Maps
1 Map of South Asia XXVII
Figures
1 Ê¿Ali ibn Abi Talib, from the Tipu Sultan Album of Saints, 1796 CE. Ink, opaque watercolor and gold on paper. 38.30 Ã 21.60 cm. British Museum, London (1936.411.0.31, f. 94) 2
2 Al-insÄn al-kÄmil, from the Tipu Sultan Album of Saints, 1796 CE. Ink and opaque watercolor on paper. 38.30 Ã 21.60 cm. British Museum, London (1936.411.0.31, f. 96) 7
3 Hierarchy of Being in Sufi cosmology as outlined by Ibn al-Ê¿Arabi 8
4 Composite horse, from the Tipu Sultan Album of Saints. circa 1750. Ink and opaque watercolor on paper. 38.30 Ã 21.60 cm. British Museum, London (1936.411.0.31, f. 95) 9
5 A mounted prince hunting lion in a rocky landscape, ca. 1600, by Khem Karan. Opaque watercolor on paper. 33 Ã 22.2 cm. The Cleveland Museum of Art, gift in honor of Madeline Neves Clapp; gift of Mrs. Henry White Cannon by exchange; bequest of Louise T. Cooper; Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund; from the Catherine and Ralph Benkaim Collection (2013.310) 22
6 Colophon portrait from the 1595â6 Khamsa of Nizami, by Daulat, ca. 1610, British Library, London (OR.12208, f.325v) 23
7 Prince Salim with a falcon, ca. 1600â1605. Ink, opaque watercolor and gold on paper. 14.92 Ã 9.53 cm. Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles, from the Nasli and Alice Heeramaneck Collection, Museum Associates Purchase (M.83.1.4), artwork in the public domain 29
8 The world of animals, ca. 1600, Miskin. Ink, opaque watercolor and gold on paper. 33.8 Ã 21.7 cm. Freer Gallery of Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.: PurchaseâCharles Lang Freer Endowment, F1945.29 31
9 Attributed to: Miskin, Indian, active about 1580â1610, Majnun in the Wilderness, Indian, Mughal, Mughal period, about 1600. Ink, watercolor and gold on paper. 40.5 Ã 28.7 cm. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Frederick L. Jack Fund, 1981.81 34
10 The world of animals (detail), ca. 1600, Miskin. Ink, opaque watercolor and gold on paper. 33.8 Ã 21.7 cm. Freer Gallery of Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.: PurchaseâCharles Lang Freer Endowment, F1945.29 35
11 A Qalandar, ca. 1720â40. Ink, opaque watercolor and gold on paper. 19 Ã 14.3 cm. British Library, London (J.19.2) 42
12 Miyan Mir and Mulla Shah, ca. 1645. Ink and opaque watercolor on paper. 6.7 Ã 10.3 cm. Yale Art Gallery, New Haven. The Vera M. and John D. MacDonald, B.A. 1927, collection, gift of Mrs. John D. MacDonald, 2001.138.59, artwork in the public domain 51
13 Album preface, 1699â1702. Kashmiri Album. Ink, opaque watercolor, and gold on paper. 35.9 Ã 23.8 cm. Lahore Museum, Lahore (1552, verso) 56
14 An Egyptian Qalandar (an African lyre player), ca. 1640â60, Deccan. Ink, opaque watercolor, and gold on paper (recto). 18.7 Ã 12.4 cm. The Cleveland Museum of Art, gift in honor of Madeline Neves Clapp; gift of Mrs. Henry White Cannon by exchange; bequest of Louise T. Cooper; Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund; from the Catherine and Ralph Benkaim Collection (2013.289) 61
15 Nizam al-Din Awliyaʾ, ca. 1780â1800. Ink and opaque watercolor on paper. 7.9 à 6.8 cm. Lahore Museum, Lahore (f-11) 65
16 Portrait of the Sufi mystic Shah Daula, Mughal, late 17th century. Ink, opaque watercolor, and gold on paper. 43 Ã 30.3 cm. Francesca Galloway, London 67
17 Khwaja Ê¿Abd Allah Ahrar, ca. 1620. Ink, opaque watercolor, and gold on paper. 22 Ã 16.7 cm. British Museum, London (1974.617.10, f. 2) 68
18 Shah Dilruba, ca. 1645, Late Shah Jahan Album. Ink, opaque watercolor, and gold on paper. 16.5 Ã 10.4 cm. Chester Beatty Library, Dublin (In 07B.23r) 70
19 A congregation of Indian ascetics, ca. 1700. Ink, opaque watercolor, and gold on paper. 44.8 Ã 31.4 cm. British Museum, London (1920,0917,0.30) 75
20 The interpretation of dreams, ca. 1480, from a Kalpasutra manuscript. Ink, opaque watercolor, and gold on paper. 11.7 Ã 29.5 cm. Williams College Museum of Art, Williamstown, MA: bequest of Mrs. Horace W. Frost (91.15.12) 78
21 The temple complex, ca. 1500â1550, Lahore-Chandigarh ChandÄyan. Ink and opaque watercolor on paper. Government Museum and Art Gallery, Chandigarh (K-7-30-H) 79
22 The temple complex (detail), ca. 1500â1550, Lahore-Chandigarh ChandÄyan. Ink and opaque watercolor on paper. Government Museum and Art Gallery, Chandigarh (K-7-30-H) 80
