Adaptation
1 –6 , 9 , 14 , 37 –43 , 48n6 , 49 , 81n121 , 90 , 92 , 97n180 , 98 –99 , 103 , 105 –106 , 121 –122 , 128 , 136 , 138 , 139 , 144 , 147 –149 , 156 , 162 –163 , 166 –176 , 180 –198 , 208 , 211 –213 , 217 –219 , 225 –229
Adaptive approach
4 –6 , 48 –51 , 144 , 147 , 203 , 211 –213 , 228
Addressing the Land Degradation-Migration Nexus: The Role of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (iom-unccd Study)
154n22 , 162 –163
Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-Term Cooperative Action
78n106 , 166
The Aeneid
2
African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights (African Charter, or Banjul Charter)
90n160 , 95 –96 , 98n187 , 99 , 101 –102 , 108 –111 , 114 , 115n242
African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights
95n177 , 99 , 101 –102 , 109n223 , 111 , 114n239 , 115n242
African Forest Forum (aff)
220
African Union Convention for the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons in Africa (Kampala Convention)
86n143 , 88 –89 , 138 , 188
Agenda 21: Programme of Action for Sustainable Development
149
Agenda for the Protection of Cross-Border Displaced Persons in the Context of Disasters and Climate Change (Nansen Initiative Protection Agenda)
40n101 , 170n101 , 193 –196 , 210 –211
Agenda for Sustainable Development (2030)
160 , 204 , 221
“Alarmist” view
11
Alaska
97n180 , 98n186 , 102 –104 , 202
Alaska Institute for Justice
97n180 , 102 , 202 , 202n248
Almería Statement on Desertification and Migration
149n4 , 156
American Convention on Human Rights (achr)
90n160 , 112n231 , 113 , 116 –117
American Declaration on the Rights and Duties of Man
104 , 107 , 112
Apollodorus
2
Arab Charter on Human Rights
90 , 114
Arab Convention on Regulating Status of Refugees Problems in Africa
66 –67
Arrhenius, Svante
3
Aridification
153
Aristotle
3 , 217
Assembly of the African Union
218 , 224
Australian Refugee Review Tribunal, 0907346 [2009] rrta 1168 (10 Dec. 2009) (Kiribati)
56 –57
Bali Action Plan, unfccc
166
Bangkok Principles on the Status and Treatment of Refugees
67 –71
Barbut, Monique
225
Becquerel, Edmond
223
Behrman, Simon
35
Bellagio Expert Roundtable on Climate Change and Displacement
190 , 192
Benin
226
Betts, Alexander
178
Bible (Old Testament)
2
Biermann, Frank
21 –22 , 25 , 27 , 30 –33
Boas, Ingrid
21 –22 , 25 , 27 , 30 –33
Brown, Lester
19
Brown, Oli
36
Burkina Faso
218n10 , 220 , 226
Burson, Bruce
55 , 198
Cáceres v. Paraguay
120 –121
Cancun Adaptation Framework, unfccc
39 –40 , 42 , 48n6 , 144n347 , 166 –172 , 174 , 176 , 184 , 190 , 192
Capra, Fritjof
221
Cartagena Declaration on Refugees
64 –67 , 72 , 73 , 74n86
Chad
13 –14 , 218 , 222 –223 , 226
Chambas, Mohamed Ibn
221 –222
Charter of the United Nations
92 , 93 –95 , 114n240
ClientEarth
122
“Climate foresight”
213
Climate migrant
36 –37 , 143n343
Climate refugee
13 , 21 –22 , 32 –33 , 42 –43 , 59 , 138
Colombia
65n47 , 116 , 124n275 , 136n319
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
99 –101
Communication to the Human Rights Committee on behalf of Torres Strait Islanders
121 –122 , 123n272
Complaint submitted to the UN Special Rapporteur on the Human Rights of Internally Displaced Persons et al., Rights of Indigenous People in Addressing Climate Forced Displacement
97n180 , 102 , 202
Complexity, Institutions and Public Policy: Agile Decision-Making in a Turbulent World
216
Complexity theory
4 , 164 , 214 –227 , 228
Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees (Refugee Convention)
34 , 53 –61 , 68 –69 , 70 –73 , 76 –77 , 81n123 , 115 , 131 , 140 , 206
Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons (1954 Convention)
76 –82 , 138
Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families (Convention on Migrant Workers)
82 –83 , 138
Cross-border/international movement
12 , 22n18 , 32 , 36 , 54 , 60 , 67 , 110 , 132 , 138 , 141 , 191 , 193 , 196
Decision on the Implementation of the Green Wall for the Sahara Initiative
218
Deepening
217 –219
Desertification, definition
151 –154
Dignity, right to life
114 –115 , 118 –119 , 133 –135
Disaster risk reduction, definition
184 –185
Displacement Solutions
15 , 197 , 198 , 202
Djibouti
218 , 226
Docherty, Bonnie
22 –25 , 27 , 30 , 31 , 34 , 140 –141
Draft Convention on the International Status of Environmentally-Displaced Persons
20 –21 , 139n327
Doha Climate Gateway Decision, unfccc
166 , 172
Drought
9n2 , 11n8 , 12 , 13 , 19 , 20n11 , 21 , 22 , 23n26 , 26n38 , 62 , 63 , 64n42 , 148 –154 , 157 –164 , 183 , 208 , 218 , 220 , 222
Ecuador
65 –66
Egypt
3 , 62
El-Hinnawi, Essam
19 –21 , 25n33 , 35
Environment and Human Rights (State Obligations in Relation to the Environment in the Context of the Protection and Guarantee of the Rights to Life and to Personal Integrity: Interpretation and Scope of Articles 4(1) and 5(1) in Relation to Articles 1(1) and 2 of the American Convention on Human Rights) (Inter-American Court Advisory Opinion oc-23/17)
116 –118
Environmental migrant
35 –37
Environmental refugee
11 , 19 –21 , 25n33 , 34 –35 , 37 , 158
Environmental Refugees (unep Report) 19
Human Rights Committee General Comment No. 36 on the Right to Life
118 –120
Eritrea
226
Ethiopia
220 , 226
European Council Directive 2001/ 55/ ec on Minimum Standards for Giving Temporary Protection in the Event of a Mass Influx of Displaced Persons and on Measures Promoting a Balance of Efforts Between Member States in Receiving Such Persons and Bearing the Consequences Thereof (EU Temporary Protection Directive)
74 –75
European Union Directive 2004/83/ec on Minimum Standards for the Qualification and Status of Third Country Nationals or Stateless Persons as Refugees or as Persons who Otherwise Need International Protection (EU Qualification Directive)
71 –74 , 76
Executive Committee of the Warsaw International Mechanism, unfccc
175 , 176 , 177n133 , 181 –182
First International Conference on the Great Green Wall for the Sahara and the Sahel Initiative
224
First Mover
217 –219 , 221
Forced/involuntary movement
3 , 4 , 22 , 23 , 25n31 , 29 , 30 –31 , 34 , 36 –38 , 40 , 41 , 49 , 69 , 87 , 89 , 141 , 153 , 172 , 181n154 , 196 , 203
Forcible Displacement Throughout the Ages: Towards an International Convention for the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Forcible Displacement
1
Friends of the Irish Environment v. The Government of Ireland
125 –126
Gemenne, François
42 –43 , 153 , 207
Ghana
226
Giannini, Tyler
22 –25 , 27 , 30 , 31 , 34 , 140 –141
Global Compact on Refugees (Refugee Compact)
204 –207 , 210
Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration (Migration Compact)
203 –204 , 206 –210
Global Environment Facility (gef)
217 , 220 , 225n27
Global Mechanism of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (gm-unccd)
164 , 220 , 225n27
Great Green Wall Agency
218
Great Green Wall for the Sahara and the Sahel Initiative (ggwssi or Great Green Wall Initiative)
164 , 216 , 218 –221 , 224 , 228
Groundswell: Preparing for Internal Climate Migration
12
Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement
32 , 84 –90 , 109 –110 , 138 , 143 , 188 , 191n197 , 192n200 , 197 , 198n230 , 201 , 202 , 229
Haiti
65
Hassine, Khaled
199
Herodotus
3
Historia
3
Hodgkinson, David
37
Horn of Africa
62 –63
Human Rights Committee
58 , 94 , 99 , 100 , 108 , 111 , 112 , 113 , 115 , 118 –122 , 128 –129 , 131 –135
