Möchten Sie über diese Zeitschrift informiert bleiben? Klicken Sie bitte auf die Buttons, um unsere Alerts zu abonnieren.
Möchten Sie über diese Zeitschrift informiert bleiben? Klicken Sie bitte auf die Buttons, um unsere Alerts zu abonnieren.
Light regulation of mycotoxin biosynthesis: new perspectives for food safety
in World Mycotoxin JournalSearch for other papers by F. Fanelli in
Current site
Google Scholar
Search for other papers by R. Geisen in
Current site
Google Scholar
Search for other papers by M. Schmidt-Heydt in
Current site
Google Scholar
Search for other papers by A.F. Logrieco in
Current site
Google Scholar
Search for other papers by G. Mulè in
Current site
Google Scholar
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by toxigenic fungi contaminating foods and feeds in pre-, post-harvest and processing, and represent a great concern worldwide, both for the economic implications and for the health of the consumers. Many environmental conditions are involved in the regulation of mycotoxin biosynthesis. Among these, light represents one of the most important signals for fungi, influencing several physiological responses such as pigmentation, sexual development and asexual conidiation, primary and secondary metabolism, including mycotoxin biosynthesis. In this review we summarise some recent findings on the effect of specific light wavelength and intensity on mycotoxin biosynthesis in the main toxigenic fungal genera. We describe the molecular mechanism underlying light perception and its involvement in the regulation of secondary metabolism, focusing on VeA, global regulator inAspergillus nidulans, and the White-Collar proteins, key components of light response inNeurospora crassa. Light of specific wavelength and intensity exerts different effects both on growth and on toxin production depending on the fungal genus. InPenicillium spp. red (627 nm) and blue wavelengths (455-470 nm) reduce ochratoxin A (OTA) biosynthesis by modulating the level of expression of the ochratoxin polyketide synthase. Furthermore a mutual regulation between citrinin and OTA production is reported inPenicillium toxigenic species. InAspergillus spp. the effect of light treatment is strongly dependent on the species and culture conditions. Royal blue wavelength (455 nm) of high intensity (1,700 Lux) is capable of completely inhibit fungal growth and OTA production inAspergillus stenyii andPenicillum verrucosum. InFusarium spp. the effect of light exposure is less effective; mycotoxin-producing species, such asFusarium verticillioides andFusarium proliferatum, grow better under light conditions, and fumonisin production increased. This review provides a comprehensive picture on light regulation of mycotoxin biosynthesis and discusses possible new applications of this resource in food safety.
Kauf
Sofortzugang erwerben (PDF-Download und unbegrenzter Online-Zugang):
Institutszugang
Melden Sie sich mit Open Athens, Shibboleth oder Ihren institutionellen Anmeldedaten an.
Persönliche Anmeldung
Melden Sie sich mit Ihrem brill.com-Konto an
-
Arias, S.L., Theumer, M.G., Mary, V.S. and Rubinstein, H.R., 2012. Fumonisins: probable role as effectors in the complex interaction of susceptible and resistant maize hybrids andFusarium verticillioides. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 60: 5667-5675.
'Fumonisins: probable role as effectors in the complex interaction of susceptible and resistant maize hybrids and Fusarium verticillioides ' () 60 Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry : 5667 -5675.
-
Aronson, B.D., Johnson, K.A. and Dunlap, J.C., 1994. The circadian clock locusfrequency: protein encoded by a single open reading frame defines period length and temperature compensation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 91: 7683-7687.
'The circadian clock locus frequency: protein encoded by a single open reading frame defines period length and temperature compensation ' () 91 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA : 7683 -7687.
-
Atoui, A., Kastner, C., Larey, C.M., Thokala, R., Etxebeste, O., Espeso, E.A., Fischer, R. and Calvo, A.M., 2010. Cross-talk between light and glucose regulation controls toxin production and morphogenesis inAspergillus nidulans. Fungal Genetics and Biology 47: 962-972.
'Cross-talk between light and glucose regulation controls toxin production and morphogenesis in Aspergillus nidulans ' () 47 Fungal Genetics and Biology : 962 -972.
-
Aziz, N.H. and Moussa, L.A., 1997. Influence of white light, near-UV irradiation and other environmental conditions on production of aflatoxin B1 byAspergillus flavus and ochratoxin A byAspergillus ochraceus. Nahrung 41: 150-154.
'Influence of white light, near-UV irradiation and other environmental conditions on production of aflatoxin B1 by Aspergillus flavus and ochratoxin A by Aspergillus ochraceus ' () 41 Nahrung : 150 -154.
-
Babitha, S., Carvahlo, J.C., Soccol, C.R. and Pandey, A., 2008. Effect of light on growth, pigment production and culture morphology ofMonascus purpureus in solid-state fermentation. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 24: 2671-2675.
'Effect of light on growth, pigment production and culture morphology of Monascus purpureus in solid-state fermentation ' () 24 World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology : 2671 -2675.
-
Bailey, G.S., Price, R.L., Park, D.L. and Hendricks, J.D., 1994. Effect of ammoniation of aflatoxin B1-contaminated cottonseed feedstock on the aflatoxin M1 content of cows’ milk and hepatocarcinogenicity in the trout bioassay. Food and Chemical Toxicology 32: 707-715.
'Effect of ammoniation of aflatoxin B1-contaminated cottonseed feedstock on the aflatoxin M1 content of cows’ milk and hepatocarcinogenicity in the trout bioassay ' () 32 Food and Chemical Toxicology : 707 -715.
-
Baker, C.L., Loros, J.J. and Dunlap, J.C., 2012. The circadian clock ofNeurospora crassa. FEMS Microbiology Reviews 36: 95-110.
'The circadian clock of Neurospora crassa ' () 36 FEMS Microbiology Reviews : 95 -110.
-
Ballario, P. and Macino, G., 1997. White collar proteins: PASsing the light signal inNeurospora crassa. Trends in Microbiology 5: 458-462.
'White collar proteins: PASsing the light signal in Neurospora crassa ' () 5 Trends in Microbiology : 458 -462.
-
Ballario, P., Vittorioso, P., Magrelli, A., Talora, C., Cabibbo, A. and Macino, G., 1996. White collar-1, a central regulator of blue light responses inNeurospora, is a zinc finger protein. EMBO Journal 15: 1650-1657.
'White collar-1, a central regulator of blue light responses inNeurospora, is a zinc finger protein ' () 15 EMBO Journal : 1650 -1657.
-
Bayram, Ö. and Braus, G.H., 2012. Coordination of secondary metabolism and development in fungi: the velvet family of regulatory proteins. FEMS Microbiology Reviews 36: 1-24.
'Coordination of secondary metabolism and development in fungi: the velvet family of regulatory proteins ' () 36 FEMS Microbiology Reviews : 1 -24.
-
Bayram, Ö., Braus, G.H., Fisher, R. and Rodriguez-Romero, J., 2010. Spotlight onAspergillus nidulans photosensory systems. Fungal Genetics and Biology 47: 900-908.
'Spotlight onAspergillus nidulans photosensory systems ' () 47 Fungal Genetics and Biology : 900 -908.
-
Bayram, Ö., Krappmann, S., Ni, M., Bok, J.W., Helmstaedt, K., Valerius, O., Braus-Stromeyer S., Kwon, N.-J., Keller, N.P., Yu, J.H. and Braus, G.H., 2008. VeIB/VeA/LaeA complex coordinates light signal with fungal development and secondary metabolism. Science 320: 1504- 1506.
'VeIB/VeA/LaeA complex coordinates light signal with fungal development and secondary metabolism ' () 320 Science : 1504 -1506.
-
Bayram, Ö., Sari, F., Braus, G.H. and Irniger, S., 2009. The protein kinase ImeB is required for light-mediated inhibition of sexual development and for mycotoxin production inAspergillus nidulans. Molecular Microbiology 71: 1278-1295.
'The protein kinase ImeB is required for light-mediated inhibition of sexual development and for mycotoxin production in Aspergillus nidulans ' () 71 Molecular Microbiology : 1278 -1295.
-
Belli, N., Ramos, A.J., Sanchis, V. and Marin, S., 2006. Effect of photoperiod and day-night temperatures simulating field conditions on growth and ochratoxin A production ofAspergillus carbonarius strains isolated from grapes. Food Microbiology 23: 622-627.
'Effect of photoperiod and day-night temperatures simulating field conditions on growth and ochratoxin A production of Aspergillus carbonarius strains isolated from grapes ' () 23 Food Microbiology : 622 -627.
