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Democracy under Fire: A New Interpretation of Plato's Crito
丛编：- Philosophia Antiqua, 卷： 178
著者：
This book argues that Plato’s Crito is a fundamental critique of democracy, presenting Crito as the representative democratic citizen. Initially appearing good, decent and law-abiding, but ultimately revealed as bad, indecent and a lawbreaker, harmful to the polis. Through the dialogue’s three-stage structure—revelation, rectification, and refutation—Socrates exposes in Crito a fatal democratic flaw. This the author calls the “Measure for Measure argument”: the social legitimation of lawbreaking in pursuit of private interest, conceived as unconsciously repaying injustice with injustice. Democratic citizens are generally law-abiding, yet violate the law whenever private interests are at stake, justifying this by subconsciously claiming “the State did me an injustice”. Plato’s solution to securing obedience lies not in the Laws’ speech, but in internalizing that breaking the law harms one’s own soul.
Yosef Z. Liebersohn, Ph.D. (2002), is Professor of History and Philosophy at Bar-Ilan University. He has published monographs and articles on Plato, rhetoric, Seneca and Epicurus, including The Dispute Concerning Rhetoric in Hellenistic Thought (2010) and Who is afraid of the Rhetor; An Analysis and Exegesis of Socrates-Gorgias’ Conversation in Plato’s Gorgias (2014).
Preface
1 Introduction
2 Methodological Notes
3 Setting and Characters—Preliminary Notes
3.1 Role Reversal
3.2 Who is Crito (the Character)?
3.3 Who is Crito (Views and Values)?
3.4 Who is Crito (Social Status)?
3.5 Why Crito?
4 Crito’s Three Speeches
4.1 Crito’s First Speech—Crito the Private Good Man—(43a1–43b9)
4.2 Crito’s Second Speech—Crito the Decent Fellow Citizen—(43b10–44c5)
4.3 Crito’s Third Speech—Crito the Law-Abiding Citizen—(44c6–46a9)
5 Crito’s World-View
5.1 A General Description
5.2 Justice: Cognates and Derivatives
6 An Attempt to Correct Crito’s World-View
6.1 Socrates’ First Stage—(46b1–47a11)—Opinions and Opiners
6.2 Socrates’ Second Stage—(47a12–48a11)—the Expert vs. the Many
7 The Laws’ Speech—Preparation—(48a5–49e8)
7.1 The End of the Previous Move—(48a5–b1)
7.2 Socrates’ Third Move—General Structure
7.3 The “Non Retaliation Decree” (= NRD)—(48b2–49e3)
7.4 The Agreement Argument (= AA)—(49e9–50a5)
8 The Laws’ Speech—Introduction—(50a6–c4)
9 The Laws’ Speech—1: The Non-Equal Argument (= NEA)—(50c5–51c5)
9.1 Introduction
9.2 The Preface—(50c5–10)
9.3 The Non-Equal Argument (= NEA)—(50c10–51c5)
9.4 The ‘More than Parents Argument’ (= MPA)—(51a7–c5)
9.5 Persuade or Obey
10 The Laws’ Speech—2: The Agreement Argument (= AA)—(51c6–52d8)
10.1 Introduction—(51c6–8)
10.2 The Agreement Argument (= AA)—(51c8–52a3)
10.3 The ‘More Loyal Argument’ (= MLA)—(52a3–53a8)
11 The Laws’ Speech—The Benefit Argument (= BA)—(53a9–54b2)
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Harmful to Socrates’ Friends—(53a9–b3)
11.3 Going to Neighboring Poleis—(53b3–d1)
11.4 Going to Distant Poleis—(53d1–54a2)
11.5 The Children Argument—(54a2–b2)
12 Conclusion to the Laws’ Speech—(54b3–54e2)
13 Plato’s Crito—Rhetoric and Democracy
13.1 Rhetoric—Introduction
13.2 The Worthlessness of Speeches
13.3 Rhetorical Persuasion Is Violence
13.4 Πείθου—Obey or Be Persuaded
13.5 Democracy
14 Plato’s Crito—Conclusion
Appendix 1: Plato’s Crito—A Concluding Remark
Appendix 2: Scheme of the Dialogue
Bibliography
Index
1 Introduction
2 Methodological Notes
3 Setting and Characters—Preliminary Notes
3.1 Role Reversal
3.2 Who is Crito (the Character)?
3.3 Who is Crito (Views and Values)?
3.4 Who is Crito (Social Status)?
3.5 Why Crito?
Part 1 Revelation—(43a1–46a9)
4 Crito’s Three Speeches
4.1 Crito’s First Speech—Crito the Private Good Man—(43a1–43b9)
4.2 Crito’s Second Speech—Crito the Decent Fellow Citizen—(43b10–44c5)
4.3 Crito’s Third Speech—Crito the Law-Abiding Citizen—(44c6–46a9)
5 Crito’s World-View
5.1 A General Description
5.2 Justice: Cognates and Derivatives
Part 2 Rectification—(46b1–48a4)
6 An Attempt to Correct Crito’s World-View
6.1 Socrates’ First Stage—(46b1–47a11)—Opinions and Opiners
6.2 Socrates’ Second Stage—(47a12–48a11)—the Expert vs. the Many
Part 3 Refutation—(48a5–End)
7 The Laws’ Speech—Preparation—(48a5–49e8)
7.1 The End of the Previous Move—(48a5–b1)
7.2 Socrates’ Third Move—General Structure
7.3 The “Non Retaliation Decree” (= NRD)—(48b2–49e3)
7.4 The Agreement Argument (= AA)—(49e9–50a5)
8 The Laws’ Speech—Introduction—(50a6–c4)
9 The Laws’ Speech—1: The Non-Equal Argument (= NEA)—(50c5–51c5)
9.1 Introduction
9.2 The Preface—(50c5–10)
9.3 The Non-Equal Argument (= NEA)—(50c10–51c5)
9.4 The ‘More than Parents Argument’ (= MPA)—(51a7–c5)
9.5 Persuade or Obey
10 The Laws’ Speech—2: The Agreement Argument (= AA)—(51c6–52d8)
10.1 Introduction—(51c6–8)
10.2 The Agreement Argument (= AA)—(51c8–52a3)
10.3 The ‘More Loyal Argument’ (= MLA)—(52a3–53a8)
11 The Laws’ Speech—The Benefit Argument (= BA)—(53a9–54b2)
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Harmful to Socrates’ Friends—(53a9–b3)
11.3 Going to Neighboring Poleis—(53b3–d1)
11.4 Going to Distant Poleis—(53d1–54a2)
11.5 The Children Argument—(54a2–b2)
12 Conclusion to the Laws’ Speech—(54b3–54e2)
13 Plato’s Crito—Rhetoric and Democracy
13.1 Rhetoric—Introduction
13.2 The Worthlessness of Speeches
13.3 Rhetorical Persuasion Is Violence
13.4 Πείθου—Obey or Be Persuaded
13.5 Democracy
14 Plato’s Crito—Conclusion
Appendix 1: Plato’s Crito—A Concluding Remark
Appendix 2: Scheme of the Dialogue
Bibliography
Index
This book on ancient and modern democracy is of interest to scholars and students across disciplines—with all Greek translated. It also appeals to thoughtful readers interested in democratic foundations.