Figures
2.1 Soyuz launch profile 26
4.1 Ground track of the 31 August 1998 DPRK launch 69
4.2 Ground track of the 12 December 2012 DPRK launch 74
4.3 Ground track of the 29 August 2017 DPRK launch 75
6.1 Earth-Moon Lagrange points 97
6.2 Sun-Earth Lagrange points 98
7.1 The four forces of aerodynamic flight in level cruise 115
7.2 Aerodynamic forces in climb 116
8.1 Regimes of atmospheric and extra-atmospheric flight and depicting the jurisdictional boundary lines 142
8.2 Variation versus altitude for various values of dynamic pressure and equilibrium temperature 143
8.3 Reentry profiles of Vostok and Space Shuttle Orbiter 147
8.4 Forces acting on an airfoil 150
8.5 Lift and drag predictions derived from Newtonian theory 151
8.6 Centrifugal force 152
10.1 Mass/area ratio for various actual satellites 184
10.2 Lifetimes of satellites with mass/area 100 kg/m2 187
10.3 Lifetimes of satellites with mass/area 100 kg/m2 (extrapolated) 188
10.4 Lifetimes of satellites with mass/area 200 kg/m2 (extrapolated) 189
10.5 Reported perigee vs. actual perigee 195
10.6 Lowest perigee: data vs. theory 196
10.7 Lowest satellite perigee record 197
11.1 SIGINT satellite intercepting microwave transmissions 223
12.1 Parallel and conical projections of national sovereignty 238
13.1 Orbital elements 249
13.2 Maximum altitude of X-15 flights (lowest to highest) 260
14.1 Space objects 267
15.1 Orbital velocity and escape velocity 283
16.1 Sidereal rotation and solar day 296
16.2 Ground track of the QZSS constellation 297
16.3 Pioneer 1 trajectory 299
16.4 Pioneer 1 ground track 299
18.1 Total reentries below 110 kilometers by year 358
18.2 US reentries below 110 kilometers by year 358
18.3 Soviet/Russian reentries below 110 kilometers by year 359
18.4 Lowest exit altitude by year 359
20.1 Outer space, mesospace, and airspace 399
20.2 Altitudes of interest with regard to spatial delimitation (semi-logarithmic scale) 409
20.3 Altitudes of interest with regard to spatial delimitation (linear scale) 410
21.1 Flight path of KAL 007, 1 September 1983 435
21.2 STS-9 reentry ground track, 8 December 1983 436
22.1 FAA forms 7230-7.1, 7230-7.2, and 7230-8 463
22.2 Typical Space Shuttle reentry profile 465
22.3 North American flight information regions 469
22.4 Eastern test range launch ground tracks 470
22.5 Ocean21 system information display 471
23.1 Large-scale structure of corpus juris spatialis 489
Tables
10.1 Key to the numbers in Figure 10.1 185
10.2 Space objects with lowest registered perigees, UN registry 192
10.3 Selected space objects, RAE database 193
10.4 Lowest satellite perigee record breakers 197
11.1 High altitude nuclear detonations 226
13.1 Instances of terms regarding space activities in international legal instruments 247
13.2 Taxonomy of space activity terms in international legal instruments 248
14.1 Instances of terms regarding space objects in international legal instruments 265
16.1 Synchronous orbit altitudes and gravitational spheres of influence 303
18.1 Space vehicle lift-to-drag ratios 337
18.2 Overflights of foreign territory during reentry by frequency 361
18.3 Overflights of foreign territory during reentry by altitude 362
18.4 Threat assessment of a descending object 370
19.1 High altitude AAMs and SAMs 381
19.2 ABMs and ASATs 381
20.1 Taxonomy of delimitation approaches and theories 422
21.1 Relationship of the draft space delimitation convention to other treaties 425
A1.1 Altitudes of interest with regard to spatial delimitation 499
A2.1 Space object perigees below 100 kilometers 506
A3.1 Selected suborbital flights 508
A5.1 Space object overflights of foreign territory below 110 kilometers 535