-
Bennett, J.W. and Klich, M., 2003. Mycotoxins. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 16: 497-516.
'Mycotoxins ' () 16 Clinical Microbiology Reviews : 497 -516.
-
Bennett, J.W., Dunn, J.J. and Goldsman, C.I., 1981. Influence of white light on production of aflatoxins and anthraquinones inAspergillus parasiticus. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 41: 488-491.
'Influence of white light on production of aflatoxins and anthraquinones in Aspergillus parasiticus ' () 41 Applied and Environmental Microbiology : 488 -491.
-
Betina, V., 1984. Biological effects of mycotoxins. In: Betina, V. (ed.) Mycotoxins – production, isolation, separation and purification. Elsevier Science publishers B.V., Amsterdam, the Netherlands, pp. 25-36.
Mycotoxins – production, isolation, separation and purification , () 25 -36.
-
Bhatnagar, D., Cary, J., Ehrlich, K., Yu, J. and Cleveland, T., 2006. Understanding the genetics of regulation of aflatoxin production andAspergillus flavus development. Mycopathologia 262: 255-266.
'Understanding the genetics of regulation of aflatoxin production and Aspergillus flavus development ' () 262 Mycopathologia : 255 -266.
-
Blumenstein, A., Vienken, K., Tasler, R., Purschwitz, J., Veith, D., Frankenberg-Dinkel, N. and Fischer, R., 2005. TheAspergillus nidulans phytochrome FphA represses sexual development in red light. Current Biology 15: 1833-1838.
'TheAspergillus nidulans phytochrome FphA represses sexual development in red light ' () 15 Current Biology : 1833 -1838.
-
Boudra, H., Le Bars, P. and Le Bars, J., 1995. Thermostability of ochratoxin A in wheat under two moisture conditions. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 61: 1156-1158.
'Thermostability of ochratoxin A in wheat under two moisture conditions ' () 61 Applied and Environmental Microbiology : 1156 -1158.
-
Boutrif, E. and Canet, C., 1998. Mycotoxin prevention and control: FAO programmes. Revue de Médecine Vétérinaire 149: 681-694.
'Mycotoxin prevention and control: FAO programmes ' () 149 Revue de Médecine Vétérinaire : 681 -694.
-
Brown, D.W., Butchko, R.A.E., Busman, M. and Proctor, R.H., 2007. TheFusarium verticillioides FUM gene cluster encodes a Zn(II)2Cys6 protein that affects FUM gene expression and fumonisin production. Eukaryotic Cell 6: 1210-1218.
'The Fusarium verticillioides FUM gene cluster encodes a Zn(II)2Cys6 protein that affects FUM gene expression and fumonisin production ' () 6 Eukaryotic Cell : 1210 -1218.
-
Brunner, M. and Káldi, K., 2008. Interlocked feedback loops of the circadian clock ofNeurospora crassa. Molecular Microbiology 68: 255-262.
'Interlocked feedback loops of the circadian clock of Neurospora crassa ' () 68 Molecular Microbiology : 255 -262.
-
Busch, S., Eckert, S.E., Krappmann, S. and Braus, G.H., 2003. The COP9 signalosome is an essential regulator of development in the filamentous fungusAspergillus nidulans. Molecular Microbiology 49: 717-730.
'The COP9 signalosome is an essential regulator of development in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans ' () 49 Molecular Microbiology : 717 -730.
-
Calvo, A.M., 2008. The VeA regulatory system and its role in morphological and chemical development in fungi. Fungal Genetics and Biology 45: 1053-1061.
'The VeA regulatory system and its role in morphological and chemical development in fungi ' () 45 Fungal Genetics and Biology : 1053 -1061.
-
Calvo, A.M., Bok, J., Brooks, W. and Keller, N.P., 2004. veA is required for toxin and sclerotial production inAspergillus parasiticus. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70: 4733-4739.
'veA is required for toxin and sclerotial production in Aspergillus parasiticus ' () 70 Applied and Environmental Microbiology : 4733 -4739.
-
Cary, J.W., Obrian, G.R., Nielsen, D.M., Nierman, W., Harris-Coward, P., Bhatnagar, J.Y.D., Cleveland, T.E., Payne, G.A. and Calvo, A.M., 2007. Elucidation of veA-dependent genes associated with aflatoxin and sclerotial production inAspergillus flavus by functional genomics. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 76: 1107-1118.
'Elucidation of veA-dependent genes associated with aflatoxin and sclerotial production in Aspergillus flavus by functional genomics ' () 76 Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology : 1107 -1118.
-
Champe, S.P., Kurtz, M.B., Yager, L.N., Butnick, N.J. and Axelrod, D.E., 1981. Spore formation inAspergillus nidulans: Competence and other developmental processes. In: Turian, G. and Hohl, H.R. (eds.) The fungal spore: morphogenetic controls. Academic Press Inc., New York, NY, USA, pp. 63-91.
The fungal spore: morphogenetic controls , () 63 -91.
-
Chang, P.K., Cary, J.W., Bhatnagar, D., Cleveland, T.E., Bennett, J.W., Linz, J.E., Woloshuk, C.P. and Payne, G.A., 1993. Cloning of theAspergillus parasiticus apa-2 gene associated with the regulation of aflatoxin biosynthesis. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 59: 3273-3279.
'Cloning of the Aspergillus parasiticus apa-2 gene associated with the regulation of aflatoxin biosynthesis ' () 59 Applied and Environmental Microbiology : 3273 -3279.
-
Chen, C.H., Ringelberg, C.S., Gross, R.H., Dunlap, J.C. and Loros, J.J., 2009. Genome-wide analysis of light-inducible responses reveals hierarchical light signalling inNeurospora. EMBO Journal 28: 1029-1042.
'Genome-wide analysis of light-inducible responses reveals hierarchical light signalling in Neurospora ' () 28 EMBO Journal : 1029 -1042.
-
Chen, J., Mirocha, C.J., Xie, W., Hogge, L.R. and Olson, S.C., 1992. Production of the mycotoxin fumonisin B1 byAlternaria alternata f.sp.lycopersici. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 58: 3928-3931.
'Production of the mycotoxin fumonisin B1 by Alternaria alternata f.sp. lycopersici ' () 58 Applied and Environmental Microbiology : 3928 -3931.
-
Cheng, P., Yang, Y., Heintzen, C. and Liu, Y., 2001. Coiled-coil domain mediated FRQ-FRQ interaction is essential for its circadian clock function inNeurospora. EMBO Journal 20: 101-108.
'Coiled-coil domain mediated FRQ-FRQ interaction is essential for its circadian clock function in Neurospora ' () 20 EMBO Journal : 101 -108.
-
Ciegler, A., Vesonder, R.F. and Jackson, L.K., 1977. Production and biological activity of patulin and citrinin fromPenicillium expansum. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 33: 1004-1006.
'Production and biological activity of patulin and citrinin from Penicillium expansum ' () 33 Applied and Environmental Microbiology : 1004 -1006.
-
Codner, R.C., Sargeant, K. and Yeo, R., 1963. Production of aflatoxin by the culture of strains of Aspergillus flavus-oryzae on sterilized peanuts. Biotechnology Bioengineering 5: 185-192.
'Production of aflatoxin by the culture of strains of Aspergillus flavus-oryzae on sterilized peanuts ' () 5 Biotechnology Bioengineering : 185 -192.
-
Corrochano, L.M., 2007. Fungal photoreceptors: sensory molecules for fungal development and behaviour. Photochemical and Photobiological Sciences 6: 725-736.
'Fungal photoreceptors: sensory molecules for fungal development and behaviour ' () 6 Photochemical and Photobiological Sciences : 725 -736.
-
Corrochano, L.M., 2011. Fungal photobiology: a synopsis. IMA Fungus 2: 25-28.
'Fungal photobiology: a synopsis ' () 2 IMA Fungus : 25 -28.
-
Crawford, M.H., 2009. LEDs for solid-state lighting: performance challenges and recent advances. IEEE Journal on Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics 15: 1028-1040.
'LEDs for solid-state lighting: performance challenges and recent advances ' () 15 IEEE Journal on Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics : 1028 -1040.
-
Crespo-Sempere, A., Marin, S., Sanchis, V. and Ramos, A.J., 2013. VeA and laeA transcriptional factors regulate ochratoxin A biosynthesis inAspergillus carbonarius. International Journal of Food Microbiology 166: 479-486.
'VeA and laeA transcriptional factors regulate ochratoxin A biosynthesis in Aspergillus carbonarius ' () 166 International Journal of Food Microbiology : 479 -486.
