Search for other papers by Osman Karatay in
Current site
Google Scholar
Abstract
The early or proto-history of the Khazars is still far from being thoroughly investigated, in regard to the world wide popularity of the Khazar studies. There are still many vague points to be discovered, despite the great attempts especially for the last hundred years of modern Khazar studies. We may differentiate between the terms Khazar and Khazarian, the former referring to the ethnie in the core of the process making Khazaria, and thus to the proto stage, and the latter to the well-known imperial formation in Eastern Europe. The scattered but rich sources of Khazarian history are not, on the other hand, very helpful in Khazar history. The debates on the meaning of the ethnonym Khazar are also a part of the proto-history. We are bound, for the early parts of the history, with the eastern, i.e., Chinese and Turkic sources. Previously the Chinese sources were effectively used in that regard, and with the publication of the readings of the two Uyghur inscriptions Tes and Terkhin from the 750s some fifty years ago opened a new chapter for the early history of the Khazars and the etymology of their name. This paper suggests a new frame for the early history of the Khazars in Asia and Europe and slightly revises the etymology of what we may call the French school, supposing that the Khazars came from South Siberia to the Caucasus in the wave of the Suvar union, after being defeated by the Uyghurs during an internal strife likely instigated by the Türks and their overlords Juan-juans.
Purchase
Buy instant access (PDF download and unlimited online access):
Institutional Login
Log in with Open Athens, Shibboleth, or your institutional credentials
Personal login
Log in with your brill.com account
-
Artamonov, M.I. (1962), Istoriya xazar, Leningrad.
-
Atanıyazov, Soltanşa (2005), Şecere. Ansiklopedik Türkmen Etnik Adları Sözlüğü, Y. Karasoy/U.D. Aşçı (transl.), Konya.
-
Bazin, Louis (1981–1982), “Pour une novelle hypothése sur l’origine des Khazar”, Materiala Turcica 7–8: 51–71.
-
Blockley, R.C. (1983), The Fragmentary Classicising Historians of the Later Roman Empire: Eunapius, Olympiodorus, Priscus and Malchus—II—, Liverpool.
-
Brook, Kevin A. (2018), The Jews of Khazaria, 3rd ed., Lanham–Boulder–New York–London.
-
Chavannes, Édouard (1903), Documents sur les Tou-kiue (Turcs) Occidentaux, Petersburg.
-
Cheng, Fangyi (2012), “The Research on the Identification Between Tiele (鐵勒) and the Oɣuric Tribes”, Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 19: 81–115.
-
Clauson, Gerard (1972), An Etymological Dictionary of Pre-Thirteenth Century Turkish, Oxford.
-
Czeglédy, Károly (1985a), “A szavárd kérdés Thury József előtt és után”, Magyar Őstörténeti Tanulmányok, Budapest: 73–85.
-
Czeglédy, Károly (1985b), “Gardizi “török” fejezetének magyarázatához”, Magyar őstörténeti tanulmanyok, Budapest: 105–112.
-
Czeglédy, Károly (1985c), “A Terhin-i ujgur rovásírásos felirat török és magyar történeti és nyelvészeti vonatkozásai”, Magyar Őstörténeti Tanulmányok, Budapest: 146–147.
-
Czeglédy, Károly (1971), “Pseudo-Zacharias Rhetor on the Nomads”, J. Ligeti (ed.), Studia Turcica, Budapest: 133–145.
-
Dobrovits, Miháil (2004), “The Thirty Tribes of the Turks”, Acta Orientalia Hungaricae 57.3: 257–262.
-
Dobrovits, Miháil (2018), “The Ogur Turks in Chinese Records”, Ideas Behind Symbols—Languages Behind Scripts Proceedings of the 60th Meeting of the Permanent International Altaistic Conference (PIAC) August 27—September 1, 2017, Á.B. Apatóczky (ed.), Szeged: 35–39.
-
Dunlop, Douglas M. (1967), The History of the Jewish Khazars, New York: Shocken Books.
-
Golb, Norman/Pritsak, Omeljan (1982), Khazarian Hebrew Documents of the Tenth Century, Ithaca.
-
Golden, Peter B. (1980), Khazar Studies: An Historico-Philological Inquiry into the Origins of the Khazars, 2 vols., Budapest.
-
Golden, Peter B. (1992), An Introduction to the History of Turkic Peoples, Wiesbaden.
-
Harmatta, János (1992), “Az onogur vándorlás”, Magyar Nyelv 88.3: 257–272.
-
Karatay, O. (2023), “-Gir Bitimli Türk Topluluk Adları”, O. Karatay (ed.), Bilgehan Atsız Gökdağ Armağanı, Ankara, 309–317.
-
Kliashtornyj, Sergej K. (2005), “Xazarskie zametki”, Tyurkologičeskij sbornik 2003–2004, Moskva: 95–117.
-
Klyashtorny, Sergej K. (1982), “The Terkhin Inscription”, Acta Orientalia Hungaricae, 36.1–3: 335–366.
-
Klyashtorny, Sergej K. (1985), “The Tes Inscription of the Uighur Bögü Qaghan”, Acta Orientalia Hungaricae 39.1: 137–156.
-
Kokovcov, P.K. (1932), Evrejsko-Xazarskaya Perepiska v X veke, Leningrad.
-
Kroll, Paul W. (2017), A Student’s Dictionary of Classical and Medieval Chinese, Leiden—Köln.
