Integrating gene expression, ecology and mycotoxin production byFusarium andAspergillus species in relation to interacting environmental factors
In: World Mycotoxin JournalSearch for other papers by N. Magan in
Current site
Google Scholar
Search for other papers by A. Medina in
Current site
Google Scholar
Environmental factors, such as water availability (water activity, aw), temperature and their interactions, have a significant impact on the life cycle of mycotoxigenic fungi. Growth and mycotoxin production are influenced by these interacting factors resulting in a broader range of aw × temperature conditions for germination, than growth or mycotoxin production. The biosynthetic genes are mostly clustered together and by using microarrays with sub-arrays for specific mycotoxins, such as trichothecenes, fumonisins and aflatoxins it has been possible to examine the relationship between interacting aw × temperature conditions on growth, toxin gene cluster expression and relate these to phenotypic toxin production. The data for groups of biosynthetic genes (Fusarium culmorum/Fusarium graminearum;Fusarium verticillioides;Aspergillus flavus) were integrated with data on growth and mycotoxin production under different aw × temperature conditions using a mixed growth model. This was used to correlate these factors and predict toxin levels which may be produced under different abiotic stress conditions. Indeed, the relative importance of the different genes could be examined using ternary diagrams of the relative expression of 3 genes at a time in relation to aw, temperature and mycotoxin production to identify the most important relationships. The effect of three-way interacting environmental factors representative of climate change (CC) scenarios (water stress × temperature (+2-4 °C) × elevated CO2 (350-400 vs 650 and 1000 ppm) on growth and mycotoxin production byA. flavus and by species of theAspergillus sectionCircumdati and sectionNigri have been determined. These studies on maize grain and coffee, respectively, suggest that while growth may not be significantly affected, mycotoxin production may be stimulated by CC factors. This approach to integrate such data sets and model the relationships could be a powerful tool for predicting the relative toxin production under extreme stress conditions, including CC scenarios.
Purchase
Buy instant access (PDF download and unlimited online access):
Institutional Login
Log in with Open Athens, Shibboleth, or your institutional credentials
Personal login
Log in with your brill.com account
-
Abdel-Hadi, A. and Magan, N., 2009. Influence of environmental factors on growth, sporulation and ochratoxin A and B production of the new grouping of theA. ochraceus group. World Mycotoxin Journal 2: 429-434.
'Influence of environmental factors on growth, sporulation and ochratoxin A and B production of the new grouping of theA. ochraceus group ' () 2 World Mycotoxin Journal : 429 -434.
-
Abdel-Hadi, A., Schmidt-Heydt, M., Parra, R., Geisen, R. and Magan, N., 2012. A systems approach to model the relationship between aflatoxin gene cluster expression, environmental factors, growth and toxin production byAspergillus flavus. Journal of the Royal Society Interface 9: 757-767.
'A systems approach to model the relationship between aflatoxin gene cluster expression, environmental factors, growth and toxin production byAspergillus flavus ' () 9 Journal of the Royal Society Interface : 757 -767.
-
Akbar, A.H., 2015. Growth and ochratoxin A production byAspergillus species in coffee beans: impact of climate change and control using ozone. PhD Thesis, School of Energy, Environment and AgriFood, Cranfield University, Cranfield, UK.
-
Akbar, A.H., Medina, A. and Magan, N., 2016. Impact of interacting climate change factors on growth and ochratoxin A production byAspergillus sectionsCircumdati andNigri species on coffee. World Mycotoxin Journal 9: 863-874.
'Impact of interacting climate change factors on growth and ochratoxin A production byAspergillus sectionsCircumdati andNigri species on coffee ' () 9 World Mycotoxin Journal : 863 -874.
-
Ayerst, G., 1969. The effects of moisture and temperature on growth and spore germination in some fungi. Journal of Stored Product Research 5: 127-141.
'The effects of moisture and temperature on growth and spore germination in some fungi ' () 5 Journal of Stored Product Research : 127 -141.