-
Crosthwaite, S.K., Dunlap, J.C. and Loros, J.J., 1997.Neurospora wc-1 and wc-2: transcription, photoresponses, and the origins of circadian rhythmicity. Science 276: 763-769.
'Neurospora wc-1 and wc-2: transcription, photoresponses, and the origins of circadian rhythmicity ' () 276 Science : 763 -769.
-
Daub, M.E., 1982. Cercosporin, a photosensitizing toxin fromCercospora species. Phytopathology 72: 370-374.
'Cercosporin, a photosensitizing toxin from Cercospora species ' () 72 Phytopathology : 370 -374.
-
Daub, M.E., Herrero, S. and Chung, K.R., 2005. Photoactivated perylenequinone toxins in fungal pathogenesis of plants. FEMS Microbiology Letters 252: 197-206.
'Photoactivated perylenequinone toxins in fungal pathogenesis of plants ' () 252 FEMS Microbiology Letters : 197 -206.
-
Denault, D.L., Loros, J.J. and Dunlap, J.C., 2001. WC-2 mediates WC- 1-FRQ interaction within the PAS protein-linked circadian feedback loop ofNeurospora. The EMBO Journal 20: 109-117.
'WC-2 mediates WC- 1-FRQ interaction within the PAS protein-linked circadian feedback loop of Neurospora ' () 20 The EMBO Journal : 109 -117.
-
Deruiter, J., Jacyno, J.M., Davis, R.A. and Cutler, H.G., 1992. Studies on aldose reductase inhibitors from fungi. I. Citrinin and related benzopyran derivatives. Journal of Enzyme Inhibition 6: 201-210.
'Studies on aldose reductase inhibitors from fungi. I. Citrinin and related benzopyran derivatives ' () 6 Journal of Enzyme Inhibition : 201 -210.
-
Desjardines, A.E. and Proctor, R.H., 2007. Molecular biology ofFusarium mycotoxins. International Journal of Food Microbiology 119: 47-50.
'Molecular biology of Fusarium mycotoxins ' () 119 International Journal of Food Microbiology : 47 -50.
-
Desjardins, A.E., Hohn, T.M. and McCormick, S.P., 1993. Trichothecene biosynthesis inFusarium species: chemistry, genetics and significance. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 57: 595-604.
'Trichothecene biosynthesis inFusarium species: chemistry, genetics and significance ' () 57 Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews : 595 -604.
-
Desjardins, A.E., Plattner, R.D., Nelsen, T.C. and Leslie, J.F., 1995. Genetic analysis of fumonisin production and virulence ofGibberella fujikuroi mating population A (Fusarium moniliforme) on maize (Zea mays) seedlings. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 61: 79-86.
'Genetic analysis of fumonisin production and virulence of Gibberella fujikuroi mating population A (Fusarium moniliforme) on maize (Zea mays) seedlings ' () 61 Applied and Environmental Microbiology : 79 -86.
-
Desjardins, A.E., Spencer, G.F., Plattner, R.D. and Beremand, M.N., 1989. Furanocoumarin phytoalexins, trichothecene toxins and infection ofPastinaca sativa byFusarium sporotrichioides. Phytopathology 79: 170-175.
'Furanocoumarin phytoalexins, trichothecene toxins and infection of Pastinaca sativa by Fusarium sporotrichioides ' () 79 Phytopathology : 170 -175.
-
Desmond, O.J., Manners, J.M., Schenk, P.M., Maclean, D.J. and Kazan, K., 2008. Gene expression analysis of the wheat response to infection byFusarium pseudograminearum. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 73: 40-47.
'Gene expression analysis of the wheat response to infection by Fusarium pseudograminearum ' () 73 Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology : 40 -47.
-
Dreyer, J., Eichhorn, H., Friedlin, E., Kurnsteiner, H. and Kuck, U., 2007. A homologue of theAspergillus velvet gene regulates both cephalosporin C biosynthesis and hyphal fragmentation inAcremonium chrysogenum. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73: 3412-3422.
'A homologue of the Aspergillus velvet gene regulates both cephalosporin C biosynthesis and hyphal fragmentation in Acremonium chrysogenum ' () 73 Applied and Environmental Microbiology : 3412 -3422.
-
Dunlap, J.C., 1993. Genetic analysis of circadian clocks. Annual Review of Physiology 55: 683-728.
'Genetic analysis of circadian clocks ' () 55 Annual Review of Physiology : 683 -728.
-
Dunlap, J.C., 2006. Proteins in theNeurospora circadian clockworks. Journal of Biological Chemistry 281: 28489-28493.
'Proteins in the Neurospora circadian clockworks ' () 281 Journal of Biological Chemistry : 28489 -28493.
-
Duran, R.M., Cary, J.W. and Calvo, A.M., 2007. Production of cyclopiazonic acid, aflatrem, and aflatoxin byAspergillus flavus is regulated by veA, a gene necessary for sclerotial formation. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 73: 1158-1168.
'Production of cyclopiazonic acid, aflatrem, and aflatoxin byAspergillus flavus is regulated by veA, a gene necessary for sclerotial formation ' () 73 Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology : 1158 -1168.
-
Estrada, A.F. and Avalos, J., 2008. The white collar protein WcoA ofFusarium fujikuroi is not essential for photocarotenogenesis, but is involved in the regulation of secondary metabolism and conidiation. Fungal Genetics and Biology 45: 705-718.
'The white collar protein WcoA ofFusarium fujikuroi is not essential for photocarotenogenesis, but is involved in the regulation of secondary metabolism and conidiation ' () 45 Fungal Genetics and Biology : 705 -718.
-
European Commission (EC), 2002. Reports on tasks for scientific cooperation. Reports of experts participating in Task 3.2.7. Assessment of dietary intake of ochratoxin A by the population of EU Member States, SCOOP Task 3.2.7. Available at:http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/scoop/3.2.7_en.pdf.
-
European Commission (EC), 2006a. Commission Recommendation of 17 August 2006 on the prevention and reduction ofFusarium toxins in cereals and cereal products. Official Journal of the European Union L 234: 35-40.
-
European Commission (EC), 2006b. Commission Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006 of 19 December 2006 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs. Official Journal of the European Union L 364: 5-24.
-
Fanelli, F., Iversen, A., Logrieco, A.F. and Mulè, G., 2013. Relationship between fumonisin production and FUM gene expression inFusarium verticillioides under different environmental conditions. Food Additives and Contaminants Part A 30: 365-371.
'Relationship between fumonisin production and FUM gene expression in Fusarium verticillioides under different environmental conditions ' () 30 Food Additives and Contaminants Part A : 365 -371.
-
Fanelli, F., Schmidt-Heydt, M., Haidukowski, M., Geisen, R., Logrieco, A.F. and Mulé, G., 2012a. Influence of light on growth, conidiation and the mutual regulation of fumonisin B2 and ochratoxin A biosynthesis byAspergillus niger. World Mycotoxin Journal 5: 169-176.
'Influence of light on growth, conidiation and the mutual regulation of fumonisin B2 and ochratoxin A biosynthesis by Aspergillus niger ' () 5 World Mycotoxin Journal : 169 -176.
-
Fanelli, F., Schmidt-Heydt, M., Haidukowski, M., Geisen, R., Logrieco, A.F. and Mulè, G., 2012c. Influence of light on growth, fumonisin biosynthesis and FUM1 gene expression byFusarium proliferatum. International Journal of Food Microbiology 153: 148-153.
'Influence of light on growth, fumonisin biosynthesis and FUM1 gene expression by Fusarium proliferatum ' () 153 International Journal of Food Microbiology : 148 -153.
-
Fanelli, F., Schmidt-Heydt, M., Haidukowski, M., Susca, A., Geisen, R., Logrieco, A.F. and Mulè, G., 2012b. Influence of light on growth, conidiation and fumonisin production byFusarium verticillioides. Fungal Biology 116: 241-248.
'Influence of light on growth, conidiation and fumonisin production by Fusarium verticillioides ' () 116 Fungal Biology : 241 -248.
-
Fernandez, M., Manzano, S., De la Hoz, L., Ordonez, J.A. and Hierro, E., 2009. Pulsed light inactivation ofListeria monocytogenes through different plastic films. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 6: 1265-1267.
'Pulsed light inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes through different plastic films ' () 6 Foodborne Pathogens and Disease : 1265 -1267.
-
Fischer, R., 2008. Sex and poison in the dark. Science 320: 1430-1431.