23 Description of Chandaâs beauty, ca. 1500â1550, Lahore-Chandigarh ChandÄyan. Ink and opaque watercolor on paper. Government Museum and Art Gallery, Chandigarh (K-7-30-I) 83
24 Description of Chandaâs beauty (detail), ca. 1500â1550, Lahore-Chandigarh ChandÄyan. Ink and opaque watercolor on paper. Government Museum and Art Gallery, Chandigarh (K-7-30-I) 84
25 Description of Chandaâs beauty, ca. 1500â1550, Mumbai ChandÄyan. Ink and opaque watercolor on paper. CSMVS, Mumbai (57.1/4) 85
26 Rajkunwar begins his journey, from the RÄjkuá¹war Romance, ca. 1603â4. Ink, opaque watercolor, and gold on paper. 28.3 Ã 17.5 cm. Chester Beatty Library, Dublin (In 37.23v) 88
27 Prince Faridun shoots an arrow at a gazelle, from Nizamiâs Khamsa, by Mukund, 1595. Ink, opaque watercolor, and gold on paper. 31.8 Ã 19.6 cm. British Library, London (OR.12208, fol. 19r) 90
28 Rajkunwar with a king, RÄjkuá¹war Romance, attributed to Haribans, ca. 1603â4. Ink, opaque watercolor and gold on paper. 28.3 Ã 17.5 cm. Chester Beatty Library, Dublin (In 37.25r) 92
29 Akbar and a Dervish, signed by Ê¿Abd al-Samad, India, ca. 1586â87. Opaque watercolor, ink, and silver on paper. 39.1 cm à 25.4 cm. The Aga Khan Museum, AKM141 93
30 Alexander and the Hermit, from Nizamiâs IskandarnÄma, 1494/95, by Behzad. Ink, opaque watercolor, and gold on paper. 24.3 Ã 17 cm. British Library, London (OR.6810, fol.273r) 94
31 Babur visiting Gurkhattri, from the BÄburnÄma, ca. 1590. Ink, opaque watercolor, and gold on paper. 32 Ã 21 cm. Walters Art Museum, Baltimore (W.596.22B). Creative Commons Public Domain, CCO 1.0 Universal (CCO 1.0) 98
32 Fatehpur Sikri, 1572â1585. Archnet (IAA15438) 99
33 Misbah the Grocer brings the spy Parran to his house, from the HamzanÄma, ca. 1570, attributed to Dasavanta. Ink, opaque watercolor, and gold on cloth; mounted on paper. 70.8 Ã 54.9 cm. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York (24.48.1). Rogers Fund, 1924 100
34 The visit of the emperor Jahangir to the ascetic Jadrûp, by Govardhan, ca. 1620. Page from the Saint-Petersburg Album. Ink, opaque watercolor, and gold on paper. 35.4 à 22 cm. Musée du Louvre, Paris (OA7171) 101
35 Akbar visits Baba Bilas, by Laâl, from the AkbarnÄma, ca. 1587. Ink, opaque watercolor, and gold on paper. 28.9 Ã 17.2 cm. Chester Beatty Library, Dublin (In 11A.26) 103
36 A Nath Yogi with Two White Dogs, folio from the Salim Album. ca. 1600. Ink, opaque watercolor, and gold on paper. 23.3 Ã 15 cm. Harvard Art Museums/Arthur M. Sackler Museum, The Norma Jean Calderwood Collection of Islamic Art (2002.50.29) 106
37 Yogi, from the Salim Album, ca. 1599â1604. Ink, opaque watercolor, and gold on paper. 19.8 Ã 12.3 cm. Chester Beatty Library, Dublin (In 44.3) 107
38 A mendicant bowing before a holy man, from the Salim Album, by Basavan, circa 1585; inner border added in Allahabad ca. 1602; outer border added probably 1900s. Opaque watercolor, ink, and gold on paper. 32.7 Ã 21.1 cm. The Cleveland Museum of Art, gift in honor of Madeline Neves Clapp; gift of Mrs. Henry White Cannon by exchange; bequest of Louise T. Cooper; Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund; from the Catherine and Ralph Benkaim Collection (2013.296) 111
39 A letter from Dara Shikoh to Shah Dilruba, from the FayyÄż al-qawÄnÄ«n. Ink on paper. 31.4 à 18.8 cm. British Library, London (OR.9617, f.40r) 112
40 The prince distributing bread, from the RÄjkuá¹war Romance, ca. 1603â4. Ink, opaque watercolor and gold on paper. 28.3 Ã 17.5 cm. Chester Beatty Library, Dublin (In 37.44b) 114
41 The prince distributing bread (detail), from the RÄjkuá¹war Romance, ca. 1603â4. Ink, opaque watercolor and gold on paper. 28.3 Ã 17.5 cm. Chester Beatty Library, Dublin (In 37.44b) 115
42 A Qalandar, from the Salim Album by Mukund, ca. 1595, formerly the Sven Gahlin Collection. Ink, opaque watercolor and gold on paper. 23.3 Ã 14.9 cm. Sothebyâs London, 6 October 2015, lot 8 116
43 A Qalandar with a dog (museum title is âNath yogi and dogâ), attributed to Basavan, ca. 1590. Ink, opaque watercolor on paper. 26.2 Ã 26.6 cm. Harvard Art Museums/Arthur M. Sackler Museum, the Stuart Cary Welch Collection, gift of Edith I. Welch in memory of Stuart Cary Welch (2009.202.255) 117
