The Regimes of Cooperation in the Arctic, Antarctica and Outer Space

Rolf Einar Fife

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Chapter 13 The Regimes of Cooperation in the Arctic, Antarctica and Outer Space

In: International Law for Diplomats

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Rolf Einar Fife

Rolf Einar Fife
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Type:: Chapter

Pages:: 138–152

DOI:: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004754508-014

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Abstract

The Arctic, Antarctica and outer space are distinct geographical areas, but have represented, at different stages and in various forms, a ‘last frontier’ of exploration and discovery. While not being considered any more by States as a last frontier for the purposes of acquiring additional territorial sovereignty, discovery is still central notably to the acquisition of scientific knowledge to resolve key challenges faced by humanity. Moreover, there are frequently recurrent debates about how to best preserve international peace and security, including the low tension that has uniquely characterized these areas or spaces, and not least how to reconcile any economic activity with vital protection of the natural environment and other shared interests. Such discussions are regularly compounded by new technological developments and additional possibilities of economic exploitation. Such considerations, often seen in the context of common interests of humankind, have mobilized the international community. This chapter considers these geographical areas’ different histories with the emergence of distinct legal frameworks and concrete characteristics. Within these frameworks remarkably successful results have been achieved in the form of international cooperation that has contributed to safety of human life in challenging or outright hostile physical environments, the maintenance of international peace and security, including low tension, and not least vital scientific research and environmental protection.

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International Law for Diplomats

E-Book ISBN:: 9789004754508

Publisher:: Brill | Nijhoff

Print Publication Date:: 23 Apr 2026

Subjects
- International Law
  - International Law: General Interest
- International Relations
  - Diplomatic Studies

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Chapter 13 The Regimes of Cooperation in the Arctic, Antarctica and Outer Space

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International Law for Diplomats

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