'Sex and poison in the dark ' () 320 Science : 1430 -1431.
-
Flajs, D. and Peraica, M., 2009. Toxicological properties of citrinin. Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 60: 457-464.
'Toxicological properties of citrinin ' () 60 Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology : 457 -464.
-
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 1988. FAO trade yearbook 1987. FAO, Rome, Italy.
-
Fox, E.M. and Howlett, B.J., 2008. Secondary metabolism: regulation and role in fungal biology. Current Opinion in Microbiology 11: 481-487.
'Secondary metabolism: regulation and role in fungal biology ' () 11 Current Opinion in Microbiology : 481 -487.
-
Frisvad, J.C., Smedsgaard, J., Samson, R.A., Larsen, T.O. and Thrane, U., 2007. Fumonisin B2 production byAspergillus niger. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 55: 9727-9732.
'Fumonisin B2 production by Aspergillus niger ' () 55 Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry : 9727 -9732.
-
Froehlich, A.C., Liu, Y., Loros, J.J. and Dunlap, J.C., 2002. White Collar-1, a circadian blue light photoreceptor, binding to the frequency promoter. Science 297: 815-819.
'White Collar-1, a circadian blue light photoreceptor, binding to the frequency promoter ' () 297 Science : 815 -819.
-
Froehlich, A.C., Loros, J.J. and Dunlap, J.C., 2003. Rhythmic binding of a white collar-containing complex to the frequency promoter is inhibited by frequency. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 100: 5914-5919.
'Rhythmic binding of a white collar-containing complex to the frequency promoter is inhibited by frequency ' () 100 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA : 5914 -5919.
-
Fuller, K.K., Ringelberg, C.S., Loros, J.J. and Dunlap, J.C., 2013. The fungal pathogenAspergillus fumingatus regulates growth, metabolism, and stress resistance in response to light. mBIO 2: e00142-13.
'The fungal pathogenAspergillus fumingatus regulates growth, metabolism, and stress resistance in response to light ' () 2 mBIO : e00142 -13.
-
Fylaktakidou, K.C., Hadjipavlou-Litina, D.J., Litinas, K.E. and Nicolaides, D.N., 2004. Natural and synthetic coumarin derivatives with anti-inflammatory/antioxidant activities. Current Pharmaceutical Design 10: 3813-3833.
'Natural and synthetic coumarin derivatives with anti-inflammatory/antioxidant activities ' () 10 Current Pharmaceutical Design : 3813 -3833.
-
Garceau, N., Liu, Y., Loros, J.J. and Dunlap, J.C., 1997. Alternative initiation of translation and time-specific phosphorylation yield multiple forms of the essential clock protein frequency. Cell 89: 469-476.
'Alternative initiation of translation and time-specific phosphorylation yield multiple forms of the essential clock protein frequency ' () 89 Cell : 469 -476.
-
Gillman, I.G., Yezek, J.M. and Manderville, R.A., 1998. Ochratoxin A acts as a photoactivatable DNA cleaving agent. Chemical Communications 1998: 647-648.
'Ochratoxin A acts as a photoactivatable DNA cleaving agent ' () 1998 Chemical Communications : 647 -648.
-
Graafmans, W.D.J., 1974. Metabolism inPenicillium isariiforme on exposure to light, with special reference to citric acid synthesis. Microbiology 82: 247-252.
'Metabolism in Penicillium isariiforme on exposure to light, with special reference to citric acid synthesis ' () 82 Microbiology : 247 -252.
-
Graafmans, W.D.J., 1997. Effect of blue light on metabolism inPenicillium isariiforme. Journal of General Microbiology 101: 157-161.
'Effect of blue light on metabolism in Penicillium isariiforme ' () 101 Journal of General Microbiology : 157 -161.
-
Graf, E., Schmidt-Heydt, M. and Geisen, R., 2012. HOG MAP kinase regulation of alternariol biosynthesis inAlternaria alternata is important for substrate colonization. International Journal of Food Microbiology 157: 353-359.
'HOG MAP kinase regulation of alternariol biosynthesis in Alternaria alternata is important for substrate colonization ' () 157 International Journal of Food Microbiology : 353 -359.
-
Guzmán-de-Peña, D., Aguirre, J. and Ruiz-Herrera, J., 1998. Correlation between the regulation of sterigmatocystin biosynthesis and sexual sporulation inEmericella nidulans. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 73: 199-205.
'Correlation between the regulation of sterigmatocystin biosynthesis and sexual sporulation in Emericella nidulans ' () 73 Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek : 199 -205.
-
Häggblom, P. and Unestam, T., 1987. The effect of different wavelengths in light on polyketide metabolism inAlternaria alternata. Experimental Mycology 11: 150-153.
'The effect of different wavelengths in light on polyketide metabolism in Alternaria alternata ' () 11 Experimental Mycology : 150 -153.
-
He, Q., Shu, H., Cheng, P., Chen, S., Wang, L. and Liu, Y., 2005. Light-independent phosphorylation of White Collar-1 regulates its function in theNeurospora circadian negative feedback loop. Journal of Biological Chemistry 280: 17526-17532.
'Light-independent phosphorylation of White Collar-1 regulates its function in theNeurospora circadian negative feedback loop ' () 280 Journal of Biological Chemistry : 17526 -17532.
-
Heider, E.M., Harper, J.K., Grant, D.M., Hoffmann, A., Dugan, F., Tomer, D.P. and O'Neil, K.O., 2006. Exploring unusual antioxidant activity in a benzoic acid derivative: a proposed mechanism for citrinin. Tetrahedron 62: 1199-1208.
'Exploring unusual antioxidant activity in a benzoic acid derivative: a proposed mechanism for citrinin ' () 62 Tetrahedron : 1199 -1208.
-
Herrera-Estrella, A. and Horwitz, B.A., 2007. Looking through the eyes of fungi: molecular genetics of photoreception. Molecular Microbiology 64: 5-15.
'Looking through the eyes of fungi: molecular genetics of photoreception ' () 64 Molecular Microbiology : 5 -15.
-
Hetherington, A.C. and Raistrick, H., 1931. Studies in the biochemistry of microorganisms. Part XIV. On the production and chemical constitution of a new yellow colouring matter, citrinin, produced from glucose byPenicillium citrinum. Thom. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B 220B: 269-295.
'Studies in the biochemistry of microorganisms. Part XIV. On the production and chemical constitution of a new yellow colouring matter, citrinin, produced from glucose by Penicillium citrinum. Thom ' () 220B Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B : 269 -295.
-
Hill, E.P., 1976. Effect of light on growth and sporulation ofAspergillus ornatus. Journal of General Microbiology 95: 39-44.
'Effect of light on growth and sporulation of Aspergillus ornatus ' () 95 Journal of General Microbiology : 39 -44.
-
Hoff, B., Kamerewerd, J., Sigl, C., Mitterbauer, R., Zadra, I., Kürnsteiner, H. and Kück, U., 2010. Two components of a velvet-like complex control hyphal morphogenesis, conidiophore development, and penicillin biosynthesis inPenicillium chrysogenum. Eukaryotic Cell 9: 1236-1250.
'Two components of a velvet-like complex control hyphal morphogenesis, conidiophore development, and penicillin biosynthesis in Penicillium chrysogenum ' () 9 Eukaryotic Cell : 1236 -1250.
-
Idnurm, A. and Heitman, J., 2005. Light controls growth and development via a conserved pathway in the fungal kingdom. PLoS Biology 3: e95.
'Light controls growth and development via a conserved pathway in the fungal kingdom ' () 3 PLoS Biology : e95.
-
Iigusa, H., Yoshida, Y. and Hasunuma, K., 2005. Oxygen and hydrogen peroxide enhance light-induced carotenoid synthesis inNeurospora crassa. FEBS Letters 579: 4012-4016.
'Oxygen and hydrogen peroxide enhance light-induced carotenoid synthesis in Neurospora crassa ' () 579 FEBS Letters : 4012 -4016.
-
Innocenti, F.D., Pohl, U. and Russo, V.E., 1983. Photoinduction of protoperithecia inNeurospora crassa by blue light. Photochemistry and Photobiology 37: 49-51.
'Photoinduction of protoperithecia in Neurospora crassa by blue light ' () 37 Photochemistry and Photobiology : 49 -51.
-
Jayashree, T. and Subramanyam, C., 2000. Oxidative stress as a prerequisite for aflatoxin production byAspergillus parasiticus. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 29: 981-985.