44 A Vaishnava yogi, from the Dara Shikoh Album, ca. 1630â34. Ink, opaque watercolor and gold on paper. 15 Ã 8.3. British Library, London (Add.Or.3129, f.12) 119
45 A Vaishnava yogi, from the Dara Shikoh Album, ca. 1630â34. Ink, opaque watercolor and gold on paper. 14.9 by 8.2 cm. British Library, London (Add.Or.3129, f.11v) 119
46 Rajkunwar begins his journey (with added division lines), from the RÄjkuá¹war Romance, ca. 1603â4. Ink, opaque watercolor and gold on paper. 28.3 Ã 17.5 cm. Chester Beatty Library, Dublin (In 37.23v) 120
47 Prince Akbar presenting a painting to Humayun, by Ê¿Abd al-Samad, ca. 1550â1556, from the Gulshan Album. Ink, opaque watercolor and gold on paper. Golestan Palace Library, Tehran, Ms. 1668, fol. 70a 125
48 Angel, from the Fitzwilliam Album, ca. 1550. Ink, opaque watercolor and gold on paper. 29 Ã 19 cm. British Museum, London (1948,1009,0.54) 126
49 Angel, from the Fitzwilliam Album, ca. 1550. Ink, opaque watercolor and gold on paper. 29 Ã 18.7 cm. British Museum, London (1948,1009,0.53) 127
50 Angel Ruh holding the celestial spheres, from Ê¿AjÄʾib al-makhlÅ«qÄt of Qazwini, Iran, ca. 1550. Ink, opaque watercolor and gold on paper. 30.4 à 21.2 cm. Ashmolean Museum, Oxford (EA1978.2573) 129
51 Prince on horseback, from the Fitzwilliam Album, ca. 1550. Ink, opaque watercolor and gold on paper. 32.1 Ã 22.9 cm. Philadelphia Museum of Art: 125th anniversary acquisition. Alvin O. Bellak Collection, 2004-149-12r 131
52 Seated Angel, by Muhammadi Bek, Safavid, ca. 1535. Ink and gold on paper. 9.3 Ã 6.9 cm. Boston Museum of Fine Art, Bartlett CollectionâMuseum purchase with funds from the Francis Bartlett Donation of 1912 and Picture Fund, 14.568 132
53 The third suitor, who is an archer, shoots the wicked fairy who has imprisoned Zuhra. He rides on a magic horse prepared by the second suitor and is led to the spot by the divining prowess of the first, from a Tuti-nama (Tales of a Parrot): thirty-fourth night, ca. 1560. Ink, opaque watercolor and gold on paper. 20.3 Ã 14 cm. The Cleveland Museum of Art, gift of Mrs. A. Dean Perry 1962.279.226.a 133
54 Akbar lost in the desert while hunting wild asses, from the AkbarnÄma, by Kesav and Mahesh, ca. 1587. Ink, opaque watercolor and gold on paper. 33.4 Ã 20.1 cm. Victoria & Albert Museum, London (IS.2-1986, folio 84) 136
55 A prince visits a hermit, attributed to Ê¿Abd al-Samad, India, ca. 1585â90. Ink, opaque watercolor and gold on paper. 39.7 cm à 31.4 cm. The Aga Khan Museum, AKM122 138
56 Akbar and a Dervish (detail), signed by ʾAbd al-Samad, India, ca. 1586â87. Opaque watercolor, ink and silver on paper. 39.1 cm à 25.4 cm. The Aga Khan Museum, AKM141 139
57 Jalal al-Din Rumi visiting ʾAttar at Nishapur when ʾAttar presented him with a copy of Asrarnama (Book of Secrets), NafaḥÄt al-Uns, 1603. Ink, opaque watercolor and gold on paper. 26.2 à 15.2 cm. The British Library (Or.1362, f.287r) 140
58 Begtashi dervish, ca. 1590, Ink, opaque watercolor and gold on paper. 19 Ã 12.8 cm. British Museum, London (1983,0727,0.1) 141
59 Begtashi dervish, from The Habits of the Grand Signorâs Court, 1620. Ink, opaque watercolor and gold on paper. 20.7 Ã 13.7 cm. British Museum, London (1928,0323,0.46.90) 142
60 A Herevi Dervish and his dog. Ottoman Turkey, ca. 1590. Ink, opaque watercolor and gold on paper. 27 Ã 19 cm. RMN-Grand Palais, Paris (MAO1219) 144
61 MuÊ¿in al-Din Chishti, from the Minto Album, by Bichitr, ca. 1610â18. Ink, opaque watercolor and gold on paper. 21.8 à 13 cm. Chester Beatty Library, Dublin (In 07A.14r) 150
62 Jahangir holding the globe of the two worlds, from the Minto Album, by Bichitr, ca. 1610â18. Ink, opaque watercolor and gold on paper. 25.8 Ã 16.5 cm. Chester Beatty Library, Dublin (In 07A.5v) 151
63 Allegorical representation of Emperor Jahangir and Shah Abbas of Persia, from the St. Petersburg MuraqqaÊ¿, by Abuâl Hasan / Muhammad Sadiq, ca. 1618. Ink, opaque watercolor and gold on paper. 23.8 à 15.4 cm. Freer Gallery of Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.: PurchaseâCharles Lang Freer Endowment, F1945.9a 154