-
Battilani, P., Rossi, V., Giorni, P., Pietri, A. and Gualla, A., 2012. Modelling, predicting and mapping the emergence of aflatoxins in cereals in the EU due to climate change. Available at: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/supporting/pub/223e.htm.
'Modelling, predicting and mapping the emergence of aflatoxins in cereals in the EU due to climate change', ().
-
Battilani, P., Toscano, P., Van der Fels-Klerx, H.J., Moretti, A., Camardo Leggieri, M., Brera, C., Rortais, A., Goumperis T. and Robinson, T., 2016. Aflatoxin B1 contamination in maize in Europe increases due to climate change. Nature Scientific Reports 6: 24328.
'Aflatoxin B1 contamination in maize in Europe increases due to climate change ' () 6 Nature Scientific Reports : 24328 -.
-
Bebber, D.P., Holmes, T. and Gurr, S.J., 2014. The global spread of crop pests and pathogens. Global Ecology and Biogeography 23: 1398-1407.
'The global spread of crop pests and pathogens ' () 23 Global Ecology and Biogeography : 1398 -1407.
-
Bebber, D.P., Ramotowski, M.A.T. and Gurr, S.J., 2013. Crop pests and pathogens move poleward in a warming world. Nature Climate Change 3: 985-988.
'Crop pests and pathogens move poleward in a warming world ' () 3 Nature Climate Change : 985 -988.
-
Brown, D.W. and Proctor R.H., 2013.Fusarium: genomics, molecular and cellular biology. Caister Academic Press, Portland, OR, USA.
'Fusarium: genomics, molecular and cellular biology', ().
-
Brown, D.W., Butchko, R.A.E., Busman, M. and Proctor, R.H., 2007. TheFusarium verticillioidesFUM gene cluster encodes a Zn (II)2Cys6 protein that affectsfum gene expression and fumonisin production. Eukaryotic Cell 6: 1210-1218.
'TheFusarium verticillioidesFUM gene cluster encodes a Zn (II)2Cys6 protein that affectsfum gene expression and fumonisin production ' () 6 Eukaryotic Cell : 1210 -1218.
-
Cairns-Fuller, V., Aldred, D. and Magan, N., 2005. Water, temperature and gas composition interactions affect growth and ochratoxin A production by isolates ofPenicillium verrucosum on wheat grain. Journal of Applied Microbiology 99: 1215-1221.
'Water, temperature and gas composition interactions affect growth and ochratoxin A production by isolates ofPenicillium verrucosum on wheat grain ' () 99 Journal of Applied Microbiology : 1215 -1221.
-
Crespo-Perez, V., Regniere, J., Chuine, I., Rebaudo, F. and Dangles, O., 2015. Changes in the distribution of multispecies pest assemblages affect levels of crop damage in warming tropical Andes. Global Change Biology 21: 82-96.
'Changes in the distribution of multispecies pest assemblages affect levels of crop damage in warming tropical Andes ' () 21 Global Change Biology : 82 -96.
-
Desjardines, A.E., 2006.Fusarium mycotoxins: chemistry, genetics, and biology. American Phytopathology Society, St. Paul, MN, USA.
'Fusarium mycotoxins: chemistry, genetics, and biology', ().
-
Dobolyi, C., Sebők, F., Varga, J., Kocsubé, S., Szigeti, G., Baranyi, N., Szécsi, Á., Tóth, B., Varga, M., Kriszt, B., Szoboszlay, S., Krifaton, C. and Kukolya, J., 2013. Occurrence of aflatoxin producingAspergillus flavus isolates in maize kernels in Hungary. Acta Alimentaria 42: 451-459.
'Occurrence of aflatoxin producingAspergillus flavus isolates in maize kernels in Hungary ' () 42 Acta Alimentaria : 451 -459.