'Oxidative stress as a prerequisite for aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus ' () 29 Free Radical Biology and Medicine : 981 -985.
-
Joffe, A.Z. and Lisker, N., 1969. Effects of light, temperature, and pH values on aflatoxin productionin vitro. Applied Microbiology 18: 517-518.
'Effects of light, temperature, and pH values on aflatoxin production in vitro ' () 18 Applied Microbiology : 517 -518.
-
Käfer, E., 1965. The origins of translocations inAspergillus nidulans. Genetics 52: 217-232.
'The origins of translocations in Aspergillus nidulans ' () 52 Genetics : 217 -232.
-
Kato, N., Brooks, W. and Calvo, A.M., 2003. The expression of sterigmatocystin and penicillin genes inAspergillus nidulans is controlled by veA, a gene required for sexual development. Eukaryotic Cell 2: 1178-1186.
'The expression of sterigmatocystin and penicillin genes in Aspergillus nidulans is controlled by veA, a gene required for sexual development ' () 2 Eukaryotic Cell : 1178 -1186.
-
Keller, N.P., Kantz, N.J. and Adams, T.H., 1994.Aspergillus nidulans verA is required for production of the mycotoxin sterigmatocystin. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 60: 1444-1450.
'Aspergillus nidulans verA is required for production of the mycotoxin sterigmatocystin ' () 60 Applied and Environmental Microbiology : 1444 -1450.
-
Kim, H.S., Han, K.Y., Kim, K.J., Han, D.M., Jahng, K.Y. and Chae, K.S., 2002. The veA gene activates sexual development inAspergillus nidulans. Fungal Genetics and Biology 37: 72-80.
'The veA gene activates sexual development in Aspergillus nidulans ' () 37 Fungal Genetics and Biology : 72 -80.
-
Kirby, L.K., Nelson, T.S., Halley, J.T. and Beasley, J.N., 1987. Citrinin toxicity in young chicks. Poultry Science 66: 966-968.
'Citrinin toxicity in young chicks ' () 66 Poultry Science : 966 -968.
-
Kopke, K., Hoff, B., Bloemendal, S., Katschorowski, A., Kamerewerd, J. and Kück, U., 2013. Members of thePenicillium chrysogenum velvet complex play functionally opposing roles in the regulation of penicillin biosynthesis and conidiation. Eukaryotic Cell 12: 299-310.
'Members of the Penicillium chrysogenum velvet complex play functionally opposing roles in the regulation of penicillin biosynthesis and conidiation ' () 12 Eukaryotic Cell : 299 -310.
-
Krishnamurthy, K., Demirci, A. and Irudayaraj, J., 2004. Inactivation ofStaphylocloccus aureus by pulsed UV-light sterilization. Journal of Food Protection 67: 1027-1030.
'Inactivation ofStaphylocloccus aureus by pulsed UV-light sterilization ' () 67 Journal of Food Protection : 1027 -1030.
-
Lee, K., Loros, J.J. and Dunlap, J.C., 2000. Interconnected feedback loops in theNeurospora circadian system. Science 289: 107-110.
'Interconnected feedback loops in the Neurospora circadian system ' () 289 Science : 107 -110.
-
Levi, C., 1980. Mycotoxins in coffee. Journal of the AOAC International 63: 1282-1285.
'Mycotoxins in coffee ' () 63 Journal of the AOAC International : 1282 -1285.
-
Levy, C., Aubert, X., Lacour, B. and Carlin, F., 2012. Relevant factor affecting microbial surface decontamination by pulsed light. International Journal of Food Microbiology 152: 168-174.
'Relevant factor affecting microbial surface decontamination by pulsed light ' () 152 International Journal of Food Microbiology : 168 -174.
-
Li, S.J., Myung, K., Guse, D., Donkin, B., Proctor, R.H., Grayburn, W.S. and Calvo, A.M., 2006. FvVE1 regulates filamentous growth, the ratio of microconidia to macroconidia and cell wall formation inFusarium verticillioides. Molecular Microbiology 62: 1418-1432.
'FvVE1 regulates filamentous growth, the ratio of microconidia to macroconidia and cell wall formation in Fusarium verticillioides ' () 62 Molecular Microbiology : 1418 -1432.
-
Lim, S.R., Kang, D., Ogunseitan, O.A. and Schoenung, J.M., 2011. Potential environmental impacts of light-emitting diodes (LEDs): metallic resources, toxicity, and hazardous waste classification. Environmental Science and Technology 45: 320-327.
'Potential environmental impacts of light-emitting diodes (LEDs): metallic resources, toxicity, and hazardous waste classification ' () 45 Environmental Science and Technology : 320 -327.
-
Linden, H. and Macino, G., 1997. White Collar-2, a partner in blue-light signal transduction, controlling expression of light-regulated genes inNeurospora crassa. EMBO Journal 16: 98-109.
'White Collar-2, a partner in blue-light signal transduction, controlling expression of light-regulated genes inNeurospora crassa ' () 16 EMBO Journal : 98 -109.
-
Liu, Y., Garceau, N., Loros, J.J. and Dunlap, J.C., 1997. Thermally regulated translational control mediates an aspect of temperature compensation in theNeurospora circadian clock. Cell 89: 477-486.
'Thermally regulated translational control mediates an aspect of temperature compensation in the Neurospora circadian clock ' () 89 Cell : 477 -486.
-
Luo, C., Loros, J.J. and Dunlap, J.C., 1998. Nuclear localization is required for function of the essential clock protein FRQ. EMBO Journal 17: 1228-1235.
'Nuclear localization is required for function of the essential clock protein FRQ ' () 17 EMBO Journal : 1228 -1235.
-
Maheshwari, R., 1991. Microcycle conidiation and its genetic basis inNeurospora crassa. Journal of General Microbiology 137: 2103-2116.
'Microcycle conidiation and its genetic basis in Neurospora crassa ' () 137 Journal of General Microbiology : 2103 -2116.
-
Manabe, M., 2001. Fermented foods and mycotoxins. Mycotoxins 51: 25-28.
'Fermented foods and mycotoxins ' () 51 Mycotoxins : 25 -28.
-
Mannon, J. and Johnson, E., 1985. Fungi down the farm. New Scientist 105: 12-16.
'Fungi down the farm ' () 105 New Scientist : 12 -16.
-
Marin, S., Sanchis, V., Vinas, I., Canela, R. and Magan, N., 1995. Effect of water activity and temperature on growth and fumonisin B1 and B2 production byFusarium proliferatum andF. moniliforme on maize grain. Letters in Applied Microbiology 21: 298-301.
'Effect of water activity and temperature on growth and fumonisin B1 and B2 production by Fusarium proliferatum and F. moniliforme on maize grain ' () 21 Letters in Applied Microbiology : 298 -301.
-
Marsh, P.B., Taylor, E.E. and Bossler, L.M., 1959. A guide to the literature on certain effects of light on fungi: Reproduction, morphology, pigmentation and phototrophic phenomena. Plant Disease Reporter Supplement 261: 251-312.
'A guide to the literature on certain effects of light on fungi: Reproduction, morphology, pigmentation and phototrophic phenomena ' () 261 Plant Disease Reporter Supplement : 251 -312.
-
Matić, S., Spadaro, D., Prelle, A., Gullino, M.L. and Garibaldi, A.A., 2013. Light affects fumonisin production in strains ofFusarium fujikuroi,Fusarium proliferatum, andFusarium verticillioides isolated from rice. International Journal of Food Microbiology 166: 515-523.
'Light affects fumonisin production in strains of Fusarium fujikuroi, Fusarium proliferatum, and Fusarium verticillioides isolated from rice ' () 166 International Journal of Food Microbiology : 515 -523.
-
Merrow, M., Franchi, L., Dragovic, Z., Gorl, M., Johnson, J., Brunner, M., Macino, G. and Roenneberg, T., 2001. Circadian regulation of the light input pathway inNeurospora crassa. EMBO Journal 20: 307-315.
'Circadian regulation of the light input pathway in Neurospora crassa ' () 20 EMBO Journal : 307 -315.
-
Meyers, D.M., Obrian, G., Du, W.L., Bhatnagar, D. and Payne, G.A., 1998. Characterization of aflJ, a gene required for conversion of pathway intermediates to aflatoxin. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64: 3713-3717.
'Characterization of aflJ, a gene required for conversion of pathway intermediates to aflatoxin ' () 64 Applied and Environmental Microbiology : 3713 -3717.