64 Jahangir entertains Shah Abbas, from the St. Petersburg MuraqqaÊ¿, attributed to Bishandas / Muhammad Sadiq, ca. 1620. Ink, opaque watercolor and gold on paper. 25 à 18.3 cm. Freer Gallery of Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.: PurchaseâCharles Lang Freer Endowment, F1942.16a 155
65 Jahangir shooting the head of Malik Ambar, attributed to Abuâl Hasan, ca. 1620. Ink, opaque watercolor and gold on paper. 38 Ã 26 cm. Freer Gallery of Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.: PurchaseâCharles Lang Freer Endowment, F1948.19a 156
66 Jahangir preferring Shaikh Husain to monarchs, from the St. Petersburg MuraqqaÊ¿, by Bichitr / Muhammad Sadiq, ca. 1615â18. Ink, opaque watercolor and gold on paper. 46.9 à 30.7 cm. Freer Gallery of Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.: PurchaseâCharles Lang Freer Endowment, F1942.15a 158
67 A dervish climbing the Tree of Life, attributed to Abuâl Hasan, ca. 1608. Ink, opaque watercolor and gold on paper. 36.2 Ã 22.5 cm. British Library, London (J.1.30) 161
68 A dervish climbing the Tree of Life (detail), attributed to Abuâl Hasan, ca. 1608. Ink, opaque watercolor and gold on paper. 36.2 Ã 22.5 cm. British Library, London (J.1.30) 163
69 Folio from Ê¿Attarâs Conference of the Birds, by Habiballah of Sava, Iran, ca. 1600. Ink, opaque watercolor, gold and silver on paper. 33 Ã 20.8 cm. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York (63.210.11). Fletcher Fund, 1963 164
70 A dervish climbing the Tree of Life (detail), attributed to Abuâl Hasan, ca. 1608. Ink, opaque watercolor and gold on paper. 36.2 Ã 22.5 cm. British Library, London (J.1.30) 165
71 A gathering of holy men of different faiths, by Mir Kalan Khan, ca. 1770â75. Ink, opaque watercolor and gold on paper. 26.7 Ã 19.1 cm. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York (2009.318). Purchase, Friends of Islamic Art Gifts, 2009. Creative Commons Public Domain, CCO 1.0 Universal (CCO 1.0) 166
72 Shah Husain Qalandar, ca. 1770. Ink, opaque watercolor and gold on paper. 30.4 à 20.1cm. Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris (Od 60 pet. f. 30) 167
73 Shah Jahan appointing the noble Mahabat Khan to the position of commander in chief from the PÄdshÄhnÄma, by Abid, ca. 1629â30. Ink, opaque watercolor and gold on paper. 37 Ã 25.2 cm. Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C.: PurchaseâSmithsonian Unrestricted Trust Funds, Smithsonian Collections Acquisition Program, and Arthur M. Sackler, S1986.406 170
74 Submission of Rana Amar Singh of Mewar to Prince Khurram, from the Windsor Padshahnama, by Lalchand, ca. 1640. Ink, opaque watercolor and gold on paper. 58.2 Ã 36.8 cm. Royal Collection Trust, Windsor Castle (RCIN 1005025 f. 46v) 171
75 Shah Jahan receives his three eldest sons and Asaf Khan, from the Windsor Padshahnama, by Bichitr, ca. 1630. Ink, opaque watercolor and gold on paper. 58.4 Ã 37 cm. Royal Collection Trust, Winsor Castle (RCIN 1005025 f. 50b) 173
76 Portrait of the Mughal vakīl Asaf Khan, from the Minto Album, by Bichitr, ca. 1631. Ink, opaque watercolor and gold on paper. 38.9 à 26.5 cm. Victoria & Albert Museum, London (IM.26-1925) 174
77 Miyan Mir, ca. 1635. Ink, opaque watercolor and gold on paper. 40.5 Ã 26.9 cm. British Library, London (J.7.11) 176
78 An unidentified Sufi, ca. 1635. Ink, opaque watercolor and gold on paper. 40.5 Ã 26.8 cm. British Library, London (J.7.10) 177
79 Portrait of an unidentified Sufi, attributed to Abuâl Hasan, ca. 1620â30. Ink, opaque watercolor and gold on paper. 10.4 Ã 4.9 cm. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Bartlett CollectionâMuseum purchase with funds from the Francis Bartlett Donation of 1912 and Picture Fund, 14.653 179
80 Shah Jahan on a terrace holding a pendant set with his portrait, from the Shah Jahan Album, by Chitarman, ca. 1628. Ink, opaque watercolor and gold on paper. 38.9 Ã 25.7 cm. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York (55.121.10.24). Purchase, Rogers Fund and The Kevorkian Foundation Gift, 1955 180
81 Shah Jahan standing on a globe, circa 1630, by Bichitr. Ink, opaque watercolor and gold on paper. 24.6 Ã 16.3 cm. Chester Beatty Library, Dublin (In 07A.16r) 182
82 The Emperor Shah Jahan standing on a globe, from the Minto Album, by Hashim, ca. 1630. Ink, opaque watercolor and gold on paper. 25.1 Ã 15.8 cm. Freer Gallery of Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.: PurchaseâCharles Lang Freer Endowment, F1939.49a 183
