In transliterating from the Ottoman and Persian this book follows the International Journal of Middle East Studies. Book titles and names of people have been transcribed according to the orthography of their respective systems, for example, Bāḳī for the Ottoman poet and Taqī Awḥadī for the Safavid author. In the footnotes and references, I have retained the manner of spelling and transliteration provided in the titles of published primary and secondary sources. In the body of the text, I have chosen to transliterate the name of the Ottoman bureaucrat as Mustafa ʿĀli to distinguish it from ʿAli, and to transliterate the titles of books. The footnotes follow a full transliteration of names.