-
Dolezal, A.L., Shu, X., O’Brian, G.R., Nielsen, D.M., Woloshuk, C.P., Boston, R.S. and Payne, G.A., 2014.Aspergillus flavus infection induces transcriptional and physical changes in developing maize kernels. Frontiers in Microbiology 5: 384.
'Aspergillus flavus infection induces transcriptional and physical changes in developing maize kernels ' () 5 Frontiers in Microbiology : 384 -.
-
Frazer, S., Pestka, J.J., Kim, J-K, Medina, A., Aldred, D. and Magan, N., 2012. Impact of environmental factors on growth and satratoxin G production by strains ofStachybotrys chartarum. World Mycotoxin Journal 5: 37-43.
'Impact of environmental factors on growth and satratoxin G production by strains ofStachybotrys chartarum. ' () 5 World Mycotoxin Journal : 37 -43.
-
Gallo, A., Knox, B.P., Bruno, K.S., Solfrizzo, M., Baker, S.E. and Perrone, G., 2014. Identification and characterization of the polyketide synthase involved in ochratoxin A biosynthesis inAspergillus carbonarius. International Journal of Food Microbiology 179: 10-17.
'Identification and characterization of the polyketide synthase involved in ochratoxin A biosynthesis inAspergillus carbonarius ' () 179 International Journal of Food Microbiology : 10 -17.
-
Geisen, R., Schmidt-Heydt, M. and Karolewiez, A., 2006. A gene cluster of the ochratoxin A biosynthetic genes inPenicillium. Mycotoxin Research 22: 134-141.
'A gene cluster of the ochratoxin A biosynthetic genes inPenicillium ' () 22 Mycotoxin Research : 134 -141.
-
Georgianna, D.R. and Payne, G.A., 2009. Genetic regulation of aflatoxin biosynthesis: from gene to genome. Fungal Genetics and Biology 46: 112-125.
'Genetic regulation of aflatoxin biosynthesis: from gene to genome ' () 46 Fungal Genetics and Biology : 112 -125.
-
Gil-Serna, J., Gonzalez-Salgado, A., Gonzalez-Jaen, M.T., Vasquez, C. and Patino, B., 2009. ITS-based detection and quantification ofAspergillus ochraceus andAspergillus westerdijkiae in grapes and coffee beans by real-time quantitaive PCR. International Journal of Food Microbiology 131: 162-167.
'ITS-based detection and quantification ofAspergillus ochraceus andAspergillus westerdijkiae in grapes and coffee beans by real-time quantitaive PCR ' () 131 International Journal of Food Microbiology : 162 -167.
-
Giorni, P., Camardo Leggieri, M., Magan, N. and Battilani, P., 2012. Comparison of temperature and moisture requirements for sporulation ofAspergillus flavus sclerotia on natural and artificial substrates. Fungal Biology 116: 637-642.
'Comparison of temperature and moisture requirements for sporulation ofAspergillus flavus sclerotia on natural and artificial substrates ' () 116 Fungal Biology : 637 -642.
-
Jurado, M., Marín, P., Magan, N. and Gonzalez-Jaén, M.T., 2008. Relationship between solute and matric potential stress, temperature, growth andfum1 gene expression in twoFusarium verticillioides strains from Spain. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 74: 2032-2036.
'Relationship between solute and matric potential stress, temperature, growth andfum1 gene expression in twoFusarium verticillioides strains from Spain ' () 74 Applied and Environmental Microbiology : 2032 -2036.
-
Keller, N.P., Nesbitt, C., Sarr, B., Phillips, T.D. and Burrow, G.D., 1997. pH regulation of sterigmatocystin and aflatoxin biosynthesis inAspergillus spp. Phytopathology 87: 643-648.
'pH regulation of sterigmatocystin and aflatoxin biosynthesis inAspergillus spp ' () 87 Phytopathology : 643 -648.
