Möchten Sie über diese Zeitschrift informiert bleiben? Klicken Sie bitte auf die Buttons, um unsere Alerts zu abonnieren.
Möchten Sie über diese Zeitschrift informiert bleiben? Klicken Sie bitte auf die Buttons, um unsere Alerts zu abonnieren.
The Rabbinic Movement from Pharisees to Provincial Jurists
in Journal for the Study of JudaismSearch for other papers by Yair Furstenberg in
Current site
Google Scholar
Abstract
In this article I argue that the rabbinic movement reinvented itself during the second century by expanding the boundaries of Jewish law to include all spheres of private law, and thereby claiming juristic expertise in these matters. A variety of sources from the Second Temple period indicate that Jewish law at this stage included primarily ritual laws, while private law was not considered unique to the Jewish way of life and was not treated by scholars of Torah until the second century CE. This far-reaching change resonates with other concurrent developments in provincial legal culture, primarily the emergence of the local nomikoi (legal experts) and legal profession during this period and the dissemination of legal knowledge in the Roman East. The provincial situation served to reshape the rabbinic movement in the guise of the local jurists, and ultimately to establish their political and social standing.
Kauf
Sofortzugang erwerben (PDF-Download und unbegrenzter Online-Zugang):
Institutszugang
Melden Sie sich mit Open Athens, Shibboleth oder Ihren institutionellen Anmeldedaten an.
Persönliche Anmeldung
Melden Sie sich mit Ihrem brill.com-Konto an
-
Albeck, Chanoch. Introduction to the Mishnah (Jerusalem: Bialik Institute, 1967) [Hebrew].
-
Alon, Gedalia. “Concerning the History of Juridical Authorities in Palestine during the Talmudic Period.” Zion 4 (1947), 101–135 [Hebrew].
-
Alon, Gedalia. The Jews in Their Land in the Talmudic Age, 70–640 C.E., 2 vols. (Jerusalem: Magnes, 1980).
-
Alonso, José Luis. “The Status of Peregrine Law in Egypt: ‘Customary Law’ and Legal Pluralism in the Roman Empire.” Journal of Juristic Papyrology 43 (2013), 351–404.
-
Altmann, Peter. “The Significance of the Divine Torah in Ptolemaic Egypt in Documentary and Literary Sources from the Third and Second Centuries BCE.” Journal for the Study of Judaism 52 (2021), 1–31.
-
Ando, Clifford. Imperial Rome AD 193 to 284: The Critical Century (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2012).
-
Ando, Clifford. “Pluralism and Empire: From Rome to Robert Cover.” In Critical Analysis of Law: An International and Interdisciplinary Law Review 1 (2014), 1–22.
-
Ando, Clifford. “The Rise of the Indigenous Jurists” (forthcoming).
-
Bagnall, Roger, and Peter Derow. Greek Historical Documents: The Hellenistic Period (Chico: Scholars Press, 1981).
-
Barclay, John M.G. Flavius Josephus, Translation and Commentary, vol. 10 Against Apion (Leiden: Brill, 2007).
-
Blau, Ludwig. “Prosbol im Lichte der griechischen Papyri und der Rechtsgeschichte.” In Festschrift zum 50jährigen Bestehen der Franz-Josef-Landesrabbiner-Schule in Budapest, ed. Blau (Budapest: Alexander Kohut Memorial Foundation, 1927), 96–151.
-
Bryen, Ari Z. “Judging Empire: Courts and Culture in Rome’s Eastern Provinces.” Law and History Review 30 (2012), 771–811.
-
Burton, G.P. “Proconsuls, Assizes, and the Administration of Justice under the Empire.” The Journal of Roman Studies 65 (1975), 92–106.
-
Cohen, Shaye J.D. “The Significance of Yavneh: Pharisees, Rabbis, and the End of Jewish Sectarianism.” Hebrew Union College Annual 55 (1984), 27–53.