83 Jahangir presenting Prince Khurram (the future Emperor Shah Jahan) with a turban ornament, from the Windsor Padshahnama, by Payag, ca. 1657. Ink, opaque watercolor, gold and silver on paper. 30.6 Ã 21.3 cm. Royal Collection Trust, Windsor Castle (RCIN 1005025 f195a) 185
84 Jahangir awards Shah Jahan the title of Shah, from the Windsor Padshahnama, by Abid, ca. 1635. Ink, opaque watercolor, gold and silver on paper. 35.6 Ã 24.2 cm. Royal Collection Trust, Windsor Castle (RCIN 1005025 f192b) 186
85 Shah Jahan visiting Ajmer, from the Windsor Padshahnama, attributed to Jalal Quli, ca. 1656. Ink, opaque watercolor, gold and silver on paper. 35.1 Ã 22.5 cm. Royal Collection Trust, Windsor Castle (RCIN 1005025, f. 205b) 188
86 Shah Jahan receives the elixir of life from the Prophet al-Khizr, from the St. Petersburg MuraqqaÊ¿, by Bal Chand, ca. 1625â1630. Ink, opaque watercolor and gold on paper. 27.5 à 17 cm. Institute of Oriental Manuscripts, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg (MS.E-14, fol. 33r) 189
87 Prince Khurram receives a gift from the Prophet al-Khizr (detail), from the St. Petersburg Muraqqaʿ, ca. 1615. Ink, opaque watercolor and gold on paper. 27.6 à 16.5 cm. Institute of Oriental Manuscripts, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg (MS.E-14, fol. 18r) 190
88 ʿAzim ush-Shan receiving investiture from al-Khizr, 1712. Ink, opaque watercolor, gold and silver on paper. 31 à 24.4 cm. Bibliothèque nationale de France, département des Manuscrits, Paris (Smith-Lesouëf 249, pièce 6557) 192
89 al-Khizr, ca. 1720. Ink, opaque watercolor, gold and silver on paper. 30.7 à 21.2 cm. Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris (Od 60 pet. Fol. f. 19) 193
90 Dara Shikoh, ca. 1634, from the Dara Shikoh Album. Ink, opaque watercolor, gold and silver on paper. 16.3 Ã 9.5 cm. British Library, London (Add.Or.3129, f.59v) 195
91 Dara Shikoh (detail), ca. 1634, from the Dara Shikoh Album. Ink, opaque watercolor, gold and silver on paper. 16.3 Ã 9.5 cm. British Library, London (Add.Or.3129, f.59v) 196
92 Rumi comes riding on a mule, illustration to a hagiography of Rumi, ca. 1550. Ink, opaque watercolor, gold and silver on paper. Library of the Topkapì Sarayì Museum, Istanbul 198
93 Sarmad with Abhai Chand, ca. 1640, Deccan. Ink and watercolor on paper. 30.5 à 21.4 cm. Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris (Od 60 pet. Fol., f. 8) 199
94 Dara Shikoh in a lesson, ca. 1634, from the Dara Shikoh Album. Ink, opaque watercolor, gold and silver on paper. 16.1 Ã 11 cm. British Library, London (Add.Or.3129, f.18) 200
95 Dara Shikoh with dervishes, ca. 1630â34. Ink, opaque watercolor, gold and silver on paper. 38.2 Ã 22.5 cm. Bodleian Library, Oxford (Ms. Douce Or.a.1, fol. 35a) 205
96 Dara Shikoh with dervishes, ca. 1630â34. Ink, opaque watercolor, gold and silver on paper. 38.2 Ã 22.5 cm. Bodleian Library, Oxford (Ms. Douce Or.a.1, fol. 34b) 206
97 Two princes in a garden, from the Minto Album, by Govardhan, ca. 1615. Ink, opaque watercolor and gold on paper. 20.9 Ã 11.9 cm. Chester Beatty Library, Dublin (In 07A.8v) 208
98 Dara Shikoh with dervishes (detail), ca. 1630â34. Ink, opaque watercolor, gold and silver on paper. 38.2 Ã 22.5 cm. Bodleian Library, Oxford (Ms. Douce Or.a.1, fol. 34b) 210
99 Hafiz greets a youth, from the Divan of Hafiz, attributed to Govardhan, ca. 1610. Ink, opaque watercolor and gold on paper. 10.2 Ã 5.8 cm. Chester Beatty Library, Dublin (In 15.7r) 211
100 Sufis in discussion watched by a prince, from the Divan of Hafiz, attributed to Govardhan, ca. 1610. Ink and opaque watercolor on paper. 15.1 Ã 10.5 cm. British Library, London (Or.7573, f.88r) 214
101 A Holy Man Prostrating Himself Before a Learned Prince, ca. 1585; border added probably 1700s. Attributed to Manohar, and Basavan. Ink on paper, laid down with borders of gold-decorated blue paper; page: 31.5 Ã 19.7 cm. The Cleveland Museum of Art, gift in honor of Madeline Neves Clapp; gift of Mrs. Henry White Cannon by exchange; bequest of Louise T. Cooper; Leonard C. Hanna Jr. Fund; from the Catherine and Ralph Benkaim Collection 2013.297 216