-
Kim, J.H., Campbell, B.C., Yu, J., Mahoney, N., Chan, K.L., Molyneux, R.J., Bhatnagar, D. and Cleveland, T.E., 2005. Examination of fungal stress response genes usingSaccharomycescerevisiae as a model system: targeting genes affecting aflatoxin biosynthesis byAspergillus flavus Link. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 67: 807-815.
'Examination of fungal stress response genes usingSaccharomycescerevisiae as a model system: targeting genes affecting aflatoxin biosynthesis byAspergillus flavus Link ' () 67 Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology : 807 -815.
-
Kimura, M., Tokai, T., Takahashi-Ando, N., Ohsato, S. and Fujimura, M., 2007. Molecular and genetic studies ofFusarium trichothecene biosynthesis: pathways, genes, and evolution. Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry 71: 2105-2123.
'Molecular and genetic studies ofFusarium trichothecene biosynthesis: pathways, genes, and evolution ' () 71 Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry : 2105 -2123.
-
Kohut, G., Ádám, A.L., Fazekas, B. and Hornok, L., 2009. N-starvation stress inducedFUM gene expression and fumonisin production is mediated via the HOG-type MAPK pathway inFusarium proliferatum. International Journal of Food Microbiology 130: 65-69.
'N-starvation stress inducedFUM gene expression and fumonisin production is mediated via the HOG-type MAPK pathway inFusarium proliferatum ' () 130 International Journal of Food Microbiology : 65 -69.
-
Kos, J., Mastilović, J., Janić Hajnal, E. and Šarić, B., 2013. Natural occurrence of aflatoxins in maize harvested in Serbia during 2009-2012. Food Control 34: 31-34.
'Hajnal, E ' () 34 Food Control : 31 -34.
-
Lazzaro, I., Susca, A., Mule, G. and Battilani, P., 2012. Effects of temperature and water activity onFUM2 andFUM21 gene expression and fumonisin B1 production inFusarium verticillioides. European Journal of Plant Pathology 134: 685-695.
'Effects of temperature and water activity onFUM2 andFUM21 gene expression and fumonisin B1 production inFusarium verticillioides ' () 134 European Journal of Plant Pathology : 685 -695.
-
Leggieri, M.C., Mitchell, D., Aldred, D., Battilani, P. and Magan, N., 2014. Hydro- and thermo-times for conidial germination kinetics of the ochratoxigenic speciesAspergillus carbonariusin vitro, on grape skin and grape flesh. Fungal Biology 118: 996-1003.
'Hydro- and thermo-times for conidial germination kinetics of the ochratoxigenic speciesAspergillus carbonariusin vitro, on grape skin and grape flesh ' () 118 Fungal Biology : 996 -1003.
-
Magan, N. and Lacey, J., 1984a. The effect of temperature and pH on the water relations of field and storage fungi. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 82: 71-81.
'The effect of temperature and pH on the water relations of field and storage fungi ' () 82 Transactions of the British Mycological Society : 71 -81.
-
Magan, N., Aldred, D., Mylona, K. and Lambert, R.J.M., 2010. Limiting mycotoxins in wheat. Food Additives and Contaminants Part A 27: 644-650.
'Limiting mycotoxins in wheat ' () 27 Food Additives and Contaminants Part A : 644 -650.
-
Magan, N., Medina, A. and Aldred, D., 2011. Possible impacts of climate change on mycotoxins in food crops pre- and post-harvest. Plant Pathology 60: 150-163.
'Possible impacts of climate change on mycotoxins in food crops pre- and post-harvest ' () 60 Plant Pathology : 150 -163.
-
Marin, P., De Ory, A., Cruz, A., Magan, N. and Gonzalez-Jaen, M.T., 2013. Potential effects of environmental conditions on the efficiency of the antifungal tebuconazole controllingFusarium verticillioides andFusarium proliferatum growth rate and fumonisin biosynthesis. International Journal of Food Microbiology 165: 251-258.
