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Per-Johan Norelius

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In: Soul and Self in Vedic India

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Per-Johan Norelius

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Dar Hadith al Hassania

Abstract

The study employs the analytical concept of “soul” as an umbrella term under which, it is argued, a variety of conceptions pertaining to life, personality, consciousness, and afterlife may be usefully grouped together and analyzed. A survey is conducted of the various Vedic concepts which fall within this category, their development being traced from the earliest times to the close of the Vedic era. By outlining the evolution of the early Indian “soul”-conceptions, a larger picture of the transformations of Vedic notions of personhood and the afterlife is made to emerge. In particular, the study seeks to explain the formation of the Late Vedic soul-concepts, ātman and puruṣa, and the emerging idea of an immortal consciousness-core in all beings, which contrasts sharply with the relatively scant interest in soul-related matters seen in earlier texts, where the person is seen as a conglomeration of psychophysical constituents which disperse at death. The so-called “unification of the soul” seen in the Upaniṣads, whereby the functions of older soul-concepts are absorbed by a newer, dominant form of soul, was explained by Ernst Arbman (1926–27) along evolutionistic lines, as the dissolution of an archaic “soul-dualism” into a single soul-concept, but should rather be seen against the background of larger changes in the Vedic culture, especially the decline of the sacrificial ideology and accompanying shift of focus from exterior acts of ritual to the human interior. This process of interiorization led to the relocation of ātman and puruṣa, originally names for the postmortal body received by the sacrificer in yonder world, to the body’s interior. It is shown that knowledge of the soul or “self” (ātman) began to replace the ritual as the Brahmins’ chief source of royal patronage.

Index of Authors

Abegg, Emil 85n, 150n, 159n, 169n, 172n, 281n, 423, 429, 430, 432n, 434n

Arbman, Ernst 2n, 3, 4, 13, 16–19, 21–22, 24–25, 35–38, 40–44, 57, 59n, 60n, 66–69, 71, 75, 77, 80, 82n, 83n, 84, 85n, 86, 89, 107n, 109, 114n, 115n, 116, 117n, 119, 120n, 121–123, 125n, 126, 127, 128n, 130n, 152n, 138, 139, 140n, 141, 144, 148, 149n, 150, 154, 155n, 156n, 158n, 159n, 160, 164, 165, 176–178, 149n, 150, 154, 155n, 156n, 158n, 159n, 160, 164, 176–178, 197n, 228–229, 237n, 238–239, 243n, 247, 256n, 257–259, 260n, 268, 271, 279n, 155, 281n, 289n, 290n, 300, 303n, 304–305, 328, 383–387, 396–397, 415, 417–422, 430–431, 441n, 445n, 450n, 451, 452n, 453, 454n, 479, 485n, 530, 539, 540, 545, 555n, 557, 558n, 560, 561n, 562n, 563n, 564n

Bailey, Greg 398

Bakker, Hans 188n, 222n, 224n, 225n, 242n

Basham, A. L. 466n, 467n, 468, 469n, 477n, 484n, 486

Bastian, Adolf 6, 7, 14

Bausch, Lauren 101–102, 338n, 507n

Bergunder, Michael 19n, 490n, 495n

Biardeau, Madeleine 91n, 366

Black, Brian 93n, 94n, 95, 96n, 317n, 329n, 371, 376, 380n, 519n

Bloch, Maurice 56n

Bloomfield, Maurice 30, 155n, 158n, 159n, 167n, 168n, 188n, 195n, 201n, 303n, 514n, 565n

Bodewitz, H. W. 23, 27n, 38, 40–43, 57–58, 67n, 71, 78n, 129, 94n, 109n, 111n, 115, 120, 122–123, 124n, 129n, 133, 136n, 139n, 140n, 141, 142, 144–147, 154n, 167n, 179, 181n, 187n, 188n, 196, 197, 201n, 202n, 204n, 206n, 209, 210n, 211n, 216n, 217n, 221, 219n, 220n, 222n, 224n, 225n, 227n, 230, 234n, 267, 270n, 291n, 316, 318, 332n, 333n, 334n, 335n, 344n, 347n, 354n, 360n, 361, 362n, 365n, 366–368, 370n, 373n, 386n, 387n, 406n, 434n, 442n, 443n, 446n, 485n, 487n, 498–500, 503n, 504–505, 507, 508, 509n, 512n, 513n, 514, 519n, 185, 520n, 521, 522n, 527, 529n, 535, 552, 553n, 560, 561, 566n, 567n, 569, 570n, 571n