-
Miyake, T., Mori, A., Kii, T., Okuno, T., Usui, Y., Sato, F., Sammoto, H., Watanabe, A. and Kariyama, M., 2005. Light effects on cell development and secondary metabolism inMonascus. Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology 32: 103-108.
'Light effects on cell development and secondary metabolism in Monascus ' () 32 Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology : 103 -108.
-
Miyzaki, Y., Yamasaki, M., Mishima, H., Mansho, K., Tachbana, H. and Yamada, K., 2001. Oxidative stress by visible light irradiation suppresses immunoglobulin production in mouse spleen lymphocytes. Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry 65: 593-598.
'Oxidative stress by visible light irradiation suppresses immunoglobulin production in mouse spleen lymphocytes ' () 65 Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry : 593 -598.
-
Mogensen, J.M., Nielsen, K.F., Samson, R.A., Frisvad, J.C. and Thrane, U., 2009. Effect of temperature and water activity on the production of fumonisins byAspergillus niger and differentFusarium species. BMC Microbiology 9: 281.
'Effect of temperature and water activity on the production of fumonisins by Aspergillus niger and different Fusarium species ' () 9 BMC Microbiology : 281.
-
Moreau, M., Lescure, G., Agoulon, A., Svinareff, P., Orange, N. and Feuilloley, M., 2011. Application of the pulsed light technology to mycotoxin degradation and inactivation. Journal of Applied Toxicology 33: 357-363.
'Application of the pulsed light technology to mycotoxin degradation and inactivation ' () 33 Journal of Applied Toxicology : 357 -363.
-
Myung, K., Li, S., Butchko, R.A., Busman, M., Proctor, R.H., Abbas, H.K. and Calvo, A.M., 2009. FvVE1 regulates biosynthesis of the mycotoxins fumonisins and fusarins inFusarium verticillioides. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 57: 5089-5094.
'FvVE1 regulates biosynthesis of the mycotoxins fumonisins and fusarins in Fusarium verticillioides ' () 57 Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry : 5089 -5094.
-
Nelson, M.A., Morelli, G., Carattoli, A., Romano, N. and Macino, G., 1989. Molecular cloning of aNeurospora crassa carotenoid biosynthetic gene (albino-3) regulated by blue light and the products of the white collar genes. Molecular Cell Biology 9: 1271-1276.
'Molecular cloning of a Neurospora crassa carotenoid biosynthetic gene (albino-3) regulated by blue light and the products of the white collar genes ' () 9 Molecular Cell Biology : 1271 -1276.
-
Nelson, P.E., Desjardins, A.E. and Plattner, R.D., 1993. Fumonisins, mycotoxins produced byFusarium species: biology, chemistry, and significance. Annual Review of Phytopathology 31: 233-252.
'Fumonisins, mycotoxins produced byFusarium species: biology, chemistry, and significance ' () 31 Annual Review of Phytopathology : 233 -252.
-
Nelson, T.S., Beasley, J.N., Kirby, L.K., Johnson, Z.B. and Ballam, G.C., 1980. Isolation and identification of citrinin produced byPenicillium lanosum. Poultry Science 59: 2055-2059.
'Isolation and identification of citrinin produced by Penicillium lanosum ' () 59 Poultry Science : 2055 -2059.
-
Olmedo, M., Ruger-Herreros, C. and Corrochano, L.M., 2010. Regulation by blue light of the fluffy gene encoding a major regulator of conidiation inNeurospora crassa. Genetics 184: 651-658.
'Regulation by blue light of the fluffy gene encoding a major regulator of conidiation in Neurospora crassa ' () 184 Genetics : 651 -658.
-
Palmer, J.M., Theisen, J.M., Duran, R.M., Grayburn, W.S., Calvo, A.M., Keller, N.P., 2013. Secondary metabolism and development is mediated by LlmF control of VeA subcellular localization inAspergillus nidulans. PLoS Genetics 9: e1003193.
'Secondary metabolism and development is mediated by LlmF control of VeA subcellular localization in Aspergillus nidulans ' () 9 PLoS Genetics : e1003193.
-
Payne, G.A., Nierman, W.C., Wortman, J.R., Pritchard, B.L., Brown, D., Dean, A., Bhatnagar, D., Cleveland, T.E., Machida, M. and Yu, J., 2006. Whole genome comparison ofAspergillus flavus andA. oryzae. Medical Mycology 44: 9-11.
'Whole genome comparison of Aspergillus flavus and A. oryzae ' () 44 Medical Mycology : 9 -11.
-
Pollock, A.V., 1947. Production of citrinin by five species ofPenicillium. Nature 160: 331-332.
'Production of citrinin by five species of Penicillium ' () 160 Nature : 331 -332.
-
Prado, M.M., Prado-Cabrero, A., Fernández-Martín, R. and Avalos, J., 2004. A gene of the opsin family in the carotenoid gene cluster ofFusarium fujikuroi. Current Genetics 46: 47-58.
'A gene of the opsin family in the carotenoid gene cluster of Fusarium fujikuroi ' () 46 Current Genetics : 47 -58.
-
Prado-Cabrero, A., Scherzinger, D., Avalos, J. and Al-Babili, S., 2007. Retinal biosynthesis in fungi: characterization of the carotenoid oxygenase CarX fromFusarium fujikuroi. Eukaryotic Cell 6: 650-657.
'Retinal biosynthesis in fungi: characterization of the carotenoid oxygenase CarX from Fusarium fujikuroi ' () 6 Eukaryotic Cell : 650 -657.
-
Proctor, R.H., Brown, D.W., Plattner, R.D. and Desjardins, A.E., 2003. Co-expression of 15 contiguous genes delineates a fumonisin biosynthetic gene cluster inGibberella moniliformis. Fungal Genetics and Biology 38: 237-249.
'Co-expression of 15 contiguous genes delineates a fumonisin biosynthetic gene cluster in Gibberella moniliformis ' () 38 Fungal Genetics and Biology : 237 -249.
-
Pruβ, S., Fetzner, R., Seither, K., Herr, A., Pfeiffer, E., Metzler, M., Lawrence, C.B. and Fischer, R., 2014. Role of theAlternaria alternata blue-light receptor LreA, White-Collar 1 in spore formation and secondary metabolism. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 80: 2582-2591.
'Role of theAlternaria alternata blue-light receptor LreA, White-Collar 1 in spore formation and secondary metabolism ' () 80 Applied and Environmental Microbiology : 2582 -2591.
-
Purschwitz, J., Müller, S., Kastner, C. and Fischer, R., 2006. Seeing the rainbow – light sensing in fungi. Current Opinion in Microbiology 9: 566-571.
'Seeing the rainbow – light sensing in fungi ' () 9 Current Opinion in Microbiology : 566 -571.
-
Purschwitz, J., Müller, S., Kastner, C., Schöser, M., Haas, H., Espeso, E.A., Atoui, A., Calvo, A.M. and Fischer, R., 2008. Functional and physical interaction of blue- and red-light sensors inAspergillus nidulans. Current Biology 18: 255-259.
'Functional and physical interaction of blue- and red-light sensors in Aspergillus nidulans ' () 18 Current Biology : 255 -259.
-
Rau, W., 1980. Blue light-induced carotenoid biosynthesis in microorganisms. In: Senger, H. (ed.) The blue light syndrome. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, pp. 283-298.
The blue light syndrome , () 283 -298.
-
Reiss, J., 1977. Mycotoxins in foodstuffs. X. Production of citrinin byPenicillium chrysogenum in bread. Food and Cosmetic Toxicology 15: 303-307.
'Mycotoxins in foodstuffs. X. Production of citrinin byPenicillium chrysogenum in bread ' () 15 Food and Cosmetic Toxicology : 303 -307.
-
Rodríguez-Ortiz, R., Limón, M.C. and Avalos, J., 2009. Regulation of carotenogenesis and secondary metabolism by nitrogen in wild-typeFusarium fujikuroi and carotenoid-overproducing mutants. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75: 405-413.
'Regulation of carotenogenesis and secondary metabolism by nitrogen in wild-typeFusarium fujikuroi and carotenoid-overproducing mutants ' () 75 Applied and Environmental Microbiology : 405 -413.
-
Rodriguez-Romero, J., Hedtke, M., Kastner, C., Müller, S. and Fischer, R., 2010. Fungi, hidden in soil or up in the air: light makes a difference. Annual Review in Microbiology 64: 585-610.
'Fungi, hidden in soil or up in the air: light makes a difference ' () 64 Annual Review in Microbiology : 585 -610.
