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Longitudinal analysis on the evaluation of eVO2max and VIFT in Belgian professional soccer players during 3 seasons and impact of age on these variations

in Comparative Exercise Physiology
Autor:innen:
M.F. Prieto GIR07, Research Group in Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, University Isabel I, 09003 Burgos, Spain
CTS-1172: Group on Innovative Strategies for Advancing Performance, Psychology, Education and Kinesiology, Granada, Spain

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https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6438-1573
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L. Teba-del-Pino Department of Human Movement and Sport Performance, University of Seville, Sevilla, Spain

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https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5004-7083
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F.J. Iglesias Garcı́a Chinese Football Association. Easton Centre Tower A (15F), 18 Guangqu Road, Chaoyang District, 100022 Beijing, RP China

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https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5165-8580
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S. López Mariscal Research Group CTS563, Faculty of Education, Málaga University, Málaga, Spain

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https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8677-1677
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G.K. Jakubiak Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Jordana 38 St., 41-808 Zabrze, Poland

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https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0039-8306
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G. Badicu Department of Physical Education and Special Motricity, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500068 Brasov, Romania

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https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4100-8765
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Abstract

This study examined longitudinal changes in the estimation VO2max (eVO2max) and VIFT in 12 Belgian professional soccer players across three consecutive seasons (2022/23-2024/25) and explored potential age-related effects. eVO2max and VIFT were assessed using the 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test (30-15 IFT). A linear mixed model (random intercept for player) showed a trend towards a season effect for VIFT ( P = 0.068), with non-significant Bonferroni-adjusted pairwise comparisons. Estimated marginal means indicated a visually lower VIFT in 2024/25 compared with the previous seasons. Smallest worthwhile change (SWC) analysis suggested a practically meaningful decrease from 2023/24 to 2024/25, with 91.7% of players exceeding the SWC threshold for both VIFT and eVO2max. Correlational analyses revealed a negative association between age and VIFT in the 2023/24 and 2024/25 seasons. These findings should be interpreted cautiously, although the limited age range and small sample size constrain the ability to draw definitive conclusions regarding age-related effects. The results of this study describe the potential applicability of VIFT as a reference parameter for estimating players’ eVO2max and for guiding training load adjustments with greater individualisation. Within-player (repeated-measures) modelling also showed a strong association between VIFT and eVO2max ( P < 0.001), supporting the practical use of VIFT as a field-test metric related to aerobic fitness. Future research, particularly longitudinal and comparative studies, would help to further explore and clarify its practical implications and effects.

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