zafrir. Photo courtesy of The Information Center for Israeli Art, The Israel Museum, Jerusalem 327
13.9a A plaza in front of Herzl’s tomb. Jerusalem, Mount Herzl, 1978 333
13.9b Plaza in front of Herzl’s tomb. Jerusalem, Mount Herzl, 2011. Photo courtesy Wikipedia, By www.pikiwiki.org.il, CC BY 2.5 333
14.1 Natan Rapoport’s Memorial for the Warsaw Ghetto Fighters, ca. 1950, postcard issued by The Jewish National Fund. Author’s collection. Photo by the author 336
14.2 Natan Rapoport, Memorial for the Warsaw Ghetto Heroes, 1949, bronze sculpture, Warsaw. Photo by the author 337
14.3 Natan Rapoport, First Model for the Anilewizc Memorial in Yad Mordechai 1949 (first version). Photo courtesy Kibbutz Yad Mordechai Archive 340
14.4 Vera Muchina, Factory and Kolchoz Workers, 1937, stainless-steel plates on an iron skeleton, Moscow. Photo by the author 340
14.5 Natan Rapoport, Plaster model for the Memorial of the Fallen in Kibbutz Yad Mordechai, 1949. Photo courtesy Kibbutz Yad Mordechai Archive 341
14.6a, b Natan Rapoport, Second model for the Anilewizc Memorial in Yad Mordechai. Photo courtesy Kibbutz Yad Mordechai Archive 342
14.7 Natan Rapoport, Memorial for Mordechai Anilewizc, 1949–1951, bronze, Kibbutz Yad Mordechai. Photo by the author 343
14.8 Natan Rapoport, Plaster model for Mordechai Anilewizc, detail of fig. 14.6a 345
14.9 Mordechai Anilewizc (1919–1943), (photograph) 345
14.10 Nachum Gutman, Man of Kibbutz Gat, 1949, pen and ink drawing, from the artist’s book Chayot haNegev (The Negev Beasts). Photo courtesy Nachum Gutman Museum of Art, Tel Aviv 348
14.11 Natan Rapoport, Model for the Negba Memorial, clay relief, Kibbutz Negba. Photo courtesy Kibbutz Yad Mordechai Archive 349
14.12 Natan Rapoport, Model for the Negba Memorial, plaster relief, Kibbutz Negba. Photo by the author 350
14.13a Natan Rapoport, Model for the Negba Memorial, clay. Photo courtesy Kibbutz Yad Mordechai Archive 351
14.13b Natan Rapoport, Model for the Negba Memorial, clay. Photo courtesy Kibbutz Yad Mordechai Archive 352
14.14 Joseph Torak, Fraternity, 1937, bronze, sculpture for the German Pavilion in the Paris International Exhibition 352
14.15 Yosef Friedman, The Execution Committee, illustration in a daily newspaper, 1948 353
14.16 Natan Rapoport, The Negba Memorial, 1953, bronze, Kibbutz Negba 354
14.16a Natan Rapoport, The Negba Memorial, detail 355
15.1a P. Casella, J. Jarnuskiewicz, J. Falka, F. Simoncini, Final Plan for the Auschwitz Memorial, 1964, model 361
15.1b, c The Auschwitz Memorial, 1967, height: 7 meters 361
15.2 Bergen Belzen Memorial 362
15.3a, b Arieh Elchanani, Arieh Sharon, Binyamin Idelsohn, Ohel Izkor (Memorial Tent), 1961, Jerusalem, Yad Vashem compound. Photo courtesy Yad Vashem, Jerusalem 362
15.3c Bezalel Schatz, Entrance Gate to Ohel Yizkor, 1961, iron, Jerusalem, Yad Vashem compound. Photo courtesy Yad Vashem, Jerusalem 362
15.3d David Polombo, Entrance Gate to Ohel Yizkor, 1961, iron, Jerusalem, Yad Vashem compound. Photo courtesy Yad Vashem, Jerusalem 363
15.4 Yigal Tumarkin, Sketch for The Holocaust and Resurrection of Israel Memorial. Photo courtesy Tel Aviv Municipality Archive 368
15.5 Yigal Tumarkin, The Holocaust and Resurrection of Israel Memorial, 1975, steel, painted concrete, bronze relief, Tel Aviv, Rabin Square. Photo by the author 369
15.5a, b Yigal Tumarkin, The Holocaust and Resurrection of Israel Memorial, details. Photos by the author 370
15.5c Yigal Tumarkin, The Ecological Pool next to The Holocaust and Resurrection of Israel Memorial. Photo by the author 371
16.1 Ro’ee Rosen, Gvarim beTarbut Israel (Mezukanim) (Men in Israeli Culture [Bearded]), 2004, photograph, 150 × 120 cm. [standing from right to left]: Joshua Simon, Gil Shani, Roy Arad, Noam Yuran, Boaz Arad, Doron Solomons, Dan Shadur, Gabi ben Moshe; [seated, from right to left]: Aim Deuelle-Luski, Doron Rabina, Yair Garbuz, Adi Ofir, Moshe Zuckerman. Photo courtesy of the artist 374
16.2 Shalom (Siegfried) Seba, Moses about to Break the Tablets of the Law, 1947–1953, tempera and gouache on paper. Joe Lipshitz Collection. Photo courtesy Joe Lipshitz 377
16.3 Chaim Ma’or, haKtonet Bincha Hee? (Know now whether it be thy son’s coat or no), 1978, photograph, text and shirt on plywood. Photo courtesy of the artist 378
16.4 Vered Aharonovitch, Untitled, 2011, polyester and marble dust, 40 × 50 × 90 cm. Photo courtesy of the artist 379
16.5 Bird’s Head Haggadah, ca. 1330, south Germany. Photo courtesy Wikipedia Menahem Details of artist on Google Art Project 380
16.6 Michael Sgan-Cohen, The Wandering Jew, 1983, acrylic and pencil on cloth, diptych, 108 × 212 cm, the artist’s estate. Photo courtesy the artist’s estate 381
16.7 David Morris, Chicago Bulls Kettle, 1993, wood-fired clay, 47 × 14 × 10 cm. Photo courtesy of the artist 384
16.8 Miriam Gamburd, Kruvim Me’urim Ze baZeh (Cherubs Intertwined), 2002, pastel chalks on paper, 50 × 70 cm. Author’s collection. Photo by the author 388
16.9 Printed page in Assi Meshulam’s Ro’achem. Author’s collection. Photo by the author 390
16.10 Assi Meshullam, Ya’akov (Jacob), 2011, mixed media. Photo courtesy of the artist 391
16.11 Assi Meshullam, David, 2011, mixed media. Photo courtesy of the artist 391
16.12 Yocheved Weinfeld, Nida, 1976, 8 photographs documenting a performance enacted at the Debel Gallery, Eyn Karem. Photo courtesy Wikipedia, By Yocheved Weinfeld—Yocheved Weinfeld, CC BY-SA 3.0 393
16.13 Michael Druks, Hitbonenut laMizrach (Looking towards the East), 1977, staged photograph, from the Collection of Mishkan, Museum of Art, Ein Charod, Israel. Photo courtesy Mishkan, Museum of Art, Ein Charod 394
16.14 Moshe Gershuni, Le’Eyla ule’Eyla Min Kol Birkata (Beyond any Blessing and Song), 1988, china plate decorated with ceramic glazing inscriptions and stains. Photo courtesy the artist’s estate 395
16.15 Arnon ben David, Jewish Art, 1988, plastic toy gun, anti-rust paint, cloth and ink on plywood, David Tartakover collection, Tel Aviv, Photo courtesy of the collector 398