Boyer, Pascal 20–21

Bremmer, Jan 18, 22n, 23, 31n, 41n, 43n, 45n, 58n, 69n, 228n, 256n, 384n, 419n, 422n, 436n, 449n, 555

Brereton, Joel 28n, 55n, 61–63, 111n, 114n, 117n, 118n, 119n, 153n, 154, 186, 187n, 293n, 294n, 332n, 334n, 338n, 341–342, 343n, 344, 440n, 443n

Bronkhorst, Johannes 4, 29–30, 48, 50, 93n, 96–101, 103, 355n, 394, 395n, 458–464, 465n, 468, 469, 471n, 472–474, 475n, 480, 481, 483n, 484, 485, 506, 507n, 508–509, 518n, 521, 526, 527, 533, 535, 546

Brown, George William 182n, 199n, 234n, 261n, 263n, 272n

Brown, W. Norman 58n, 67n, 111n, 114n, 238n, 239n, 488n

Butzenberger, Klaus 41–42, 58n, 59n, 63n, 64n, 66n, 69n, 71n, 73n, 84, 85, 115n, 290n, 521n

Caland, Willem 82n, 85n, 86n, 117n, 137n, 142n, 143n, 155n, 169n, 182, 183n, 202n, 242n, 258n, 259, 260n, 445n, 505n, 558n, 565n

Carrithers, Michael 54n, 401n, 402n, 403–405, 410

Cavallin, Clemens 204n, 207n, 360n, 361n, 363n

Cohen, Signe 27n, 224n, 282, 283n, 497n

Converse, Hyla Stuntz 241n, 484n, 498

Coomaraswamy, A. K. 201n, 221n, 239n, 243n

Dandekar, R. N. 38–39, 59n, 60n, 69n, 136n, 150n, 151n, 290n

Debrunner, Albert 159n

Deeg, Max 437n, 440n, 441n, 445n, 446n, 447n

Delbrück, Berthold 179n, 296n, 504n

Deussen, Paul 79n, 94, 188n, 197n, 208n, 244n, 289n, 290n, 294n, 299, 300n, 301n, 302n, 307n, 324n, 339, 341n, 343n, 450n, 486n, 487n, 497n, 524n, 534n

Dodds, E. R. 449n

Dumont, Louis 54n, 400–402, 405

Durkheim, Émile 10–11, 19

Edgerton, Franklin 182n, 298n, 333n, 334n, 343n, 244n, 350, 351n, 352n

Edholm, Erik af 16n, 19n, 37, 237n, 278n, 286n, 386, 396n, 451n

Edholm, Kristoffer af 361n, 405

Eggeling, Julius 138, 202n, 241n, 242n, 305, 308n, 426n

Eichner, Heiner 179n, 288n, 553n, 554

Eliade, Mircea 234n, 360, 366, 367, 437, 438n, 440n, 447n, 448n, 449, 450n, 452n, 466n, 569n

Elizarenkova, Tatyana 59n, 60n, 289n, 290n, 291n, 294n

Evans-Pritchard, E. E. 6n, 19n

Ewing, Arthur H. 179, 180n, 181n, 182, 183n, 184, 185n, 187n, 191n, 193n, 197n, 199n, 200, 202n

Falk, Harry 28n, 47n, 58n, 99n, 359, 365n, 371, 439n, 562n

Filliozat, Jean 180n, 182n, 184n, 185n, 187, 192, 193n, 194n, 195, 199n, 200n, 234n, 275n, 434n, 553n

Fischer, Hans 5n, 6n, 19n, 22n, 45n, 69n, 386n, 422n

Forman, Robert 450n, 451

Foucault, Michel 54n

Fowler, Chris 53n, 56n, 385n, 389n, 390n, 400n

Frauwallner, Erich 94n, 170n, 172n, 174, 224n, 225n, 237n, 247, 258n, 261n, 262, 272, 275n, 319n, 322n, 341n, 345n, 346n, 520n, 566