'Potential effects of environmental conditions on the efficiency of the antifungal tebuconazole controllingFusarium verticillioides andFusarium proliferatum growth rate and fumonisin biosynthesis ' () 165 International Journal of Food Microbiology : 251 -258.
-
Marín, P., Jurado, M., Magan, N., Vázquez, C. and González-Jaén, M.T., 2010a. Effect of solute stress and temperature on growth rate andTRI5 gene expression using real time RT-PCR inFusarium graminearum from Spanish wheat. International Journal of Food Microbiology 140: 169-174.
'Effect of solute stress and temperature on growth rate andTRI5 gene expression using real time RT-PCR inFusarium graminearum from Spanish wheat ' () 140 International Journal of Food Microbiology : 169 -174.
-
Marín, P., Magan, N., Vázquez, C. and González-Jaén, M.T., 2010b. Differential effect of environmental conditions on growth and regulation of the fumonisin biosynthetic geneFUM1 in the maize pathogens and fumonisin-producersF. verticillioides andF. proliferatum. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 73: 303-311.
'Differential effect of environmental conditions on growth and regulation of the fumonisin biosynthetic geneFUM1 in the maize pathogens and fumonisin-producersF. verticillioides andF. proliferatum ' () 73 FEMS Microbiology Ecology : 303 -311.
-
Medina, A. and Magan, N., 2011. Water availability and temperature affects production of T-2 and HT-2 byFusarium langsethiae strains from north European countries. Food Microbiology 28: 392-398.
'Water availability and temperature affects production of T-2 and HT-2 byFusarium langsethiae strains from north European countries ' () 28 Food Microbiology : 392 -398.
-
Medina, A., Rodriguez, A. and Magan, N., 2014. Effect of climate change onAspergillus flavus and aflatoxins. Frontiers in Microbiology 5: 348.
'Effect of climate change onAspergillus flavus and aflatoxins ' () 5 Frontiers in Microbiology : 348 -.
-
Medina, A., Rodríguez, A., Sultan, Y. and Magan, N., 2015a. Climate change factors andA. flavus: effects on gene expression, growth and aflatoxin production. World Mycotoxin Journal 8: 171-179.
'Climate change factors andA. flavus: effects on gene expression, growth and aflatoxin production ' () 8 World Mycotoxin Journal : 171 -179.
-
Medina, A., Schmidt-Heydt, M., Cárdenas-Chávez, D.L., Parra, R., Geisen, R. and Magan, N., 2013. Integrating toxin gene expression, growth and fumonisin B1 and B2 production by a strain ofFusarium verticillioides under different environmental factors. Journal of the Royal Society Interface 10: 20130320.
'Integrating toxin gene expression, growth and fumonisin B1 and B2 production by a strain ofFusarium verticillioides under different environmental factors ' () 10 Journal of the Royal Society Interface : 20130320 -.
-
Medina, A., Schmidt-Heydt, M., Rodríguez, A., Parra, R., Geisen, R. and Magan, N., 2015b. Impacts of environmental stress on growth, secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters and metabolite production of xerotolerant/xerophilic fungi. Current Genetics 61: 325-334.
'Impacts of environmental stress on growth, secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters and metabolite production of xerotolerant/xerophilic fungi ' () 61 Current Genetics : 325 -334.
-
Mitchell, D., Parra, R., Aldred, D. and Magan, N., 2004. Water and temperature relations of growth and ochratoxin A production byAspergillus carbonarius strains from grapes in Europe and Israel. Journal of Applied Microbiology 97: 439-445.
'Water and temperature relations of growth and ochratoxin A production byAspergillus carbonarius strains from grapes in Europe and Israel ' () 97 Journal of Applied Microbiology : 439 -445.
-
O’Brian, G.R., Fakhoury, M and Payne, G.A., 2003. Identification of genes differentially expressed during aflatoxin biosynthesis inAspergillus flavus andAspergillus parasiticus. Fungal Genetics and Biology 39: 118-127.