-
Cohen, Shaye J.D. “The Rabbi in Second Century Jewish Society.” In The Cambridge History of Judaism, vol. 3 The Early Roman Period, ed. William Horbury, W.D. Davies, and John Sturdy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 922–990.
-
Cohn, Naftali. “Rabbis as Jurists: On the Representation of Past and Present Legal Institutions in the Mishnah.” Journal of Jewish Studies 60 (2009), 245–263.
-
Collins, John J. “The Transformation of the Torah in Second Temple Judaism.” Journal for the Study of Judaism 43 (2012), 455–474.
-
Collins, John J. The Invention of Judaism: Torah and Jewish Identity from Deuteronomy to Paul (Oakland: University of California Press, 2017).
-
Cotton, Hannah, and Werner Eck. “Roman Officials in Judaea and Arabia and Civil Jurisdiction.” In Law in the Documents of the Judaean Desert, ed. Ranon Katzoff and David Schaps (Leiden: Brill, 2005), 23–44.
-
Cotton, Hannah. “Jewish Jurisdiction under Roman Rule: Prolegomena.” In Zwischen den Reichen: Neues Testament und Römische Herrschaft. Vorträge auf der ersten Konferenz der European Association for Biblical Studies, ed. Michael Labahn and Jürgen Zangenberg (Tübingen: Francke, 2002), 13–28.
-
Cowey, James M.S., and Klaus Maresch. Urkunden des Politeuma der Juden von Herakleopolis (144/3–133/2 v. Chr.) (P. Polit. Iud.): Papyri aus den Sammlungen von Heidelberg, Köln, München und Wien (Wiesbaden: Westdeutscher Verlag, 2001).
-
Crook, John A. Legal Advocacy in the Roman World (London: Duckworth, 1995).
-
Czajkowski, Kimberly. Localized Law: The Babatha and the Salome Komaise Archives (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017).
-
Czajkowski, Kimberly. “Jewish Associations in Alexandria?” In Private Associations and Jewish Communities in the Hellenistic and Roman Cities, ed. Benedict Eckhardt (Leiden: Brill, 2019), 76–96.
-
Czajkowski, Kimberly. “Law and Romanization in Judaea.” Law in the Roman Provinces, ed. Kimberly Czajkowski and Benedikt Eckhardt (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020), 84–100.
-
Czajkowski, Kimberley, and Stéphanie Wackenier. “Legal Strategies of Judaeans in Herakleopolis, Middle Egypt, according to the Archives of the Politeuma.” Hebrew Bible and Ancient Israel 9 (2020), 415–434.
-
Daube, David. “The Civil Law of the Mishnah: The Arrangement of the Three Gates.” Tulane Law Review 18 (1944), 351–407.
-
Dohrmann, Natalie B. “The Boundaries of the Law and the Problem of Jurisdiction in Early Palestinian Midrash.” In Rabbinic Law in Its Roman and Near Eastern Context, ed. Catherine Hezser (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2003), 83–103.
-
Dohrmann, Natalie B. “Law and Imperial Idioms: Rabbinic Legalism in a Roman World.” In Jews, Christians, and the Roman Empire: The Poetics of Power in Late Antiquity, ed. Natalie B. Dohrmann and Annette Y. Reed (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012), 63–78.
-
Dolganov, Anna. “Nutricula Causidicorum: Legal Practitioners in Roman North Africa.” In Law in the Roman Provinces, ed. Kimberly Czajkowski and Benedikt Eckhardt (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020), 358–416.
-
Donker van Heel, Koenraad. The Legal Manual of Hermopolis [P. Mattha]: Text and Translation (Leiden: Papyrologisch Instituut, 1990).
-
Eckhardt, Benedikt. “Associations beyond the City: Jews, Actors and Empire in the Roman Period.” In Private Associations and Jewish Communities in the Hellenistic and Roman Cities, ed. Eckhardt (Leiden: Brill, 2019), 115–156.
-
Falk, Zeev. Introduction to Jewish Law of the Second Commonwealth. 2 vols. (Leiden: Brill, 1972–1978).