Frazer, James 9–10, 17, 20, 32n, 33, 84, 258n, 421, 423, 429n, 557, 559n, 560n, 562n

Fujii, Masato 28n, 77n, 79n, 136, 512n, 513n

Fürer-Haimendorf, Christoph von 37, 40, 479, 480, 496n, 498n, 501n

Geertz, Clifford 53n, 400n

Geldner, K. F. 61n, 62n, 67n, 110n, 111n, 112n, 113n, 114n, 116n, 118n, 119n, 153n, 156n, 166n, 186n, 187n, 203n, 294n, 295n, 440n, 443n, 488n, 491, 493

Gladigow, Burkhard 384, 385n, 396–397, 406, 417n, 443n

Glasenapp, Helmuth von 37, 59n, 69n, 71n, 79n, 144n, 300n, 304n, 338n, 506n, 529n, 530n, 531

Gombrich, Richard 30n, 92n

Gonda, Jan 26n, 64n, 66n, 72n, 78n, 127, 124n, 150n, 151n, 152n, 153n, 165n, 168n, 170n, 182n, 240n, 242n, 245n, 260n, 261n, 270n, 272n, 310n, 313n, 443n, 448n, 453n, 505n, 507n, 518n, 552n, 563n, 566n, 570, 571n

Gotō, Toshifumi 28n, 110n, 159n, 170n, 237n, 243n, 250n, 251, 270n, 293n, 300n, 301n, 308n, 309n, 313n, 373n, 497n, 505n, 525n, 532n

Grassmann, Hermann 64n, 107, 108, 152n, 238n, 289–290, 491n

Güntert, Hermann 38, 107–108

Halbfass, Wilhelm 483n, 518n

Hanefeld, Erhardt 32n, 332n, 333n, 337n, 338n, 339n, 341, 345n, 347n, 427n, 450, 451n, 524n

Hasenfratz, Hans-Peter 3n, 14, 18n, 24, 148, 550n, 552n

Hauer, J. W. 47n, 194n, 438n, 443–445, 448n

Heesterman, J. C. 47n, 91, 134n, 314n, 360n, 361n, 362n, 363–366, 368, 369n, 371, 381, 399n, 405, 441n

Heiler, Friedrich 450n, 451n, 453

Heimann, Betty 173n, 226, 234n, 275n, 316, 321n, 329n, 362n, 388n, 435n

Hertz, Robert 65n

Hillebrandt, Alfred 155n, 238

Hopkins, Edward Washburn 201n, 501n, 503n

Horsch, Paul 109n, 122n, 155n, 218n, 252, 275n, 306n, 428n, 472n, 486n, 487n, 488n, 496n, 497n, 506n, 510n, 511n, 512n

Houben, Jan E. M. 67n, 204n, 488n

Hultkrantz, Åke 8n, 18, 19n, 81, 40, 45n, 69n, 228n, 384n, 419n, 438n, 557, 558n, 559, 560, 561n

Ikari, Yasuke 447n, 490n, 491n, 494n, 496n, 498n, 502, 510, 511n, 521n

Jacobi, Hermann 352n, 464, 465n, 478n, 279n

Jamison, Stephanie 28n, 111n, 114n, 117n, 228n, 119n, 153n, 154, 159n, 186, 187n, 293n, 294n, 365n, 366–367, 440n, 443n

Johansson, K. F. 159n, 259, 260n, 562n, 565n

Johnston, E. H. 37, 280, 286, 476n

Jurewicz, Joanna 289n, 491, 492n, 566n

Kahle, Madayo 67n, 122n, 150n, 486n, 489n, 490n, 492n, 494n, 495n, 497n, 499n, 500n, 503n, 505n, 506n, 512n, 515n

Kane, P. V. 82n, 137n, 155n, 257n, 469n

Katz, S. T. 451

Keith, A. B. 35, 44, 94n, 137n, 142n, 164, 172n, 173n, 179n, 182n, 183n, 195n, 197n, 207n, 310n, 312n, 367n, 441n, 487n, 496n, 497n, 513n, 526n, 534n

