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On the Origins of Pop Rai
in Middle East Journal of Culture and CommunicationSearch for other papers by Ted Swedenburg in
Current site
Google Scholar
Abstract
In this paper, I examine the emergence of pop rai in western Algeria during the 1970s and the subsequent transformation of rai into a very different sound, and a national and international phenomenon. The study is based in part on an analysis of previously hard-to-find pop rai recordings now available on the internet. Pop rai’s origins are in the rural music of the male performers of bédoui music and particularly the female cheikhat. After independence, constraints were imposed on female performances, and so, during the 1960s, male singers, most famously Belkacem Bouteldja, began to record a modern version of the cheikhat repertoire. Messaoud Bellemou, a trumpet player from the city of Aïn Témouchent, played a major role in the further development of the music; he created an ensemble that included singers like Boutaïba Sghir, Belkacem Bouteldja, Hamani Hadjoum and Younes Benfissa, that modernized the instrumental backing and overall sound of western Algeria’s local folkloric music, and thereby created the genre known as pop rai. Other artists who played a role in the development of pop rai include the Oran-based Chaba Fadela, who started her career with Bellemou’s group, Cheb Khaled, and Groupe El Azhar; and from Sidi Bel Abbès, guitarist and singer Ahmed Zergui. During the 1980s, rai music became national, and producer Rachid Baba Ahmed of Tlemcen further modernized its sound through the use of electronic keyboards. By the late 1980s, rai had become international, a new generation of artists had emerged, and the ensembles and artists that forged pop rai in the 1970s were displaced. Today those artists are largely forgotten, and this critical period in the history of rai remains seriously understudied.
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Boutaïba and Bellemou Ensemble
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– ‘Ki Kounti’. From the cassette, Ouine n’guiyel ana oughzali. Posted by maghrebunion, 19 December 2010. Online: https://youtu.be/c85xUtp0YgY, mid-1970s.
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Bellemou Ensemble
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– ‘Sidi H’bibi’. 45 rpm single. Zed El Youm (Oran), 1973.
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– ‘Zarga ou Masrara’. 45 rpm single. Zed El Youm (Oran), 1975.
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Boutaïba Sghir and Messaoud Bellemou
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– ‘Manemchiche’. 45 rpm single. Lila-phone (Algeria), 1977 or 1978.
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– ‘Khali Ya Khali’. From the cassette, Boutaiba Seghir. Sawt Hillali (Paris), 1977 or 1978. Posted by maghrebunion on 12 February 2011. Online: https://youtu.be/mxIzxHZtAL4.
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Bouteldja Belkacem
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– ‘Serbili Baoui’. 45 rpm single. El Feth (Oran), 1965.
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Chaba Fadela and Cheb Sahraoui
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Cheb Benfissa
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– Diri Idek fi Idiya. Éditions Cleopatre (Paris), 2013.
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– Khaïra. Brahim Ounassar (Paris), 2013.
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– ‘Maascar li Saida’. 45 rpm single. Cléopatre (Paris), mid-1970s.
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Cheb Khaled
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– ‘Mahna Sigliya’. Posted by Ted Swedenburg, 3 March 2019. Online: https://soundcloud.com/ted-swedenburg/cheb-khaled-mahna-sigliya, 1974.
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– Moule El Kouchi (LP), Celluloid (Paris), 1985.
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Cheikha El Ouachma El Temouchentia
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Cheikha Remitti Relizania
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– ‘Hata-anechaouire Ounji/Hi Ya Bkhate Sahra’. 45 rpm inch single, Éditions El-Feth (Oran), 1960s.
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Fadela et Bellemou
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– ‘Ana Ma H’lali Ennoum.’ From the cassette, Fadela et Bellemou. Edition Sonia (Algeria). Posted by nostalgerie on 27 January 2011. Online: https://youtu.be/zShz1cWrDSs, 1981.
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Fairouz
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– ‘Ya Tara Nessina’. Ya Tara Nessina. Voix de l’Orient (Beirut), 1999 [Original, 1957].
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Les Frères Zergui
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– ‘Khalti Fatima’. Posted by attafi, 24 May 2008. Online: https://youtu.be/YqIio8TGQM0, 1982.
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– ‘Win Ghadia Ya Tofla’. Posted by Ted Swedenburg, 3 March 2019. Online: https://soundcloud.com/ted-swedenburg/ahmed-zergui-win-ghadia-ya-tofla, early 1980s.
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Rachid et Fathi
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– ‘Habit En Ïch’. 1970s Algerian Folk and Pop. Sublime Frequencies (Seattle), 2014.
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Sayed Khalifa
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– ‘Mambo Sudani’. 45 rpm single. Sono Cairo (Cairo), 1957.
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Various Artists
-
– 1970s Algerian Proto-Rai Underground. Sublime Frequencies (Seattle), 2008.
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– Temouchent-Oran: à l’origine du ‘pop-rai’. Night & Day (Paris), 1999.
| Insgesamt | Letzte 365 Tage | In den letzten 30 Tagen | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aufrufe von Kurzbeschreibungen | 2340 | 200 | 21 |
| Gesamttextansichten | 187 | 19 | 1 |
| PDF-Downloads | 345 | 64 | 4 |
On the Origins of Pop Rai
in Middle East Journal of Culture and CommunicationSearch for other papers by Ted Swedenburg in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Abstract
In this paper, I examine the emergence of pop rai in western Algeria during the 1970s and the subsequent transformation of rai into a very different sound, and a national and international phenomenon. The study is based in part on an analysis of previously hard-to-find pop rai recordings now available on the internet. Pop rai’s origins are in the rural music of the male performers of bédoui music and particularly the female cheikhat. After independence, constraints were imposed on female performances, and so, during the 1960s, male singers, most famously Belkacem Bouteldja, began to record a modern version of the cheikhat repertoire. Messaoud Bellemou, a trumpet player from the city of Aïn Témouchent, played a major role in the further development of the music; he created an ensemble that included singers like Boutaïba Sghir, Belkacem Bouteldja, Hamani Hadjoum and Younes Benfissa, that modernized the instrumental backing and overall sound of western Algeria’s local folkloric music, and thereby created the genre known as pop rai. Other artists who played a role in the development of pop rai include the Oran-based Chaba Fadela, who started her career with Bellemou’s group, Cheb Khaled, and Groupe El Azhar; and from Sidi Bel Abbès, guitarist and singer Ahmed Zergui. During the 1980s, rai music became national, and producer Rachid Baba Ahmed of Tlemcen further modernized its sound through the use of electronic keyboards. By the late 1980s, rai had become international, a new generation of artists had emerged, and the ensembles and artists that forged pop rai in the 1970s were displaced. Today those artists are largely forgotten, and this critical period in the history of rai remains seriously understudied.
| Insgesamt | Letzte 365 Tage | In den letzten 30 Tagen | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aufrufe von Kurzbeschreibungen | 2340 | 200 | 21 |
| Gesamttextansichten | 187 | 19 | 1 |
| PDF-Downloads | 345 | 64 | 4 |