-
Feldman, Louis H. “Torah and Greek Culture in Josephus.” The Torah U-Madda Journal 7 (1997), 41–87.
-
Feldman, Louis H. Flavius Josephus, Translation and Commentary, vol. 3 Antiquities 1–4 (Leiden: Brill, 2000).
-
Fitzpatrick-McKinley, Anna. The Transformation of Torah from Scribal Advice to Law (Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1999).
-
Fournier, Julien. “Entre droit romain et droit grec: la pratique judiciaire dans les provinces hellénophones de l’empire romain (IIe s. av. J.-C.–IIIe s. apr. J.-C.) (excepté l’Egypte).” Revue historique de Droit français et étranger 88 (2010), 165–187.
-
Fournier, Julien. Entre tutelle romaine et autonomie civique: l’administration judiciaire dans les provinces hellénophones de l’empire romain (129 av. J.-C.–235 ap. J.-C.) (Athens: École française d’Athènes, 2010).
-
Fraade, Steven D. The Damascus Document (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021).
-
Frankel, Zacharias. Darkhe ha-Mishnah (Leipzig: Hunger, 1859) [Hebrew].
-
Fraser, Peter M. Ptolemaic Alexandria (Oxford: Clarendon, 1972).
-
Furstenberg, Yair. “From the Literature of Early Halakhah to Roman Law: The Development of Tractate Bava Mesi’a.” In The Disciples of Aaron: In Memory of Prof. Aaron Shemesh, ed. Daniel Boyarin, Vered Noam, and Ishay Rosen-Zvi [= Te‘uda 31] (2020), 541–574 [Hebrew].
-
Furstenberg, Yair. “‘We Cry Out against You, O Ye Pharisees’: Reconstructing Pharisaic Ideology in the Mishna.” In Halakhah: Explicit and Implicit Theoretical and Ideological Aspects, ed. Avinoam Rosenak (Jerusalem: Magnes, 2012), 283–311 [Hebrew].
-
Furstenberg, Yair. “From Tradition to Controversy: New Modes of Transmission in the Teachings of Early Rabbis.” Tarbiz 85 (2018), 587–641 [Hebrew].
-
Furstenberg, Yair. “Provincial Rabbis: Shaping Rabbinic Divorce Procedure in a Roman Legal Environment.” Jewish Quarterly Review 109 (2019), 471–499.
-
Furstenberg, Yair. “Jesus against the Laws of the Pharisees: The Legal Woe Sayings and Second Temple Inter-Sectarian Discourse.” Journal of Biblical Literature 139 (2020), 767–786.
-
Furstenberg, Yair. “Imperialism and the Creation of Local Law: The Case of Rabbinic Law.” In Legal Engagement: The Reception of Roman Law and Tribunals by Jews and Other Inhabitants of the Empire, ed. Katell Berthelot, Natalie B. Dohrmann, and Capucine Nemo-Pekelman (Rome: École française de Rome, 2021), 271–300.
-
Furstenberg, Yair. “The Shared Image of Pharisaic Law in the Gospels and Rabbinic Tradition.” In The Pharisees, ed. Amy-Jill Levine and Joseph Sievers (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2021), 199–219.
-
Furstenberg, Yair. “The Literary Evolution of the Mishnah.” In What is the Mishnah? The State of the Question, ed. Shaye J.D. Cohen, David Stern, Jay Harris, and Noah Feldman (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2023), 98–125.
-
Furstenberg, Yair. “Acquisition and Possession (“Hazaqah”): Tannaitic Law between Changing Legal Contexts.” Shnaton Ha-Mishpat Ha-Ivri (forthcoming) [Hebrew].
-
Furstenberg, Yair. Purity and Identity in Ancient Judaism: From the Temple to the Mishnah (Bloomington: University of Indiana Press, forthcoming).
-
Gagarin, Michael. Writing Greek Law (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008).