'Identification of genes differentially expressed during aflatoxin biosynthesis inAspergillus flavus andAspergillus parasiticus ' () 39 Fungal Genetics and Biology : 118 -127.
-
O’Brian, G.R., Georgianna, D.R., Wilkinson, J.R., Yu, J., Abbas, H.K., Bhatnagar, D., Cleveland, T.E., Nierman, W. and Payne, G.A., 2007. The effect of elevated temperature on gene transcription and aflatoxin biosynthesis. Mycologia 99: 232-239.
'The effect of elevated temperature on gene transcription and aflatoxin biosynthesis ' () 99 Mycologia : 232 -239.
-
Parra, R., Aldred, D.A., Archer, D.A. and Magan, N., 2004. Water activity, solute and temperature modify growth and spore production of wild type and genetically engineeredAspergillus niger strains. Enzyme and Microbial Technology 35: 232-237.
'Water activity, solute and temperature modify growth and spore production of wild type and genetically engineeredAspergillus niger strains ' () 35 Enzyme and Microbial Technology : 232 -237.
-
Pirttilä, A.M., McIntyre, L.M., Payne, G.A. and Woloshuk, C.P., 2004. Expression profile analysis of wild-type and feel mutant strains ofFusarium verticillioides during fumonisin biosynthesis. Fungal Genetics and Biology 41: 647-656.
'Expression profile analysis of wild-type and feel mutant strains ofFusarium verticillioides during fumonisin biosynthesis ' () 41 Fungal Genetics and Biology : 647 -656.
-
Price, M.S., Conners, S.B., Tachdjian, S., Kelly, R.M. and Payne, G.A., 2005. Aflatoxin conducive and non-conducive growth conditions reveal new gene associations with aflatoxin production. Fungal Genetics and Biology 42: 506-518.
'Aflatoxin conducive and non-conducive growth conditions reveal new gene associations with aflatoxin production ' () 42 Fungal Genetics and Biology : 506 -518.
-
Price, M.S., Yu, J., Nierman, W.C., Stanley Kim, H., Pritchard, B., Jacobus, C.A., Bhatnagar, D., Cleveland, T.E. and Payne, G.A., 2006. The aflatoxin pathway regulatorAfIR induces gene transcription inside and outside of the aflatoxin biosynthetic cluster. FEMS Microbiology Letters 255: 275-279.
'The aflatoxin pathway regulatorAfIR induces gene transcription inside and outside of the aflatoxin biosynthetic cluster ' () 255 FEMS Microbiology Letters : 275 -279.
-
Proctor, R.H., Busman, M., Seo, J.A., Lee, Y.W. and Plattner, R.D., 2008. A fumonisin biosynthetic gene cluster inFusarium oxysporum strain O-1890 and the genetic basis for B versus C fumonisin production. Fungal Genetics and Biology 45: 1016-1026.
'A fumonisin biosynthetic gene cluster inFusarium oxysporum strain O-1890 and the genetic basis for B versus C fumonisin production ' () 45 Fungal Genetics and Biology : 1016 -1026.
-
Sanchis, V. and Magan, N., 2004. Environmental conditions affecting mycotoxins. In: Magan, N. and Olsen, M. (eds.) Mycotoxins in food: detection and control. Woodhead Publishing Ltd., Cambridge, UK, pp. 174-189.
'Environmental conditions affecting mycotoxins ', () 174 -189.
-
Schmidt-Heydt, M. and Geisen, R., 2007. A microarray for monitoring the production of mycotoxins in food. International Journal of Food Microbiology 117: 131-140.
'A microarray for monitoring the production of mycotoxins in food ' () 117 International Journal of Food Microbiology : 131 -140.
-
Schmidt-Heydt, M., Abdel-Hadi, A., Magan, N. and Geisen, R., 2009. Complex regulation of the aflatoxin biosynthesis gene cluster ofA. flavus in relation to various combinations of water activity and temperature. International Journal of Food Microbiology 135: 231-237.