102 Prince Salim with an awry turban, from the Salim Album, by Mirza Ghulam, ca. 1600â1605, Los Angeles County Museum of Art, L.A. Opaque watercolor, gold, and ink on paper. 23.34 Ã 14.92 cm. From the Nasli and Alice Heeramaneck Collection, Museum Associates Purchase (M.81.8.12). Artwork in the public domain 218
103 Prince Salim reciting poetry (A young man reading), from the Gulshan Album, attributed to Muhammad ʿAli Musawwir, ca. 1610. Ink, watercolor and gold on paper. 40 à 24.6 cm. OA 7154. Musée du Louvre 219
104 Princely youth in a landscape, ca. 1610. Ink, opaque watercolor, gold and silver on paper. 38.2 Ã 22.5 cm. Bodleian Library, Oxford (Ms. Douce Or.a.1, fol. 45b) 221
105 Princely youth in a landscape, ca. 1610. Ink, opaque watercolor, gold and silver on paper. 38.2 Ã 22.5 cm. Bodleian Library, Oxford (Ms. Douce Or.a.1, fol. 46a) 222
106 A Qalandar Sufi reciting a poem, from the Dara Shikoh Album, ca. 1630â34. Ink, opaque watercolor and gold on paper. 14 Ã 8.1 cm. British Library, London (Add.Or.3129 f.48r) 225
107 A prince possibly Dara Shikoh holding a narcissus, from the Dara Shikoh Album, ca. 1630â34. Ink, opaque watercolor and gold on paper. 13.8 Ã 8 cm. British Library, London (Add.Or.3129 f.47v) 226
108 A Qalandar Sufi with a wine bottle, from the Dara Shikoh Album, ca. 1630â34. Ink, opaque watercolor and gold on paper. 14.1 Ã 7.9 cm. British Library, London (Add.Or.3129 f.44r) 228
109 A prince possibly Dara Shikoh holding a cup, from the Dara Shikoh Album, ca. 1630â34. Ink, opaque watercolor and gold on paper. 14.1 Ã 8.1 cm. British Library, London (Add.Or.3129 f.43v) 229
110 A Qalandar Sufi with a book, from the Dara Shikoh Album, ca. 1630â34. Ink, opaque watercolor and gold on paper. 17 Ã 9.7 cm. British Library, London (Add.Or.3129 f.26r) 231
111 A princess with a book, from the Dara Shikoh Album, ca. 1630â34. Ink, opaque watercolor and gold on paper. 17 Ã 9.7 cm. British Library, London (Add.Or.3129 f.25v) 232
112 A youth holding a folio, Isfahan, circa 1550. Ink, opaque watercolor and gold on paper. 24 Ã 15.9 cm. British Museum, London (1974,0617,0.3.100) 236
113 A prince and a dervish by a blossomed tree, Khurasan, late 16thâearly 17th century. Ink, opaque watercolor and gold on paper. 32 cm à 20.4 cm. The Aga Khan Museum, AKM74 237
114 The old man and the youth, by Riza-yi Ê¿Abbasi, ca. 1665, Safavid. Ink, opaque watercolor and gold on paper. 12.7 Ã 5.4 cm. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York (25.68.5). Fletcher Fund, 1925 239
115 Possibly Prince Dara Shikoh and Mulla Shah accompanied by five retainers in Kashmir, by Jalal Quli Khan, ca. 1640. Ink, opaque watercolor and gold on paper, mounted on an 18th-century album page. 27.5 Ã 17.3 cm. Ackland Art Museum, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Gift of the Tyche Foundation (2009.21) 240
116 A prince visiting a sage listening to music, ca. 1635. Ink, opaque watercolor and gold on paper. 46.7 Ã 30.7 cm. Harvard Art Museums/Arthur M. Sackler Museum, gift of Grenville L. Winthrop, class of 1886, 1937.19 241
117 Qalandar and a princely youth, from the Small Clive Album, ca. 1680. Ink and opaque watercolor on paper. 35.5 Ã 23.5 cm. Victoria & Albert Museum, London (IS.48:10/A-1956) 243
118 Madho Lal and Shah Husain, ca. 1840. Ink, opaque watercolor and gold on paper. Faqir Khana Collection, on permanent loan to the Lahore Museum, Lahore (292.D-1) 244
119 A portrait of Prince Dara Shikoh within a mandorla, by Chitarman, 1639. Ink, opaque watercolor and gold on paper. 41.2 Ã 29.9 cm. The Morgan Library & Museum, MS M.458.9. Purchased by J. Pierpont Morgan 246
120 Mulla Shah, ca. 1645. Opaque watercolor and gold on paper, 17.2 Ã 10.9 cm. British Museum (1949,0212,0.5) 249
121 Album folio with a page from Jahanara Begumâs RisÄla-i á¹£Äḥibiyya, Maharaja Sawai Man Singh II Museum, City Palace, Jaipur (AG 777) 253
122 Creational hierarchy as describe by Dara Shikoh in the RisÄla-i ḥaqnumÄ 258
123 Mulla Shah, ca. 1639. Ink and paque watercolor on paper, 14.4 Ã 10.3 cm. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Bartlett Collectionâmuseum purchase with funds from the Francis Bartlett Donation of 1912 and Picture Fund (14.664) 262