-
Gagarin, Michael, and Paula Perlman. The Laws of Ancient Crete, c. 650–400 BCE (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016).
-
Galsterer, Hartmut. “Roman Law in the Provinces: Some Problems of Transmission.” In L’impero romano e le strutture economiche e sociali delle province, ed. Michael H. Crawford (Como: New Press, 1986), 13–27.
-
Geiger, Abraham. Hamikra ve-Targumav be-zika le-hitpathuta ha-pnimit shel ha-yahadut, trans. from the German (Jerusalem: Bialik Institute, 1949).
-
Goldenberg, David. “The Halakha in Josephus and in Tannaitic Literature: A Comparative Study.” The Jewish Quarterly Review 67 (1976), 30–43.
-
Goodenough, Erwin R. The Jurisprudence of the Jewish Courts in Egypt: Legal Administration by the Jews under the Early Roman Empire as Described by Philo Judaeus (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1929).
-
Goodman, Martin. State and Society in Roman Galilee A.D. 132–212 (Totowa: Rowman and Allanheld, 1983).
-
Goodman, Martin. “A Note on Josephus, the Pharisees, and Ancestral Tradition.” The Journal of Jewish Studies 50 (1999), 17–20.
-
Gruen, Erich S. Diaspora: Jews amidst Greeks and Romans (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2002).
-
Hall, Linda J. Roman Berytus: Beirut in Late Antiquity (London: Routledge, 2004).
-
Hezser, Catherine. “Roman Law and Rabbinic Legal Composition.” In The Cambridge Companion to the Talmud and Rabbinic Literature, ed. Charlotte E. Fonrobert and Martin S. Jaffee (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 144–163.
-
Hezser, Catherine. “Mishnah and Roman Law.” In What is the Mishnah? The State of the Question, ed. Shaye J.D. Cohen, David Stern, Jay Harris, and Noah Feldman (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2023).
-
Honigman, Sylvie. “The Jewish Politeuma at Heracleopolis.” Scripta Classica Israelica 21 (2002), 251–266.
-
Honigman, Sylvie. “‘Politeuma’ and Ethnicity in Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt.” Ancient History 33 (2003), 61–102.
-
Honigman, Sylvie. “The Ptolemaic and Roman Definitions of Social Categories and the Evolution of Judean Communal Identity in Egypt.” In Jewish and Christian Communal Identities in the Roman World, ed. Yair Furstenberg (Leiden: Brill, 2016), 25–74.
-
Jones, Christopher P. “The Claudian Monument at Patara.” Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 137 (2001), 161–168.
-
Jones, Christopher P. “Juristes romains dans l’Orient grec.” Comptes rendus des séances de l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres 151 (2007), 1331–1359.
-
Kantor, Georgy. “Knowledge of Law in Roman Asia Minor.” In Selbstdarstellung und Kommunikation: Die Veröffentlichung staatlicher Urkunden auf Stein und Bronze in der römischen Welt, ed. Rudolf Haensch (Munich: Beck, 2009), 249–265.
-
Kantor, Georgy. “Greek Law under the Romans.” In Oxford Handbook of Ancient Greek Law, ed. Edward Harris and Mirko Canevaro (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015).
-
Kantor, Georgy. “Navigating Roman Law and Local Privileges in Pontus-Bithynia.” Law in the Roman Provinces, ed. Kimberly Czajkowski and Benedikt Eckhardt (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020), 185–209.
-
Kasher, Aryeh. The Jews in Hellenistic and Roman Egypt: The Struggle for Equal Rights (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1985).
-
Katzoff, Ranon. “Precedents in the Courts of Roman Egypt.” Zeitschrift der Savigny- Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte: Romanistische Abteilung 89 (1972), 256–292.
-
Kister, Menahem, “From Philotas to Hillel: ‘Betrothal’ Contracts and Their Violation.” Scripta Classica Israelica 21 (2002), 57–60.