'Complex regulation of the aflatoxin biosynthesis gene cluster ofA. flavus in relation to various combinations of water activity and temperature ' () 135 International Journal of Food Microbiology : 231 -237.
-
Schmidt-Heydt, M., Baxter, E.S., Geisen, R. and Magan, N., 2007. Physiological relationship between food preservatives, environmental factors, ochratoxin andotapksPv gene expression byPenicillium verrucosum. International Journal of Food Microbiology 119: 277-283.
'Physiological relationship between food preservatives, environmental factors, ochratoxin andotapksPv gene expression byPenicillium verrucosum ' () 119 International Journal of Food Microbiology : 277 -283.
-
Schmidt-Heydt, M., Magan, N. and Geisen, R., 2008. Stress induction of mycotoxin biosynthesis genes in relation to abiotic factors. FEMS Microbiology Letters 284: 142-149.
'Stress induction of mycotoxin biosynthesis genes in relation to abiotic factors ' () 284 FEMS Microbiology Letters : 142 -149.
-
Schmidt-Heydt, M., Parra, R., Geisen, R. and Magan, N., 2011. Modelling the relationship between environmental factors, transcriptional genes and deoxynivalenol mycotoxin production by twoFusarium species. Journal of the Royal Society Interface 8: 117-120.
'Modelling the relationship between environmental factors, transcriptional genes and deoxynivalenol mycotoxin production by twoFusarium species ' () 8 Journal of the Royal Society Interface : 117 -120.
-
Schmidt-Heydt, M., Rüfer, C.E., Abdel-Hadi, A., Magan, N. and Geisen, R., 2010. The production of aflatoxin B1 or G1 byAspergillus parasiticus at various combinations of temperature and water activity is related to the ratio ofaflS toaflR expression. Mycotoxin Research 26: 241-246.
'The production of aflatoxin B1 or G1 byAspergillus parasiticus at various combinations of temperature and water activity is related to the ratio ofaflS toaflR expression ' () 26 Mycotoxin Research : 241 -246.
-
Shuler, L. and Kargi, F., 2007. Bioprocess engineering basic concepts, 2nd ed. Prentice Hall PTR, Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA.
'Bioprocess engineering basic concepts, 2nd ed', ().
-
Vary, Z., Mullins, E., Mcelwain, J.C. and Doohan, F., 2015. The severity of wheat diseases increases when plants and pathogens are acclimatised to elevated carbon dioxide. Global Change Biology 21: 2661-2669.
'The severity of wheat diseases increases when plants and pathogens are acclimatised to elevated carbon dioxide ' () 21 Global Change Biology : 2661 -2669.
-
Vaughan, M.M., Huffaker, A., Schmelz, E.A., Dafoe, N.J., Christensen, S. and Sims, J. 2014. Effects of elevated CO2 on maize defence against mycotoxigenicFusarium verticillioides. Plant Cell and Environment 37: 2691-2706.
'Effects of elevated CO2 on maize defence against mycotoxigenicFusarium verticillioides ' () 37 Plant Cell and Environment : 2691 -2706.
-
Wilkinson, J.R., Kale, S.P., Bhatnagar, D., Yu, J. and Ehrlich, K.C. 2011. Expression profiling of non-aflatoxigenicAspergillus parasiticus mutants obtained by 5-azacytosine treatment or serial mycelial transfer. Toxins 3: 932-948.
'Expression profiling of non-aflatoxigenicAspergillus parasiticus mutants obtained by 5-azacytosine treatment or serial mycelial transfer ' () 3 Toxins : 932 -948.
-
Woloshuk, C.P. and Shim, W-B., 2014. Aflatoxins, fumonisins, and trichothecenes: a convergence of knowledge. FEMS Microbiology Reviews 37: 94-109.
'Aflatoxins, fumonisins, and trichothecenes: a convergence of knowledge ' () 37 FEMS Microbiology Reviews : 94 -109.