Hyogo Framework for Action 2005–2015 (Hyogo Framework)
184 –188 , 192
Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989 (International Labour Organisation Convention No. 169)
219
Indigenous persons/people
90 , 92 , 96 –98 , 99n188 , 102 –104 , 118 , 121 –123 , 177 , 202 , 219
Industrial Revolution
3 , 26
In situ adaptation
4 , 98 , 99 , 148 , 162 , 163 , 184 , 198 , 213 , 226 , 228
Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
103 –104 , 111
Inter-American Court of Human Rights
103n205 , 115 –118 , 120n258 , 123n272
Intergovernmental Event at the Ministerial Level of Member States of the United Nations on the Occasion of the 60th Anniversary of the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and the 50th Anniversary of the 1961 Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness (2011 Ministerial Meeting)
192 –193
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (ipcc)
23n26 , 24n27 , 26 , 48n6 , 152n16
Internal displacement
12 , 32 , 38n96 , 63n39 , 74 , 84 –90 , 109 , 177 , 183 , 191n197 , 194 , 196 , 197 , 198n230
Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (idmc)
12 –13 , 180 –181 , 183 , 184n164
Internal movement
12 , 32 –33 , 86 , 109 –110 , 140 , 142
International Court of Justice (icj)
94 , 105 –106 , 111 , 115
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (iccpr)
47 , 90 , 91 , 93 –94 , 96 , 98 –101 , 107 –114 , 118 , 121 –122 , 129 –135
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (icescr)
47 , 90 , 91 , 93 –94 , 96 , 98 –101
International Organization for Migration (iom)
35 , 161 , 162 , 205
Internally displaced persons, definition
85 , 88
Kälin, Walter
27 –28 , 31 –32 , 193 , 206 , 207 , 209 , 210
Kent, Avidan
35 , 138
Kenya
150
Kiribati
56 , 57 , 77 , 97n180 , 98n186 , 129 –131 , 133 –135
Land degradation, definition
151 –154
Lake Chad (area, region)
13 –14 , 223
Leckie, Scott
15 , 41 , 198
The Library
2
Loss and damage
166 , 172 –174 , 176n131 , 178 , 182 , 200
Louisiana
102 –104 , 202
Luban, David
5 , 13
Maalouf, Amin
3
Maldives
70 , 77 , 98n186
Mali
220 , 222 , 226
Mandal, Ruma
73
Marshall Islands
77 , 98n186
Mauritania
226
“Maximalist” view
11 , 20n12
Mayer, Benoît
16 , 172 –173
Mbow, Cheikh
219
McAdam, Jane
17 , 33 , 184 , 195
Metamorphoses
2
Meteorologica
3
Mexico
64 , 65 , 193n204
Mitigation
5 , 90 , 106 , 118 , 124 , 128 , 135 , 136 , 138 , 139 , 144 , 147 , 148 , 166 , 167 , 169 , 171 , 182 , 186 , 189 , 211 , 226 , 228
“Minimalist” view
11n12 , 14 , 20 , 22n21
Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States
79 –81
Morocco
164 , 203
Mouchot, Augustin
223
Muhumuza, Duncan Laki
134 –135
Myers, Norman
11 , 13 , 19 –21 , 25n33 , 35
Multi-causality, multi-causal
14 , 24
Nairobi
150
Nansen Conference on Climate Change and Displacement
170n101 , 185 , 189 –193
Nansen Initiative
27n40 , 170 , 188 , 193 –197 , 210 –211 , 213
Nansen Principles
143 , 170 , 185 , 189 –193 , 229
National Adaptation Plan, unccd (unccdnap)
157 –158 , 161n58 , 212 –213
National Adaptation Plan, unfccc (unfcccnap)
167 , 168n90 , 168n93 , 212 –213
National Adaptation Programme of Action, unfccc (napa)
167 –168
Nauru
77
New York Declaration for Refugees and Migrants
203 , 207
New Zealand Court of Appeal
58
New Zealand High Court
57 , 58 , 60n29 , 130n297 , 131
New Zealand Immigration and Protection Tribunal
58 –60 , 129 –131
New Zealand Immigration and Protection Tribunal, ac (Tuvalu) [2014] nzipt 800517–520 (4 June 2014)
58 –60
New Zealand Supreme Court
58 , 130n297 , 131
Nicaragua
116
Niger
14 , 220 , 222 , 223 , 226
Nigeria
14 , 218 , 220 , 222 , 226
Non-refoulement
31 , 53n2 , 72n78 , 73n85 , 77 , 106 , 108 , 115 , 128 –136
Norway