-
Levitskaja, L.S./Dybo, A.V./Rassadin, V.I. (1997), Étimologičeskij slovar’ tyurkskix yazykov. Obštetyurkskie i mežtyurkskie osnovy na bukvu “K” “Қ”, Moskva.
-
Lewis, Patrick (2023), “On the Sociolinguistic Origins of the term ‘Qazaq’: A Proposal for an Alternative Etymology of ‘Cossack’/‘Kazakh’ and an Argument for the Analytical Usefulness of Register in Historical Linguistics”, Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 76.1: 93–129.
-
Lezina, L.N./Superanskaya, A.V./Batur, A.D. (2009), Bütün Türk Halkları, İstanbul.
-
Mackerras, Colin (1972), The Uighur Empire According to the T’ang Dynastic Histories, Canberra.
-
Martinez, A.P. (1982), “Gardîzî’s Two Chapters on the Turks”, Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 2: 109–217.
-
Mert, Osman (2009), Ötüken Uygur Dönemi Yazıtlarından Tes, Tariat, Şine Us, Ankara.
-
Németh, Gyula (1930), A Honfoglaló Magyarság Kialakulása, Budapest.
-
Novosel’cev, A.P. (1990), Xazarskoe gosudarstvo i ego rol’ v istorii vostočnoj Evropy i Kavkaza, Moskva.
-
Pelliot, Paul (1950), “Qeulques nom turcs d’hommes et de peuples finissant en ‘ar”, Oeuvres posthumes de Paul Pelliot—II—, Paris.
-
Pliny (1847–1848), Pliny’s Natural History—I—, P. Holland (tr.), London.
-
Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (1991), Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese, Late Middle Chinese and Early Mandarin, Vancouver.
-
Rásonyi, László (2006), “Kuman Özel Adları”, Doğu Avrupa’da Türklük, Y. Gedikli (ed.), İstanbul: 151–268.
-
Róna-Tas, András (1982), “A kazár népnévről”, Nyelvtudományi Közlemények 84.2: 349–380.
-
Róna-Tas, András (1983), “Újabb adatok a Kazár népnév történetéhez”, Nyelvtudományi Közlemények 85.1: 126–133.
-
Senga, Toru (1990), “The Toquz Oghuz Problem and the Origin of the Khazars”, Journal of Asian History 24.1: 57–69.
-
Şeşen, Ramazan (1998), İslam Coğrafyacılarına Göre Türkler ve Türk Ülkeleri, 2nd ed., Ankara.
-
Sevortyan, E.V. (1980), Étimologičeskij slovar’ tyurkskix yazykov “V” “D”, Moskva.
-
Shapira, Dan D.Y. (2007), “Iranian Sources on the Khazars”, P.B. Golden/H. Ben-Shammai/A. Róna-Tas (eds.), The World of the Khazars, Leiden—Boston: 291–306.
-
Shirota, Shun (2005), “The Chinese Chronicles of the Khazars: Notes on Khazaria in Tang Period Texts”, Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 14: 231–261.
-
Stark, Sören (2006–2007), “On Oq Bodun. The Western Türk Qağanate and the Ashina Clan”, Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 15: 159–172.
-
Tekin, Talat (1968), A Grammar of Orkhon Turkic, Bloomington.
-
Tekin, Talat (1983), “The Tariat (Terkhin) Inscription”, Acta Orientalia Hungaricae 37.1–3: 43–68.
-
Tekin, Talat (1988), “Nine Notes on the Tes Inscription”, Acta Orientalia 42.1: 111–118.
-
Ying, Lin (2000–2001), “Some Chinese Sources on the Khazars and Khwarazm”, Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 11: 339–359.
-
Zachariah (2011), The Chronicle of Pseudo-Zachariah Rhetor. Church and War in Late Antiquity, G. Greatrex/R.R. Phenix/C.B. Horn (eds.), Liverpool.
| All Time | Past 365 days | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 943 | 581 | 32 |
| Full Text Views | 18 | 9 | 0 |
| PDF Views & Downloads | 96 | 19 | 0 |
Search for other papers by Osman Karatay in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Abstract
The early or proto-history of the Khazars is still far from being thoroughly investigated, in regard to the world wide popularity of the Khazar studies. There are still many vague points to be discovered, despite the great attempts especially for the last hundred years of modern Khazar studies. We may differentiate between the terms Khazar and Khazarian, the former referring to the ethnie in the core of the process making Khazaria, and thus to the proto stage, and the latter to the well-known imperial formation in Eastern Europe. The scattered but rich sources of Khazarian history are not, on the other hand, very helpful in Khazar history. The debates on the meaning of the ethnonym Khazar are also a part of the proto-history. We are bound, for the early parts of the history, with the eastern, i.e., Chinese and Turkic sources. Previously the Chinese sources were effectively used in that regard, and with the publication of the readings of the two Uyghur inscriptions Tes and Terkhin from the 750s some fifty years ago opened a new chapter for the early history of the Khazars and the etymology of their name. This paper suggests a new frame for the early history of the Khazars in Asia and Europe and slightly revises the etymology of what we may call the French school, supposing that the Khazars came from South Siberia to the Caucasus in the wave of the Suvar union, after being defeated by the Uyghurs during an internal strife likely instigated by the Türks and their overlords Juan-juans.
| All Time | Past 365 days | Past 30 Days | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abstract Views | 943 | 581 | 32 |
| Full Text Views | 18 | 9 | 0 |
| PDF Views & Downloads | 96 | 19 | 0 |