-
Kugler, Robert. Resolving Disputes in Second Century BCE Heracleopolis: A Study in Jewish Legal Reasoning in Hellenistic Egypt (Leiden: Brill, 2022).
-
Kunkel, Wolfgang. Herkunft und soziale Stellung der römischen Juristen (Weimar: Böhlau, 1952).
-
Lapin, Hayim. “Early Rabbinic Civil Law and the Literature of the Second Temple Period.” Jewish Studies Quarterly 2 (1995), 149–183.
-
Lapin, Hayim. “Origins and Development of the Rabbinic Movement in the Land of Israel.” In Cambridge History of Judaism, vol. 4 The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period, ed. Steven T. Katz (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 206–229.
-
Lapin, Hayim. Rabbis as Romans: The Rabbinic Movement in Palestine, 100–400 CE (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012).
-
Lefebvre, Michael. Collections, Codes and Torah: The Re-Characterization of Israel’s Written Law (Pittsburgh: Reformed Presbyterian Theological Seminary, 2005).
-
Levine, Lee I. The Rabbinic Class of Roman Palestine in Late Antiquity (Jerusalem: Yad Ben Zvi, 1989).
-
Levine, Lee I. “The Status of the Patriarch in the Third and Fourth Centuries: Sources and Methodology.” Journal of Jewish Studies 47 (1996), 1–32.
-
Llewelyn, Stephen R. New Documents Illustrating Early Christianity, vol. 7 (North Ryde: Macquarie University, 1994).
-
Malka, Orit. “Disqualified Witnesses between Tannaitic Halakha and Roman Law: The Archaeology of a Legal Institution.” Law and History Review 37 (2019), 903–936.
-
Malka, Orit, and Yakir Paz. “Ab hostibus captus et a latronibus captus: The Impact of the Roman Model of Citizenship on Rabbinic Law.” Jewish Quarterly Review 109 (2019), 141–172.
-
Mandel, Paul. The Origins of Midrash: From Teaching to Text (Leiden: Brill, 2017).
-
Manning, J.G. The Last Pharaohs: Egypt under the Ptolemies, 305–30 BC (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2010).
-
Mélèze-Modrzejewski, Joseph. “Jewish Law and Hellenistic Legal Practice in Light of the Greek Papyri from Egypt.” In An Introduction to the History and the Sources of Jewish Law, ed. Neil S. Hecht, Bernard S. Jackson, Stephen M. Passamaneck, Daniela Piatelli, and Alfredo M. Rabello (Oxford: Clarendon, 1996), 75–99.
-
Mélèze-Modrzejewski, Joseph. “The Septuagint as Nomos: How the Torah Became a “Civic Law” for the Jews of Egypt.” In Critical Studies in Ancient Law, Comparative Law, and Legal History, ed. John W. Cairns and Olivia F. Robinson (Oxford: Hart, 2001), 183–200.
-
Mélèze-Modrzejewski, Joseph. The Jews of Egypt (Skokie: Varda Books, 2001).
-
Millar, Fergus. “The Greek East and Roman Law: The Dossier of M. Cn. Licinius Rufinus.” The Journal of Roman Studies 89 (1999), 90–108.
-
Monnickendam, Yifat. “The Exposed Child: Transplanting Roman Law into Late Antique Jewish and Christian Legal Discourse.” American Journal of Legal History 59 (2019), 1–30.
-
Nakman, David. “Josephus and Halakha.” In A Companion to Josephus, ed. Honora Howell Chapman and Zuleika Rodgers (Chichester: Wiley & Sons, 2015), 282–292.
-
Nakman, David, and Eyal Regev. “Josephus and the Halakhah of the Pharisees, the Sadducees and Qumran.” Zion 67 (2002), 401–433 [Hebrew].
-
Neusner, Jacob. The Rabbinic Traditions about the Pharisees before 70. 3 vols. (Leiden: Brill, 1971).
-
Neusner, Jacob. From Politics to Piety: The Emergence of Pharisaic Judaism (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1973).
