Abbreviations
| ag | Advocate General |
| ait | Asylum and Immigration Tribunal |
| cjeu | Court of Justice of the European Union |
| CoA | Certificate of Approval |
| compas | University of Oxford’s Centre on Migration, Policy and Society |
| crc | Convention on the Rights of the Child |
| dg | Directorate General |
| dro | Designated Register Office |
| dvla | Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency |
| ec | European Community |
| echr | European Convention on Human Rights |
| ecsc | European Coal and Steel Community |
| ECtHR | European Court of Human Rights |
| eea | European Economic Area |
| eec | European Economic Community |
| eesc | European Economic and Social Committee |
| emn | European Migration Network |
| EU | European Union |
| EU-8 | Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia |
| EU-12 | Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia. |
| EU-15 | Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and the UK. |
| eucfr | European Union Charter of Fundamental Rights |
| EComHR | European Commission of Human Rights |
| efta | European Free Trade Association |
| euss | European Union Settlement Scheme |
| foi | Freedom of Information |
| freemo | Commission expert group on the right to free movement of persons |
| FtT | First-Tier Tribunal |
| gp | General Practitioner |
| heuni | European Institute for Crime Prevention and Control affiliated with the United Nations |
| iac | Immigration and Asylum Chamber |
| iccpr | International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights |
| ice | Immigration Compliance and Enforcement |
Independent Chief Inspector of Borders and Immigration |
|
| ilpa | Immigration Law Practitioners’ Association |
| ilr | Indefinite Leave to Remain |
| ima | Independent Monitoring Authority |
| iom | International Organisation for Migration |
| irc | Immigration Removal Centre |
| isec | EU programme ‘Prevention of and Fight against Crime’ |
| jha | Justice and Home Affairs |
| libe | European Parliament Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs |
| llr | Limited Leave to Remain |
| mrau | Marriage Referral and Assessment Unit |
| plp | Public Law Project |
| sshd | Secretary of State for the Home Department |
| tcn | Third-Country National |
| tfeu | Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union |
| thb | Trafficking in Human Beings |
| udhr | Universal Declaration of Human Rights |
| ut | Upper Tribunal |
| UK | United Kingdom |
| ukvi | UK Visas and Immigration |
| UN | United Nations |
| US | United States |