Klaus, Konrad 99n, 100n, 130n, 303n, 459n, 503n, 505n, 518n

Kosack, Godula 9n, 22n, 23n

Krick, Hertha 134n, 155n, 202n

Krishan, Yuvraj 497n, 506n

Kuiper, F. B. J. 442n, 570–571, 572n

Leeuw, Gerardus van der 13–14

Lévi-Bruhl, Lucien 11–12, 17, 19, 22n, 257, 498n, 501n, 507, 558n

Lincoln, Bruce 55n, 113n, 185n, 242n, 553n, 554n

Lommel, Herman 446n, 510n, 552n

Macdonell, A. A. 57n, 59n, 113n, 179n, 182n, 183n, 195n, 197n, 207n, 294n, 367n, 441n, 485n

Malamoud, Charles 91n, 301n, 366n, 494n, 519n

Marett, R. R. 10, 19

Marriott, McKim 56n

Maurer, Walter 155n, 489n

Mauss, Marcel 50, 54, 400n, 401–405, 416, 540

Mayrhofer, Manfred 59n, 60n, 108n, 114n, 170n, 179n, 237n, 288n, 289n, 491n, 552n, 553n

McGovern, Nathan 100–102, 459, 481n, 528

Monier-Williams, Monier 113n, 505

Mylius, Klaus 29n, 92n, 352n

Narahari, H. G. 39, 489n, 492n

Negelein, Julius von 137n, 257n, 434n, 490n, 561n

Nilsson, Martin P. 12n, 20n

Oberlies, Thomas 42, 43n, 57n, 59n, 64n, 65n, 73n, 109n, 112n, 116n, 117n, 122n, 147n, 150n, 155n, 270n, 286n, 183, 424n, 442n, 490n, 494n, 495n, 496n, 499n, 500n, 502n, 571n

Obeyesekere, Gananath 484, 491n, 496n

Oertel, Hanns 86n, 143n, 504n, 515

O’Flaherty, Wendy Doniger 61n, 62n, 86n, 111n, 114n, 118n, 187n, 368n, 440n, 483n, 484n, 495n, 503n

Oldenberg, Hermann 32–36, 44, 55n, 57, 58n, 59n, 60n, 61n, 66, 68, 71, 76n, 82n, 84, 107n, 109n, 114n, 118n, 119, 121, 130n, 137n, 150n, 151n, 152n, 156n, 158n, 159n, 164, 165, 171n, 174n, 196n, 197n, 238, 241, 242n, 258n, 263, 300n, 343n, 448n, 450n, 485n, 489, 497n, 503n, 558

Olivelle, Patrick 26n, 27n, 28n, 47, 54n, 55n, 72, 73n, 80n, 92, 94n, 96, 97n, 146n, 224n, 250n, 261n, 264, 272n, 286n, 309n, 321n, 333n, 334n, 336n, 337n, 339n, 344n, 365n, 400n, 402, 403, 405, 407, 408n, 413n, 414n, 426n, 476n, 518n, 519n, 523n, 525n, 534n

Parpola, Asko 560n, 562n

Paulson, Ivar 17n, 18, 19n, 24n, 45n, 228n, 384n

Pinault, G.-J. 59n, 60, 296n

Preisendanz, Karin 38, 41, 43, 109n, 111n, 114n, 117n, 122, 123n, 131n 123, 125, 132n, 150n, 160n, 165, 288n, 289n, 290n, 294n, 299n, 300n, 303n, 304, 386

Proferes, Theodore 112n, 241n, 271n, 129, 375n, 378–379

Pyysiäinen, Ilkka 16n, 21, 84, 438n

Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli 333n, 489n, 534n

Rau, Wilhelm 92n, 98n, 163n, 211n, 212n, 216n, 217n

Reat, Nobles Ross 59n, 60n, 109n, 150n, 151n, 172n, 290n

Renou, Louis 27n, 28n, 31n, 60, 61n, 62n, 64n, 68n, 79n, 94n, 114n, 124n, 151n, 171n, 187n, 289n, 290, 291, 294n, 295n, 298, 300, 301n, 302n, 307n, 313n, 318n, 339n, 343n, 371n, 493n