185 , 189 , 193
Obama, Barack
6
Oberoi, Pia
70 , 71n74
Organization of African Unity Convention Governing the Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa (oau Convention)
60 –69 , 72 –73 , 74n86
Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
100 –101
Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
100 –101
Origins
3
Panafrican Agency of the Great Green Wall (paggw)
220
Paris Agreement, unfccc
126 , 127 , 166 , 168 , 175 –179 , 181 –182 , 212 , 226
Pausanius
3
Paz, Morai
110 –111
Peninsula Principles on Climate Displacement within States (Peninsula Principles)
15n25 , 197 –203
Permanent Inter-State Committee for Drought Control in the Sahel (cilss)
220
Permanent movement
19 –20 , 23 , 30 , 33 –34 , 36 –38 , 39n97 , 109 , 153 , 154n22
Platform on Disaster Displacement
170 , 194 –197 , 208 , 211 –213 , 229
Plato
2
Prieur, Michel
20
Proposal for a Convention on Climate Change Refugees
22 –25 , 27 , 30 –31 , 34 , 140 –141
Proposal for a Protocol on Recognition, Protection and Resettlement of “Climate Refugees” to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
21 –22
Protection gaps
49n10 , 52 –53 , 137 –143 , 195 –196 , 198 , 205 –206 , 228
Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees (Refugee Protocol)
10 , 47 , 53n3 , 54 , 65 , 81n123
Public order
61 , 63 –67 , 69 , 76 , 91n162 , 107 , 110
Rapid onset hazard
12 , 13 , 21 , 28 , 31 , 33 , 63 , 77 , 86 , 89 , 89 , 106 , 119 , 128n291 , 138 , 141 , 154 , 180 , 183 , 184n164 , 188 , 190 , 196 , 198n230
Refugee, definition and scope
10n3 , 34 –35 , 36n82 , 36n83 , 37 , 53 –73 , 204 –206
Refugee Review Tribunal of Australia
56 –57
Relocation
1 , 3 , 4 , 23 –24 , 30 , 33 , 37 –41 , 42n109 , 50 , 85 , 87 –88 , 98n186 , 99 , 154n22 , 167 –169 , 171 –172 , 176 , 178 , 181 , 188 –191 , 194 , 198n232 , 199n236 , 200 –203 , 208 , 212 , 228
Renaud, Fabrice
31 –32 , 36 –37
Resettlement
21 , 37 –39 , 85 , 103 , 200
Returnability test
31 –32
Rieffel, Lex
210
Right to freedom of movement
103 , 106 –112 , 156
Right to life
90 , 103 , 112 –137
Right to not be subjected to torture or cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment
73 , 129n294 , 132 –133 , 133n309
Right to self-determination
90 , 92 –106 , 111 , 116
Rights-based approach
3 –4 , 16n31 , 47 –51 , 52 , 213 , 228 –229
Room, Graham
216 –217 , 219 , 221 , 225
Sagan, Carl
9 , 137 , 230 –231
Sahelo-Saharan Africa
150 , 164 , 214 –227 , 228
Sahara and Sahel Observatory (oss)
220
Sancin, Vasilka
133 –134
Sea level rise
22 , 28 , 29 , 57 , 77 , 78 , 83 , 89 , 110 , 121 , 129 –132 , 153 , 180 , 183n164 , 208
Second Mover
217 , 219 , 221
Secretariat of the unccd
159 , 160n52 , 162 , 164
Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030 (Sendai Framework)
183n164 , 187 –189 , 192 , 204 , 211
Senegal
164 , 218 , 220 , 224 , 226
Shoring Up Stability: Addressing Climate & Fragility Risks in the Lake Chad Region
13 –14
Schrepfer, Nina
31 –32
Scott, Matthew
138 –139
“Skeptical” view
14
Slow onset hazard/event/impact/disaster
6 , 12 , 13 , 24n27 , 28 , 29 , 33 , 63 , 83 , 86 –87 , 89 , 141 –142 , 143n341 , 154 , 174 , 176 , 179 –181 , 183 , 184n164 , 188 –190 , 196 , 198 , 207 –209 , 211 , 214
Small island states
29 , 77 –81 , 92 , 97 –98 , 105 –106
Somalia
62 –64
Statelessness/stateless persons
52 , 55n8 , 71 , 73 , 75 , 76 –82 , 97 , 138
Stockholm Environment Institute
162
Strategic Framework for 2018–2030 (2018–2030 Strategic Framework), unccd
159 –161
Sudan
63 , 214 , 220 , 226
Sustainability, Stability, and Security Initiative (3S Initiative)
164
Sustainable Development Goals
160 , 215 , 221
Switzerland
193
Task Force on Displacement, unfccc
