Abbreviations
| AB | Anchor Bible Commentary |
| Acts | Acts of the Apostles |
| Ag. Ap. | Against Apion |
| AF | The Kitāb Al-Tarīkh of Abu ’L-Fath |
| ANF | Alexander Roberts and James Donaldson (eds.) The Ante-Nicene Fathers: Translations of the Writings Of the Fathers down to AD 325. 10 vols. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1989. |
| ANET | James Bennett Pritchard (ed.) Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament. 3d ed. with suppl. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1969. |
| Ant. | Antiquities of the Jews |
| ANTC | Abingdon New Testament Commentaries |
| 1 Apol. | First Apology |
| 2 Apol | Second Apology |
| ArBib | Michael Maher (ed.), The Aramaic Bible (Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, 1992) |
| ASE | Annali di storia dell’esegesi |
| b. | Babylonian Talmud |
| BAG | Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature. (1957/1971) |
| BAGD | Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature. 2d (1979) |
| BCE | Before Common Era |
| BCH | Bulletin de correspondance hellénique |
| BDAG | Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature. 3d |
| BDF | A Greek Grammar of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature |
| BECNT | The Baker Exegetical Commentary on the New Testament |
| Beṣa | Betzah (= Yom Tov) |
| BHQ | Biblia Hebraica Quinta |
| BHS | Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia |
| Bib | Biblica |
| BibInt | Biblical Interpretation |
| BJRL | Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library of Manchester |
| BNTC | Black’s New Testament Commentaries |
| c. | circa |
| CBQ | Catholic Biblical Quarterly |
| 1 Chr | 1 Chronicles |
| 2 Chr | 2 Chronicles |
| CBR | Currents in Biblical Research |
| CE | Common Era |
| Cels. | Contra Celsum |
| CHJ | Cambridge History of Judaism |
| Comm. Jo. | Commentary on John |
| CQ | Classical Quarterly |
| Dan | Daniel |
| Deut | Deuteronomy |
| Dial. | Dialogue with Trypho |
| Embassy | On the Embassy to Gaius |
| 1 Esd | 1 Esdras |
| Esth | Esther |
| Exod | Exodus |
| Exod. Rab. | Exodus Rabbah |
| ExpTim | Expository Times |
| Ezek | Ezekiel |
| FC | Fathers of the Church |
| Flac. | Pro Flacco |
| Gen | Genesis |
| Gen. Rab. | Genesis Rabbah |
| HALOT | Köhler, Baumgartner, Stamm (eds.), The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament. (Leiden: Brill, 1994) |
| H-S | Hutchinson and Smith, Ethnicity (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996) |
| H-S#1 | A common proper name to identify the group; |
| H-S#2 | A myth of common ancestry; |
| H-S#3 | A shared history or shared memories of a common past, events, and their commemoration; |
| H-S#4 | A common culture, embracing such things as customs, language and religion; |
| H-S#5 | A link with a homeland, either through actual occupation or by symbolic attachment to the ancestral land, as with diaspora peoples; and |
| H-S#6 | A sense of communal solidarity. |
| Hist. eccl. | Ecclesiastical History |
| Hom. Jo. | Homilies on the Gospel of St. John |
| Hos | Hosea |
| ICC | International Critical Commentary |
| Isa | Isaiah |
| JBL | Journal of Biblical Literature |
| Jdt | Judith |
| Jer | Jeremiah |
| JETS | Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society |
| Josh | Joshua |
| JQR | Jewish Quarterly Review |
| JSJ | Journal for the Study of Judaism in the Persian, Hellenistic, and Roman Periods |
| JSNTSup | Journal for the Study of the New Testament: Supplement Series |
| JTS | Journal of Theological Studies |
| Judg | Judges |
| J.W. | Jewish War |
| 1 Kgs | 1 Kings |
| 2 Kgs | 2 Kings |
| L&N | Louw and Nida (eds.), Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament: Based on Semantic Domains (New York: United Bible Societies, 1989) |
| LCL | Loeb Classical Library |
| LEH | Lust, Eynikel, Hauspin (eds.), A Greek-English Lexicon of the Septuagint (Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 2003) |
| Lev | Leviticus |
| Life | The Life of Flavius Josephus |
| Jn | John |
| Josh | Joshua |
| LSJ | Liddell, Scott, Jones, McKenzie (eds.), A Greek-English Lexicon (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996) |
| LXX | Septuagint |
| m. | Mishna |
| 1 Macc | 1 Maccabees |
| 2 Macc | 2 Maccabees |
| 4 Macc | 4 Maccabees |
| Matt | Matthew |
| MT | Masoretic Text |
| Naz | Nazir |
| NCBC | New Cambridge Bible Commentary |
| Neh | Nehemiah |
| NICNT | New International Commentary on the New Testament |
| Nid | Niddah |
| NIDNTT | Colin Brown (ed.) The New International Dictionary of New Testament Theology. 3 vols. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1975. |
| NIDNTTE | Moisés Silva (ed.) New International Dictionary of New Testament Theology and Exegesis. 5 vols. Second edition. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2014. |
| NIDOTTE | Willem Van Gemeren (ed.) New International Dictionary of Old Testament Theology & Exegesis. 5 vols. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1997. |
| NovT | Novum Testamentum |
| NPNF | Philip Schaff (ed.) Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers. First Series. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1994. |
| NRSV | New Revised Standard Version |
| NTApoc | New Testament Apocrypha |
| NTS | New Testament Studies |
| Num | Numbers |
| OL | Old Latin |
| Onom. | Onomasticon |
| OTL | Old Testament Library |
| Pss. Sol. | Psalms of Solomon |
| 4Q22 | 4QpaleoExodm |
| Qidd | Qiddushin |
| R.Hist. | Roman History |
| RSV | Revised Standard Version |
| 2 Sam | 2 Samuel |
| Sanh. | Sanhedrin |
| scil. | scilicet (namely; to wit) |
| SEÅ | Svensk Exegetisk Årsbok |
| Seb | Shevi’it |
| Sir | Sirach/Ecclesiasticus |
| Somn. | De Somniis |
| Sot. | Sotah |
| SP | Sacra pagina |
| SP | Samaritan Pentateuch |
| Spec. Laws | On the Special Laws |
| Str-B | Kommentar zum Neuen Testament aus Talmud und Midrasch |
| Syrs | Syriac Sinaitic |
| Syrc | Syriac Curetonian |
| t. | Tosefta |
| Ter. | Terumot |
| TDNT | Gerhard Kittel, Geoffrey William Bromiley, Gerhard Friedrich, and Ronald E. Pitkin (eds.) Theological Dictionary of the New Testament. 10 vols. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1964. |
| TDOT | G. Johannes Botterweck and Helmer Ringgren (eds) Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament. Rev. ed. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1977. |
| Tg. Ps.-J. | Targum Pseudo-Jonathan |
| TWNT | Gerhard Kittel (ed.) Theologisches Wörterbuch Zum Neuen Testament. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer, 1949. |
| TynBul | Tyndale Bulletin |
| Virt. | On the Virtues |
| WBC | Word Biblical Commentary |
| WUNT | Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament |
| ZAW | Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft |
| Zech | Zechariah |