124 Mulla Shah, ca. 1640â41. Opaque watercolor on paper, 18.2 Ã 8.8 cm. British Library, London (J.60.10) 264
125 Mulla Shah (detail), ca. 1640â41. Opaque watercolor on paper, 18.2 Ã 8.8 cm. British Library, London (J.60.10) 266
126 Nur Jahan holding a portrait of Jahangir, ca. 1627. Opaque watercolor and gold on paper, 30 Ã 22.1 cm. The Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland (2013.325) 269
127 Nobleman gazing at the portrait of his beloved, ca. 1725. Opaque watercolor and gold on paper, 19.8 Ã 14.4 cm. Victoria & Albert Museum (D-1171-1903) 269
128 Mullah Shah with disciples, from the Late-Shah Jahan Album, ca. 1640â60. Ink, opaque watercolor and gold on paper. 15.4 Ã 7 cm. Chester Beatty Album (In 07B.39r) 274
129 Mullah Shah with disciples (detail), from the Late-Shah Jahan Album, ca. 1640â60. Ink, opaque watercolor and gold on paper. 15.4 Ã 7 cm. Chester Beatty Album (In 07B.39r) 275
130 Six spiritual teachers (counterclockwise from top-right) Miyan Mir, Mulla Shah, Miyan Abuâl MuÊ¿ali, Shah Khiyali, Shah Dilruba, Hazrat Mulla Khwaja, ca. 1638â40. Ink on paper. 25.7 à 19.7 cm. Walters Art Museum. Henry Walters bequest, W.696 278
131 Six spiritual teachers (detail), ca. 1638â40. Ink on paper. 25.7 Ã 19.7 cm. Walters Art Museum. Henry Walters bequest, W.696 280
132 Dara Shikoh in a lesson (detail), ca. 1634, from the Dara Shikoh Album. Ink, opaque watercolor, gold and silver on paper. 16.1 Ã 11 cm. British Library, London (Add.Or.3129, f.18) 280
133 Painting commemorating Dara Shikohâs initiation, attributed to Lalchand, ca. 1640. Ink, opaque watercolor and gold on paper, mounted on paperboard. 33.7 Ã 26.2 cm. Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.: PurchaseâSmithsonian Unrestricted Trust Funds, Smithsonian Collections Acquisition Program, and Dr. Arthur M. Sackler, S1986.432 282
134 Miyan Mir and Mulla Shah, ca. 1750. Ink and opaque watercolor on paper. British Museum, London (1974,0617,0.3.32) 286
135 Seated Sufis (counterclockwise from top-right) Shaikh Husain Jami, Shaikh Husain Ajmeri, Shaikh Muhammad Mazandarani, and Shaikh Miyan Mir seated under a tree, 1627â28, from a panel of miniatures from the Millionenzimmer, Schloss Schönbrunn, Vienna (SKB002606) 287
136 Four Mughal elders seated under a tree (Shaikh Husain Jami, Shaikh Husain Ajmeri, Shaikh Muhammad Mazandarani, and Shaikh Miyan Mir), Rembrandt van Rijn, ca. 1656â1661. 19.4 Ã 12.4 cm. British Museum, London (1895,0915.1275) 288
137 Prince Dara Shikoh visiting Miyan Mir, ascribed to Chitarman, ca. 1655. Ink, opaque watercolor and gold on paper. Victoria and Albert Museum, London (IM.250-1921) 290
138 Shaikh Husain Chishti, Khwaja Qutb al-Din Bakhtiyar Kaki and disciples (An assembly of poets and Sufis), from the Late Shah Jahan Album, by Bichitr, ca. 1640. Ink, opaque watercolor and gold on paper. 22.8 Ã 12.7 cm. The San Diego Museum of Art: bequest of Edwin Binney 3rd Collection (1990.353) 293
139 (Counterclockwise from the top-right) ʿAbd al-Qadir al-Jilani, Muʿin al-Din Chishti, Qutb al-Din Bakhtiyar Kaki, Baba Farid, Nizam al-Din Awliyaʾ, and Shah Sharaf Bu ʿAli Qalandar (detail), from the St. Petersburg Muraqqaʿ, ca. 1650 (with 18th century additions in Isfahan). Ink, opaque watercolor and gold on paper. 14.5 à 22.3 cm. Institute of Oriental Manuscripts, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg (MS. E-14, fol. 48r) 294
140 (Counterclockwise from the top-right) ʿAbd al-Qadir al-Jilani, Muʿin al-Din Chishti, Qutb al-Din Bakhtiyar Kaki, Baba Farid, Nizam al-Din Awliyaʾ, and Shah Sharaf Bu ʿAli Qalandar, ca. 1710. Ink, opaque watercolor and gold on paper. 21.5 à 17 cm. British Library, London (Add.Or.4473) 295
141 Ê¿Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani, ca. 1730. Ink, opaque watercolor and gold on paper. 38.9 Ã 27.1 cm. Victoria and Albert Museum, London (IM.295-1914) 296
142 Miyan Mir and disciples (detail), from the St. Petersburg Muraqqaʿ, ca. 1650. Ink, opaque watercolor and gold on paper. 13.2 à 20.2 cm. Institute of Oriental Manuscripts, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg (MS. E-14, fol. 49r) 300
143 Shaikh Farid and Shah Dilruba in a gathering of saints (detail), from the St. Petersburg Muraqqaʿ, ca. 1650. Ink, opaque watercolor and gold on paper. 24.1 à 13 cm. Institute of Oriental Manuscripts, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg (MS. E-14, fol. 51r) 301