-
Ross, P.F., Ledet, A.E., Owens, D.L., Rice, L.G., Nelson, H.A., Osweiler, G.D. and Wilson, T.M., 1993. Experimental equine leukoencephalomalacia, toxic hepatosis, and encephalopathy caused by corn naturally contaminated with fumonisins. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 5: 69-74.
'Experimental equine leukoencephalomalacia, toxic hepatosis, and encephalopathy caused by corn naturally contaminated with fumonisins ' () 5 Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation : 69 -74.
-
Rua, J., Rodriguez-Aparicio, L.B., Busto, F. and Soler, J., 1987. Effect of light on several metabolites of carbohydrate metabolism inPhycomyces blakesleeanus. Journal of Bacteriology 169: 904-907.
'Effect of light on several metabolites of carbohydrate metabolism in Phycomyces blakesleeanus ' () 169 Journal of Bacteriology : 904 -907.
-
Ruger-Herreros, C., Gil-Sánchez Mdel, M., Sancar, G., Brunner, M. and Corrochano, L.M., 2014. Alteration of light-dependent gene regulation by the absence of the rco-1/rcm-1 repressor complex in the fungusNeurospora crassa. PLoS One 18 9: e95069.
'Alteration of light-dependent gene regulation by the absence of the rco-1/rcm-1 repressor complex in the fungus Neurospora crassa ' () 18 PLoS One : e95069.
-
Ruiz-Roldán, M.C., Garre, V., Guarro, J., Mariné, M. and Roncero, M.I., 2008. Role of the White Collar 1 photoreceptor in carotenogenesis, UV resistance, hydrophobicity, and virulence ofFusarium oxysporum. Eukaryotic Cell 7: 1227-1230.
'Role of the White Collar 1 photoreceptor in carotenogenesis, UV resistance, hydrophobicity, and virulence of Fusarium oxysporum ' () 7 Eukaryotic Cell : 1227 -1230.
-
Saari, S., Sundell, J., Huitu, O., Helander, M., Ketoja, E., Ylönen, H. and Saikkonen, K., 2010. Fungal-mediated multitrophic interactions: do grass endophytes in diet protect voles from predators? PLoS ONE 5: e9845.
'Fungal-mediated multitrophic interactions: do grass endophytes in diet protect voles from predators? ' () 5 PLoS ONE : e9845.
-
Sanchis, V. and Magan, N., 2004. Environmental conditions affecting mycotoxins. In: Magan, N. and Olsen, M. (eds). Mycotoxins in food: detection and control. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA, pp. 174-189.
Mycotoxins in food: detection and control , () 174 -189.
-
Sanzani, S.M., Reverberi, M., Punelli, M., Ippolito, A. and Fanelli, C., 2012. Study on the role of patulin on pathogenicity and virulence ofPenicillium expansum. International Journal of Food Microbiology 153: 323-331.
'Study on the role of patulin on pathogenicity and virulence of Penicillium expansum ' () 153 International Journal of Food Microbiology : 323 -331.
-
Schmidt-Heydt, M., Bode, H., Raupp, F. and Geisen, R., 2010. Influence of light on ochratoxin biosynthesis byPenicillium. Mycotoxin Research 26: 1-8.
'Influence of light on ochratoxin biosynthesis by Penicillium ' () 26 Mycotoxin Research : 1 -8.
-
Schmidt-Heydt, M., Cramer, B., Graf, I., Lerch, S., Humpf, H.U. and Geisen, R., 2012a. Wavelength-dependent degradation of ochratoxin and citrinin by lightin vitro andin vivo and its implications onPenicillium. Toxins Basel 4: 1535-1551.
'Wavelength-dependent degradation of ochratoxin and citrinin by light in vitro and in vivo and its implications on Penicillium ' () 4 Toxins Basel : 1535 -1551.
-
Schmidt-Heydt, M., Graf, E., Stoll, D. and Geisen, R., 2012b. The biosynthesis of ochratoxin A byPenicillium as one mechanism for adaptation to NaCl rich foods. Food Microbiology 29: 233-241.
'The biosynthesis of ochratoxin A by Penicillium as one mechanism for adaptation to NaCl rich foods ' () 29 Food Microbiology : 233 -241.
-
Schmidt-Heydt, M., Magan, N. and Geisen, R., 2008. Stress induction of mycotoxin biosynthesis genes by abiotic factors. FEMS Microbiology Letters 284: 142-149.
'Stress induction of mycotoxin biosynthesis genes by abiotic factors ' () 284 FEMS Microbiology Letters : 142 -149.
-
Schmidt-Heydt, M., Rüfer, C.E., Raupp, F., Bruchmann, A., Perrone, G. and Geisen, R., 2011. Influence of light on food relevant fungi with emphasis on ochratoxin producing species. International Journal of Food Microbiology 145: 229-237.
'Influence of light on food relevant fungi with emphasis on ochratoxin producing species ' () 145 International Journal of Food Microbiology : 229 -237.
-
Schmidt-Heydt, M., Stoll, D., Schütz, P. and Geisen, R., 2015. Oxidative stress induces the biosynthesis of citrinin byPenicillium verrucosum at the expense of ochratoxin. International Journal of Food Microbiology 192: 1-6.
'Oxidative stress induces the biosynthesis of citrinin by Penicillium verrucosum at the expense of ochratoxin ' () 192 International Journal of Food Microbiology : 1 -6.
-
Schroeder, H.W., 1966. Effect of corn steep liquor on mycelial growth and aflatoxin production inAspergillus parasiticus. Applied Microbiology 14: 381-385.
'Effect of corn steep liquor on mycelial growth and aflatoxin production in Aspergillus parasiticus ' () 14 Applied Microbiology : 381 -385.
-
Seo, J.-A., Proctor, R.H. and Plattner, R.D., 2001. Characterization of four clustered and coregulated genes associated with fumonisin biosynthesis inFusarium verticillioides. Fungal Genetics and Biology 34: 155-165.
'Characterization of four clustered and coregulated genes associated with fumonisin biosynthesis in Fusarium verticillioides ' () 34 Fungal Genetics and Biology : 155 -165.
-
Shephard, G.S., Thiel, P.G., Stockenstrom, S. and Sydenham, E.W., 1996. Worldwide survey of fumonisin contamination of corn and corn-based products. Journal of AOAC International 79: 671-687.
'Worldwide survey of fumonisin contamination of corn and corn-based products ' () 79 Journal of AOAC International : 671 -687.
-
Shimizu, T., Kinoshita, H. and Nihira, T., 2007. Identification andin vivo functional analysis by gene disruption of ctnA, an activator gene involved in citrinin biosynthesis inMonascus purpureus. Applied and Environmental Biology 16: 5097-5103.
'Identification and in vivo functional analysis by gene disruption of ctnA, an activator gene involved in citrinin biosynthesis in Monascus purpureus ' () 16 Applied and Environmental Biology : 5097 -5103.
-
Söderhäll, K., Svensson, E. and Unestam, T., 1978. Light inhibits the production of alternariol and alternariol monomethyl ether inAlternaria alternata. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 36: 655-657.
'Light inhibits the production of alternariol and alternariol monomethyl ether in Alternaria alternata ' () 36 Applied and Environmental Microbiology : 655 -657.
-
Sommer, T., Chambers, J.A.A.A., Eberle, J., Lauter, F.R. and Russo, V.E.A., 1989. Fast light regulated genes ofNeurospora crassa. Nucleic Acid Research 17: 5713-5723.
'Fast light regulated genes of Neurospora crassa ' () 17 Nucleic Acid Research : 5713 -5723.
-
Spikes, J.D., 1989. Photosensitization. In: Smith, K.C. (ed.) The science of photobiology. Springer Science and Business Media LLC, New York, NY, USA, pp. 79-110.
The science of photobiology , () 79 -110.
-
Spröte, P. and Brakhage, A.A., 2007. The light-dependent regulator velvet A ofAspergillus nidulans acts as a repressor of the penicillin biosynthesis. Archives of Microbiology 188: 69-79.
'The light-dependent regulator velvet A of Aspergillus nidulans acts as a repressor of the penicillin biosynthesis ' () 188 Archives of Microbiology : 69 -79.
-
Stander, M.A., Steyn, P.S., Lübben, A., Miljkovic, A., Mantle, P.G. and Marais, G.J., 2000. Influence of halogen salts on the production of the ochratoxins byAspergillus ochraceus Wilh. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 48: 1865-1871.
'Influence of halogen salts on the production of the ochratoxins by Aspergillus ochraceus Wilh ' () 48 Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry : 1865 -1871.