-
Wu, F., Bhatnagar, D., Bui-Klimke, T., Carbone, I., Hellmich, R., Munkvold, G., Payne, G. and Takle, E., 2011. Climate change impacts on mycotoxin risks in US maize. World Mycotoxin Journal 4: 79-93.
'Climate change impacts on mycotoxin risks in US maize ' () 4 World Mycotoxin Journal : 79 -93.
-
Yu, J., Chang, P.K., Ehrlich, K.C., Cary, J.W., Bhatnagar, D., Cleveland, T.A., Payne, G.A., Linz, J.E., Woloshuk, C.P. and Bennett J.W., 2004. Clustered pathway genes in aflatoxin biosynthesis. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70: 1253-1262.
'Clustered pathway genes in aflatoxin biosynthesis ' () 70 Applied and Environmental Microbiology : 1253 -1262.
-
Yu, J., Fedorova, N.D., Montalbano, B.G. and Bhatnagar, D., 2011. Tight control of mycotoxin biosynthesis gene expression inAspergillus flavus by temperature as revealed byRNA-Seq. FEMS Microbiology Letters 322: 145-149.
'Tight control of mycotoxin biosynthesis gene expression inAspergillus flavus by temperature as revealed byRNA-Seq ' () 322 FEMS Microbiology Letters : 145 -149.
-
Zhang, F., Guo, Z., Zhong, H., Wang, S., Yang, W. and Liu, Y., 2014. RNA-seq-based transcriptome analysis of aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus in response to water activity. Toxins 6: 3187-207.
'RNA-seq-based transcriptome analysis of aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus in response to water activity ' () 6 Toxins : 3187 -207.
| All Time | Past 365 days | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 652 | 268 | 32 |
| Full Text Views | 90 | 5 | 0 |
| PDF Views & Downloads | 45 | 11 | 0 |
Integrating gene expression, ecology and mycotoxin production byFusarium andAspergillus species in relation to interacting environmental factors
In: World Mycotoxin JournalSearch for other papers by N. Magan in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by A. Medina in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Environmental factors, such as water availability (water activity, aw), temperature and their interactions, have a significant impact on the life cycle of mycotoxigenic fungi. Growth and mycotoxin production are influenced by these interacting factors resulting in a broader range of aw × temperature conditions for germination, than growth or mycotoxin production. The biosynthetic genes are mostly clustered together and by using microarrays with sub-arrays for specific mycotoxins, such as trichothecenes, fumonisins and aflatoxins it has been possible to examine the relationship between interacting aw × temperature conditions on growth, toxin gene cluster expression and relate these to phenotypic toxin production. The data for groups of biosynthetic genes (Fusarium culmorum/Fusarium graminearum;Fusarium verticillioides;Aspergillus flavus) were integrated with data on growth and mycotoxin production under different aw × temperature conditions using a mixed growth model. This was used to correlate these factors and predict toxin levels which may be produced under different abiotic stress conditions. Indeed, the relative importance of the different genes could be examined using ternary diagrams of the relative expression of 3 genes at a time in relation to aw, temperature and mycotoxin production to identify the most important relationships. The effect of three-way interacting environmental factors representative of climate change (CC) scenarios (water stress × temperature (+2-4 °C) × elevated CO2 (350-400 vs 650 and 1000 ppm) on growth and mycotoxin production byA. flavus and by species of theAspergillus sectionCircumdati and sectionNigri have been determined. These studies on maize grain and coffee, respectively, suggest that while growth may not be significantly affected, mycotoxin production may be stimulated by CC factors. This approach to integrate such data sets and model the relationships could be a powerful tool for predicting the relative toxin production under extreme stress conditions, including CC scenarios.
| All Time | Past 365 days | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 652 | 268 | 32 |
| Full Text Views | 90 | 5 | 0 |
| PDF Views & Downloads | 45 | 11 | 0 |