Ricoeur, Paul 31n

Rodhe, Sten 72n, 496n, 498n, 506n, 510

Rohde, Erwin 15, 17, 421–422, 436n

Ruben, Walter 1n, 39, 40, 59n, 66n, 111, 156n, 210n, 333n, 352, 353, 354n, 355, 437n, 440n, 445n, 448n

Sakamoto-Gotō, Junko 70n, 76n, 120, 492, 499n, 505, 509n, 520n

Śāstrī, Viśva-Bandhu 30, 142n

Sayers, M. R. 68, 82n, 499n

Schlerath, Bernfried 108–109, 111, 114n, 115–116, 117n, 120, 549, 554

Schmithausen, Lambert 206n, 483n, 490n, 496n, 498n, 500n, 503n, 507n, 512n, 514n, 518n, 519n, 520n, 525n

Schneider, Ulrich 154n, 405, 520n

Seaford, Richard 92n, 99n, 360n, 361n, 362n, 363n, 399n, 497n, 508n

Sharpe, Eric 9n, 10n, 11n

Slaje, Walter 2n, 26n, 250n, 309n, 334n, 336n, 337n, 339n, 340, 341, 343, 344n, 345n, 353, 354, 355n, 380n, 428n, 534n

Smith, Brian K. 55n, 216n, 362n, 366n, 368n

Spencer, Herbert 9, 15, 421n

Sprockhoff, J. F. 82, 519n

Staal, Frits 200n, 201n, 241n, 242n, 246n, 251n, 369n, 448n

Stuhrmann, Rainer 373n, 412n, 423, 424n, 425n, 426n, 429n, 428n, 430n, 435n, 525n, 533n

Thapar, Romila 31n, 95–96, 99n, 100n, 104, 242n, 359, 371

Thieme, Paul 72, 227n, 288, 289n, 313n, 333n, 334n, 337n, 345n, 529, 532n, 552n, 555n

Thite, G. U. 171n, 241n, 242n, 448n

Topitsch, Ernst 216, 449n

Tull, Herman 91, 506–507, 510n, 512n

Tuxen, Poul 1n, 59n, 63n, 64n, 66, 80, 108n, 109n, 110–111, 117n, 143n, 150n, 154, 156n, 163n, 238n, 289n, 290n, 294n

Tylor, Edward B. 7–15, 17, 19n, 20, 22, 32, 33, 83–84, 88, 89, 256, 421, 422, 557

van Buitenen, J. A. B. 242n, 269n, 270, 279n, 321n, 329n, 345n

Varenne, Jean 366

Wackernagel, Jakob 118n

Werner, Karel 59n, 66n, 440n, 441n

Wezler, Albrecht 138n, 200n, 312n

Whitney, W. D. 114n, 125, 128n, 132n, 159n, 179n, 186n, 188n, 213n, 240, 298n, 444n, 488n, 489

Widengren, Geo 14n, 19n, 85n, 550n, 552n, 553n

Windisch, Ernst 140n, 151n, 268n, 506n, 512n, 514

Winternitz, Moriz 94n, 486n

Witzel, Michael 27n, 28n, 29, 46n, 60n, 73n, 92n, 93n, 94n, 98n, 99n, 100n, 101n, 110n, 113n, 244n, 293n, 362n, 459n, 475n, 483n, 489, 492n, 496n, 498n, 502, 503n, 506n, 562n, 565n

Wundt, Wilhelm 13–17, 24, 25, 417, 421n, 557

Wynne, Alexander 100n, 101, 102n, 325n, 395n, 459n, 472, 473n, 474, 518n

Zysk, Kenneth 114n, 125, 128n, 132n, 159n, 179n, 186n, 188n, 213n, 240, 298n, 444n, 488n, 489

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Soul and Self in Vedic India

Series: Numen Book Series, Volume: 176

E-Book ISBN:: 9789004546004

Publisher:: Brill

Print Publication Date:: 15 Jun 2023

Subjects
- Philosophy
  - Asian Philosophy
- Religious Studies
  - History of Religion
  - Religion in Asia

Front Matter

Part 1 General Background

Part 2 Vedic Soul-Concepts

Part 3 The Transformation of Vedic Soul-Beliefs

Part 4 Conclusions

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Soul and Self in Vedic India

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