166 , 168 –169 , 175 –182 , 209 , 212 , 213 , 229
Task Force on Displacement Plan of Action for 2019–2021, unfccc
182
Task Force on Displacement 2018 Report, unfccc
179 –182
Teitiota v. New Zealand (Human Rights Committee)
58 , 120n259 , 131 –135
Teitiota New Zealand asylum case
57 –60 , 129 –131
Temporary movement
23 , 30 , 33 –34 , 36 , 38 , 41n106 , 128n291 , 153 , 154n22
Temporary protection
33 , 72n78 , 74 –75
Ten-year Strategic Plan and Framework to Enhance the Implementation of the Convention, Extending from 2008 to 2018 (10-Year Strategy), unccd
158 –159 , 161
Terms of Reference for the Task Force on Displacement, unfccc
176 –177
Togo
226
Torres Strait Islands
121 –122
Tschakert, Petra
173
Tuvalu
58 –59 , 77 , 98n186
Union of Swiss Senior Women for Climate Protection v. Swiss Federal Council and Others
124 –126
United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (Rio Earth Summit)
149 –150 , 160 , 165
United Nations Conference on Human Environment
150
United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20)
159 –160
United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (uncbd)
149 , 152 , 218 , 219
United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (uncrc)
91 , 114
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa (unccd)
88n155 , 148 –165 , 215 , 218 , 220
United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (undrip)
91 , 96 , 102 –104 , 219
United Nations Development Programme: Drylands, Development Center (undp-ddc)
220
United Nations Environment Programme (unep)
19 , 23n26 , 150
United Nations Environment, World Conservation Monitoring Center (unep-wcmc)
220
United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization (fao)
220
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (unfccc)
5 , 21 , 24n27 , 39 , 126 –127 , 140 , 143n343 , 144n347 , 148 , 149 , 152 , 165 –182 , 184 , 190 , 209 , 212 –213 , 215 , 218 , 229
United Nations General Assembly
23n26 , 28n42 , 84n136 , 105 –106 , 149 , 159n49 , 185 , 186n174 , 187 , 203 , 204 , 210
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (unhcr)
32 , 62n36 , 66 , 67 –68 , 71 , 144 , 177 , 190 , 192 , 193 , 203 –204 , 205 , 206
United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (unisdr)
184
United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (undrr)
183n164 , 184
United Nations Plan of Action to Combat Desertification (pacd)
150 –152 , 158 , 217
United Nations Representative to the Secretary-General on Internally Displaced Persons
84
United Nations Special Rapporteur for Human Rights of Internally Displaced Persons
102 , 202
United Nations Special Rapporteur for the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
102 , 202
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (udhr)
47 , 106 –107 , 110 , 112 , 114
Virgil
2
Voluntary movement
3 , 22n18 , 25n31 , 30 –31 , 34 , 36 –38 , 40 –41 , 49 , 69 , 87 , 140 –141 , 142n336 , 142n341 , 153 , 172 , 177 , 190 , 196 , 198 , 199n236 , 201 , 203
Warner, Koko
167 –170
Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage Associated with Climate Change Impacts, unfccc
166 , 174 –177 , 179 , 181 –182
Warsaw International Mechanism Five-year Rolling Workplan, unfccc
175
Warsaw International Mechanism Initial Two-Year Workplan, unfccc
175
West and Central Africa Office of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (iucn-paco)
220
Widening
217 , 219
Warping
217 , 221 , 225
Wood, Tamara
62 , 63 , 66
World Agroforestry Centre (icraf)
220
World Bank
12 , 220
World Overview of Conservation Approaches and Technologies (wocat)
220
Yokohama Strategy and Plan of Action for a Safer World (Yokohama Strategy)
186
Yusuf, Abdulqawi
94
Zetter, Roger
83