-
Stinnett, S.M., Espeso, E.A., Cobeno, L., Araújo-Bazán, L. and Calvo, A.M., 2007.Aspergillus nidulans VeA subcellular localization is dependent on the importin alpha carrier and on light. Molecular Microbiology 63: 242-255.
'Aspergillus nidulans VeA subcellular localization is dependent on the importin alpha carrier and on light ' () 63 Molecular Microbiology : 242 -255.
-
Stoll, D., 2013. Mycotoxin biosynthesis as an adaptation to the environment. PhD Thesis, Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany.
-
Stormer, F.C., Sandven, P., Huitfeldt, S., Eduard, W. and Skogstad, A., 1998. Does the mycotoxin citrinin function as a sun protectant in conidia fromPenicillium verrucosum? Mycopathologia 142: 43-47.
'Does the mycotoxin citrinin function as a sun protectant in conidia from Penicillium verrucosum? ' () 142 Mycopathologia : 43 -47.
-
Tisch, D. and Schmoll, M., 2010. Light regulation of metabolic pathways in fungi. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 85: 1259-1277.
'Light regulation of metabolic pathways in fungi ' () 85 Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology : 1259 -1277.
-
Turner, W.B., 1971. Fungal metabolites. Academic Press, London, UK.
Fungal metabolites , ().
-
Van den Berg, M.A. Albang, R., Albermann, K., Badger, J.H., Daran, J.M., Driessen, A.J., Garcia-Estrada, C., Fedorova, N.D., Harris, D.M., Heijne, W.H., Joardar, V., Kiel, J.A., Kovalchuk, A., Martín, J.F., Nierman, W.C., Nijland, J.G., Pronk, J.T., Roubos, J.A., Van der Klei, I.J., van Peij, N.N., Veenhuis, M., Von Döhren, H., Wagner, C., Wortman, J. and Bovenberg, R.A., 2008. Genome sequencing and analysis of the filamentous fungusPenicillium chrysogenum. Nature Biotechnology 26: 1161-1168.
'Genome sequencing and analysis of the filamentous fungus Penicillium chrysogenum ' () 26 Nature Biotechnology : 1161 -1168.
-
Wang, C., Yang, H., Chen, M., Wang, Y., Li, F., Luo, C., Zhao, S. and He, D., 2012. Real-time quantitative analysis of the influence of blue light on citrinin biosynthetic gene cluster expression inMonascus. Biotechnology Letters 34: 1745-1748.
'Real-time quantitative analysis of the influence of blue light on citrinin biosynthetic gene cluster expression in Monascus ' () 34 Biotechnology Letters : 1745 -1748.
-
Wang, C.-L., Zhang, X.-W., Chen, M.-H., Zhou, Q.-L., Wang, Y., Hao, L., Fu, Z.-L. and Ban, Z., 2009. Effect of red light on cell growth and production of secondary metabolism inMonascus M10. Natural Product Research and Development 21: 91-95.
'Effect of red light on cell growth and production of secondary metabolism in Monascus M10 ' () 21 Natural Product Research and Development : 91 -95.
-
Wiemann, P., Brown, D.W., Kleigrewe, K., Bok, J.W., Keller, N.P., Humpf, H.U. and Tudzynski, B., 2010. FfVel1 and FfLae1, compontents of a velvet-like complex inFusarium fujikuroi, affect differentiation, secondary metabolism and virulence. Molecular Microbiology 77: 972-994.
'FfVel1 and FfLae1, compontents of a velvet-like complex in Fusarium fujikuroi, affect differentiation, secondary metabolism and virulence ' () 77 Molecular Microbiology : 972 -994.
-
Woloshuk, C.P., Foutz, K.R., Brewer, J.F., Bhatnagar, D., Cleveland, T.E. and Payne, G.A., 1994. Molecular characterization of aflR, a regulatory locus for aflatoxin biosynthesis. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 60: 2408-2414.
'Molecular characterization of aflR, a regulatory locus for aflatoxin biosynthesis ' () 60 Applied and Environmental Microbiology : 2408 -2414.
-
Xu, X.M,, Nicholson, P. and Ritieni, A., 2007. Effects of fungal interactions amongFusarium head blight pathogens on disease development and mycotoxin accumulation. International Journal of Food Microbiology 119: 67-71.
'Effects of fungal interactions among Fusarium head blight pathogens on disease development and mycotoxin accumulation ' () 119 International Journal of Food Microbiology : 67 -71.
-
Yager, L.N., 1992. Early developmental events during asexual and sexual sporulation inAspergillus nidulans. Biotechnology 23: 19-41.
'Early developmental events during asexual and sexual sporulation in Aspergillus nidulans ' () 23 Biotechnology : 19 -41.
-
Yu, J., Chang, P.K., Cary, J.W., Wright, M., Bhatnagar, D., Cleveland, T.E., Payne, G.A. and Linz, J.E., 1995. Comparative mapping of aflatoxin pathway gene clusters inAspergillus parasiticus andAspergillus flavus. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 61: 2365-2371.
'Comparative mapping of aflatoxin pathway gene clusters in Aspergillus parasiticus and Aspergillus flavus ' () 61 Applied and Environmental Microbiology : 2365 -2371.
-
Yu, J., Chang, P.K., Ehrlich, K.C., Cary, J.W., Bhatnagar, D., Cleveland, T.E., Payne, G.A., Linz, J.E., Woloshuk, C.P. and Bennett, J.W., 2004. Clustered pathway genes in aflatoxin biosynthesis. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70: 1253-1262.
'Clustered pathway genes in aflatoxin biosynthesis ' () 70 Applied and Environmental Microbiology : 1253 -1262.
-
Zhirong, L., Keasling, J.D. and Niyogi K.K., 2012. Overlapping photoprotective function of vitamin E and carotenoids inChlamydomonas. Plant Physiology 158: 313-323.
'Overlapping photoprotective function of vitamin E and carotenoids in Chlamydomonas ' () 158 Plant Physiology : 313 -323.
| Insgesamt | Letzte 365 Tage | In den letzten 30 Tagen | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aufrufe von Kurzbeschreibungen | 467 | 155 | 16 |
| Gesamttextansichten | 94 | 9 | 0 |
| PDF-Downloads | 54 | 8 | 0 |
Light regulation of mycotoxin biosynthesis: new perspectives for food safety
in World Mycotoxin JournalSearch for other papers by F. Fanelli in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by R. Geisen in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by M. Schmidt-Heydt in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by A.F. Logrieco in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by G. Mulè in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by toxigenic fungi contaminating foods and feeds in pre-, post-harvest and processing, and represent a great concern worldwide, both for the economic implications and for the health of the consumers. Many environmental conditions are involved in the regulation of mycotoxin biosynthesis. Among these, light represents one of the most important signals for fungi, influencing several physiological responses such as pigmentation, sexual development and asexual conidiation, primary and secondary metabolism, including mycotoxin biosynthesis. In this review we summarise some recent findings on the effect of specific light wavelength and intensity on mycotoxin biosynthesis in the main toxigenic fungal genera. We describe the molecular mechanism underlying light perception and its involvement in the regulation of secondary metabolism, focusing on VeA, global regulator inAspergillus nidulans, and the White-Collar proteins, key components of light response inNeurospora crassa. Light of specific wavelength and intensity exerts different effects both on growth and on toxin production depending on the fungal genus. InPenicillium spp. red (627 nm) and blue wavelengths (455-470 nm) reduce ochratoxin A (OTA) biosynthesis by modulating the level of expression of the ochratoxin polyketide synthase. Furthermore a mutual regulation between citrinin and OTA production is reported inPenicillium toxigenic species. InAspergillus spp. the effect of light treatment is strongly dependent on the species and culture conditions. Royal blue wavelength (455 nm) of high intensity (1,700 Lux) is capable of completely inhibit fungal growth and OTA production inAspergillus stenyii andPenicillum verrucosum. InFusarium spp. the effect of light exposure is less effective; mycotoxin-producing species, such asFusarium verticillioides andFusarium proliferatum, grow better under light conditions, and fumonisin production increased. This review provides a comprehensive picture on light regulation of mycotoxin biosynthesis and discusses possible new applications of this resource in food safety.
| Insgesamt | Letzte 365 Tage | In den letzten 30 Tagen | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aufrufe von Kurzbeschreibungen | 467 | 155 | 16 |
| Gesamttextansichten | 94 | 9 | 0 |
| PDF-Downloads | 54 | 8 | 0 |