144 A gathering of Sufis from the RishÄ« order, attributed to Muḥammad MÅ«sÄ, Kashmiri region, ca. 1700. Ink, opaque watercolor and gold on paper. Christieâs, New York 302
145 A gathering of Sufis from the RishÄ« order (detail), attributed to Muḥammad MÅ«sÄ, Kashmiri region, ca. 1700. Ink, opaque watercolor and gold on paper. Christieâs, New York 303
146 (Counterclockwise from the top-right) ʿAbd al-Qadir al-Jilani, Muʿin al-Din Chishti, Qutb al-Din Bakhtiyar Kaki, Baba Farid, Nizam al-Din Awliyaʾ, and Shah Sharaf Bu ʿAli Qalandar, from the Tipu Sultan Album of Saints, 1796 CE. Ink, opaque watercolor and gold on paper. 38.3 à 21.6 cm. British Museum, London (1936.411.0.31, f. 33) 304
147 Fragment of a tracing showing Muʿin al-Din Chishti, Qutb al-Din Bakhtiyar Kaki, and Baba Farid. Ink on vellum. ca. 1780. 16 à 5.7 cm. Private collection 305
148 Ê¿Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani presiding over an assembly of Chishti saints, by H.R. Raja, 1988. Print. 27.6 Ã 34.6. Private collection (Inv.-No.89-312 069) 306
149 Mulla Shah, ca. 1655. Ink, opaque watercolor and gold on paper. 36.5 Ã 24.6 cm. Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.: The Art and History Collection, LTS2002.2.4 308
150 Mulla Shah (detail), ca. 1655. Ink, opaque watercolor and gold on paper. 36.5 Ã 24.6 cm. Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.: The Art and History Collection, LTS2002.2.4 310
151 Mulla Shah with an old man, a disciple and a deer, ca. 1655â58. Ink and opaque watercolor on paper. 14.7 Ã 10.8. British Library, London (J.7.6.2) 313
152 Mulla Shah with an old man, a disciple and a deer (detail), ca. 1655â58. Ink and opaque watercolor on paper. 14.7 Ã 10.8. British Library, London (J.7.6.2) 314
153 Sages in Discussion, ca. 1650â1700. Ink, opaque watercolor and gold on paper. 44.2 Ã 34.3 cm. The Aga Khan Museum, AKM172 315
154 Mulla Shah with an unidentified mystic in Kashmir, ca. 1650â55, Bharat Kala Bhavan, Varanasi (BKB 695) 316
155 Dara Shikoh and an unidentified mystic in Kashmir, ca. 1650â55. Ink, opaque watercolor and gold on paper. 24.1 Ã 16.7 cm. Bonhams (lot 52, sold at Asia Week, New York, 30 March, 2021) 317
156 Dara Shikoh visits with ascetic, ca. 1725. Ink and light wash on paper. 18 Ã 14 cm. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Denman Waldo Ross Collection (15.89) 318
157 Miyan Mir and Mulla Shah, ca. 1690â95, Suhrab Khan Album. Ink, opaque watercolor and gold on paper. 42 Ã 31 cm. Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford (EA1990.1287) 319
158 Mulla Shah with disciples, from the Large Clive Album, ca. 1665â80. Ink, opaque watercolor and gold on paper. 21.4 Ã 16.7 cm. Victoria & Albert Museum (IS.133:85/B-1964) 320
159 Mulla Shah, from the Kashmiri Album, by Muhammad Musa, 1699â1701. Ink, opaque watercolor, and gold on paper. 35.9 Ã 23.8 cm. Lahore Museum (LM1552) 321
160 Miyan Mir and Mulla Shah with disciples, attributed to Muhammad Musa, ca. 1695â1705. Ink and opaque watercolor on paper. 42.2 Ã 30.2 cm. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York (09.227.4). Gift of Dr. Julius Hoffman, 1909 323
161 Mulla Shah with Miyan Mir, by Miskin Muhammad, ca. 1780â82, MathnawiyyÄt-I MullÄ ShÄh, British Library, London , IO Islamic 578, frontispiece 324
162 Mulla Shah, circa 1780. Ink and light opaque watercolor washes on paper. 9.5 Ã 6.9 cm. Lahore Museum, Lahore (A-762) 325
163 Plate 4, six Muslim saints, from Chatelainâs Atlas Historique, Vol. no. 42, page 116, 1705â1720. Print on paper. Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery Archives. Gift of Robert J. Del Bonta, 2015 and 2015. James Ricalton, Underwood and Underwood (FSA_A2014.06 2.058.E1243) 326
164 Ibn al-Ê¿Arabi leading a gathering of mystics, Episode 50 [Netflix], DiriliÅ ErtuÄrul 328
165 Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani (detail), 1699â1702, Kashmiri Album, Lahore Museum (LM 1553) 331
166 A female ascetic pacifying a lioness with two cubs in a grove, by Faizullah, ca. 1760. Ink, opaque watercolor on paper. 30.4 Ã 24 cm. Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford (EA1994.98) 333