Figures
3.1 Lieutenant Colonel Fukushima Yasumasa (ca. 1895) 71
3.2 Map of Fukushima’s trip on horseback through Siberia, 1892/93 74
3.3 Map of Fukushima’s travels in the Middle East and India in 1895/96 79
3.4 Fukushima Yasumasa depicted on a woodblock print fighting in the Sino-Japanese War 80
3.5 Fukushima Yasumasa depicted as a good father and student of the family tutor in the 1904 school morals textbook Kōtō Shōgakkō gaishūshi-sho. Dai-3-hen, maki-ichi 82
4.1 General Utsunomiya Tarō 101
4.2 Map of Baghdad Railway. Diplomatic Record Office of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Japan 外交史料館、Meiji 43 (1910) 1 month 15 day, (Concerning Japan-Turkey Treaty relations) 107
6.1 Ibrahim’s autograph of the hadith. Nihon oyobi Nihonjin, No. 509, May 1909, p. 64 148
6.2 Ibrahim’s autograph of his signature and the title of Wakabayashi Han’s book, Âlem-i İslâmda Japonya in Ottoman Turkish on the cover and the title page 151
10.1 Entry showing the existence of a book in Turkish, ca. 891 229
10.2 Land of the Turks shown as Toruko (丁呵児). Nansenbushū Bankoku Shōka no Zu (Map of All the Countries of the Terrestial World) 233
10.3 Nakanome’s book in which he claimed to discover Turkic Runic Characters at Temiya Cave, Otaru 240
10.4 “Japan-Turkey Trade Association is born”—Nakanome Akira and Ōtani Kōzui at the opening ceremony 242
11.1 Columns with entasis, Hōryū-ji Temple 246
11.2 Comparison of proportions between Etruscan temple and Hōryū-ji, Itō Chūta, “The Treaties on Hōryū-ji Architecture” 247
11.3 “The Tree of Architecture,” from Banister Fletcher, A History of Architecture, on the Comparative Method, for the Student, Craftsman, and Amateur 248
11.4 The route map of Itō Chūta’s world trip, from Miyuki Aoki Girardelli, Meiji Architect Itō Chūta’s Travel Throughout the Ottoman Empire (Tōkyō: Wedge, Inc., 2015) (in Japanese) 249
11.5 Traveling permit obtained by Chūta from the Ottoman Authority. Itō Chūta, Itō Chūta Writings on Architecture, vol. 5, Tokyo, 1937 (in Japanese) 251
11.6 Mecidi Medal given to Itō Chūta, Yonezawa City Uesugi Museum 252
11.7 Itō Chūta’s route map throughout the Ottoman Empire, drawn by himself 253
11.8 The Mosque of Sultan Hassan, Cairo 254
11.9 The Church of Virgin Mary, Cairo 255
11.10 Diagram of Itō Chūta’s “Architectural Evolutionism” drawn by himself 257
Tables
14.1 The price list of Beato photographs 316
16.1 Sequential Summary and Translation of the Book of the Heavenly Young Prince 340
16.2 Kojiki Narrative of the Heavenly Young Prince 348
16.3 World Structure—Symbol—Symmetry 352