-
Noam, Vered. Megillat Ta‘anit: Versions, Interpretation, History (Jerusalem: Yad Ben-Zvi, 2003) [Hebrew].
-
Novick, Tzvi. “The Borer Court: New Interpretations of mSan. 3.” Zutot: Perspectives on Jewish Culture 5 (2008), 1–8.
-
Oliver, James H. Greek Constitutions of Early Roman Emperors from Inscriptions and Papyri (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1989).
-
Pucci Ben Zeev, Miriam. Jewish Rights in the Roman World: The Greek and Roman Documents Quoted by Josephus Flavius (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1998).
-
Rabello, Alfredo M. “Civil Justice in Palestine from 63 BCE to 70 CE.” In Classical Studies in Honor of David Sohlberg, ed. Ranon Katzoff, Yaakov Petroff, and David Schaps (Ramat Gan: Bar Ilan University, 1996), 293–306.
-
Radzyner, Amihai. “‘We Act as Their Agents’ and the Prohibition of Judgment by Laymen: A Discussion of Babylonian Talmud Gittin 88b.” AJS Review 37 (2013), 257–283.
-
Redford, Donald B. “The So-Called ‘Codification’ of Egyptian Law under Darius I.” In Persia and Torah: The Theory of Imperial Authorization of the Pentateuch, ed. James W. Watts (Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2001), 135–160.
-
Regev, Eyal. The Sadducees and Their Halakhah: Religion and Society in the Second Temple Period (Jerusalem: Yad Ben Zvi, 2005) [Hebrew].
-
Ritter, Bradley. Judeans in the Greek Cities of the Roman Empire: Rights, Citizenship and Civil Discord (Leiden: Brill, 2015).
-
Rosen-Zvi, Ishay. “Protocol of the Yavnean Academy? Rereading Tosefta Sanhedrin Chapter 7.” Tarbiz 78 (2009), 447–477 [Hebrew].
-
Roth, Martha T. “The Law Collection of King Hammurabi: Toward an Understanding of Codification of Text.” In La codification des lois dans l’antiquité: Actes du Colloque de Strasbourg, 27–29 novembre 1997, ed. Edmond Lévy (Paris: De Boccard, 2000), 9–31.
-
Schalit, Abraham. King Herod: Portrait of a Ruler (Jerusalem: Bialik Institute, 1964) [Hebrew].
-
Schiffman, Lawrence H. Sectarian Law in the Dead Sea Scrolls: Courts, Testimony, and the Penal Code (Chico: Scholars Press, 1983).
-
Schremer, Adiel. “The Sages in Palestinian Jewish Society of the Mishnah Period: Torah Prestige and Social Standing.” In Rabbinic Literature from the Land of Israel, ed. Menahem Kahana, Vered Noam, Menahem Kister, and David Rosenthal (Jerusalem: Yad Ben Zvi, 2018), 553–582 [Hebrew].
-
Schulz, Fritz. History of Roman Legal Science (Oxford: Clarendon, 1953).
-
Schwartz, Seth. Imperialism and Jewish Society: 200 BCE to 640 CE (Princeton: Princeton University, 2001).
-
Shapira, Haim. “The Court in Yavne: Status, Authorities, and Functions.” In Studies in Jewish Law: Judge and Judging, ed. Yaakov Habba and Amichai Radzyner (Ramat Gan: Bar Ilan University Press, 2007), 305–334 [Hebrew].
-
Shemesh, Aharon. “King Manasseh and the Halakhah of the Sadducees.” Journal of Jewish Studies 52 (2001), 27–39.
-
Shemesh, Aharon. “The Dispute between the Pharisees and the Sadducees on the Death Penalty.” Tarbiz 70 (2001), 17–33 [Hebrew].
-
Simon-Shoshan, Moshe. “‘On That Day’: The Deeds of the 72 (m. Yadayim 3:5–4:4) as Foundational Narrative for Rabbinic Judaism.” Jewish Studies Quarterly 29 (2022), 109–134.
-
Smallwood, E. Mary. The Jews under Roman Rule: From Pompey to Diocletian (Leiden: Brill, 1976).
-
Sperber, Daniel. Dictionary of Greek and Latin Legal Terms in Rabbinic Literature (Ramat Gan: Bar Ilan University Press, 1984).
-
Taubenschlag, Raphael. “The Legal Profession in Greco-Roman Egypt.” Opera Minora. 2 vols. (Warsaw: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1959), 2:159–165.
-
Tcherikover, Victor A. Corpus Papyrorum Judaicorum (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1957).
-
Tcherikover, Victor A. Hellenistic Civilization and the Jews (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1959).
-
Tomson, Peter. “The Halakhic Systems in Josephus: Antiquities and Life, and Against Apion.” Studies on Jews and Christians in the First and Second Centuries (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2019), 41–66.
-
Trebilco, Paul R. Jewish Communities in Asia Minor (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991).
-
Urbach, Ephraim E. Ha-Halakhah: Mekoroteha ve-Hitpatḥuta (Tel Aviv: Modan, 1996).
-
Van der Horst, Pieter Willem. Philo’s Flaccus: The First Pogrom: Introduction, Translation, and Commentary (Leiden: Brill, 2003).
-
Vroom, Jonathan. The Authority of Law in the Hebrew Bible and Early Judaism: Tracing the Origins of Legal Obligation from Ezra to Qumran (Leiden: Brill, 2018).
-
Wells, Bruce. “What is Biblical Law? A Look at Pentateuchal Rules and Near Eastern Practice.” Catholic Biblical Quarterly 70 (2008), 223–243.
-
Westbrook, Raymond. “Biblical and Cuneiform Law Codes.” Revue Biblique 92 (1985), 247–264.
-
Wilfand, Yael. “Did Roman Treatment of Freedwomen Influence Rabbinic Halakhah on the Status of Female Converts in Marriage?” The Journal of Legal History 40 (2019), 182–202.
-
Wolff, Hans Julius. “Plurality of Laws in Ptolemaic Egypt.” Revue international des droits de l’Antiquité 7 (1960), 191–223.
-
Yadin-Israel, Azzan. Scripture and Tradition: Rabbi Akiva and the Triumph of Midrash (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015).
-
Yiftach-Firanko, Uri. “Law in Graeco-Roman Egypt: Hellenization, Fusion, Romanization.” In The Oxford Handbook of Papyrology, ed. Roger S. Bagnall (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), 541–560.
| Insgesamt | Letzte 365 Tage | In den letzten 30 Tagen | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aufrufe von Kurzbeschreibungen | 1182 | 352 | 15 |
| Gesamttextansichten | 395 | 69 | 5 |
| PDF-Downloads | 1097 | 174 | 6 |
The Rabbinic Movement from Pharisees to Provincial Jurists
in Journal for the Study of JudaismSearch for other papers by Yair Furstenberg in
Current site
Google Scholar
PubMed
Abstract
In this article I argue that the rabbinic movement reinvented itself during the second century by expanding the boundaries of Jewish law to include all spheres of private law, and thereby claiming juristic expertise in these matters. A variety of sources from the Second Temple period indicate that Jewish law at this stage included primarily ritual laws, while private law was not considered unique to the Jewish way of life and was not treated by scholars of Torah until the second century CE. This far-reaching change resonates with other concurrent developments in provincial legal culture, primarily the emergence of the local nomikoi (legal experts) and legal profession during this period and the dissemination of legal knowledge in the Roman East. The provincial situation served to reshape the rabbinic movement in the guise of the local jurists, and ultimately to establish their political and social standing.
| Insgesamt | Letzte 365 Tage | In den letzten 30 Tagen | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aufrufe von Kurzbeschreibungen | 1182 | 352 | 15 |
| Gesamttextansichten | 395 | 69 | 5 |
| PDF-Downloads | 1097 | 174 | 6 |
